نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 129 (زمستان 1399)

Introduction :

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the drought-resistant oilseed plants. Due to its specific morphological characteristics, it has the ability to produce proper oil in Iran's climate, and some of its varieties have up to 45% oil content (Moradi et al, 2017). One of the most important restrictions on production of crops in most parts of Iran is lack of water. In these areas, due to rainfall fluctuations, some of the important stages of plant growth has been affected by potential degradation of soil (Omidi et al, 2012). Production of crops in arid and semi-arid areas requires the use of drought-resistant plants to have acceptable yields with minimal moisture content (Khalili et al., 2014).

Materials and Methods:

 In order to investigate the effect of deficit- irrigation in reproductive stage on grain yield, yield components, and oil percentage of safflower cultivars, an experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, in 2015-2016. The study was conducted in split plots in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation at the reproductive stage (7, 14 and 21 days) and the sub-factor included three varieties (Padideh, Goldasht and KWS). Each sub plot consisted of 6 planting lines with a length of 6 meters and a row spacing of 0.5 meters, with two lateral rows on each side of each plot as margin. The distance between sub plots was 0.5 m, between two main plots were 1 m and between two repetitions were 3 m. The land preparation operations began in early fall. Based on soil test results, 150 kg ha-1 urea (one third before planting, one third in stem elongation, and one third in pre-flowering stage), 120 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate and 100 kg ha-1 potassium sulfate before planting was spread in the ground and mixed with soil. Seeds were planted by hand in November. The evaluated traits in this study included plant height, number of branches, number of capitulum per plant, number of seeds per capitulum, kernels 1000 weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After data collection, statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. To compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test was used at a 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion:

 The results showed that increasing the irrigation interval from 7 to 14 days had no significant impact on the studied traits, but increasing the irrigation interval from 7 to 21 days reduced the number of seeds per head (22.5%), kernels 1000 weight (12.41%), grain yield (7.78%), biological yield (11.41%) and oil yield (19.25%). Going from the vegetative stage to reproduction stage, water restriction reduced the the durability of the leaf area index. It leads to a further reduction in photosynthesis, and due to the fact that at that time grains are increasing in number and weight, the filling period of seeds and grain weight decreases. Ultimately, this leads to a decrease in grain yield. All studied traits (except number of seeds per capitulum) were affected by cultivars. The highest oil content was obtained by both KWS cultivars (33%) and Padideh (30.7%). Goldasht and KWS cultivars had the highest grain yield (1868 and 1768 kg ha-1, respectively) and oil yield (521.2 and 58.43 kg ha-1, respectively). Also, among the grain yield components, the weight of one thousand grains had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.

Conclusions:

 The results show that in order to save water, 14 days irrigation stages and Goldasht and KWS cultivars are suitable in the breeding stage of safflower in Birjand region.

Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek) is considered as one of the important tropical and semi-tropical pulses. This plant is important in terms of nutritional value, hay supply, green fertilizer and improvement of soil fertility (Al-Shaheen et al., 2016). According to the previous studies, water deficit causes morphological, physiological and biochemical changes within the plants, thereby negatively affecting their growth and yield. Various studies also suggest that water stress restricts nutrients absorbed by the plant as the absorption of nutritional elements and the water available for the plant roots are closely dependent on each other (Aghdasi et al., 2018). Therefore, spraying liquid fertilizer can be offered as an appropriate method of feeding the plant in this condition (Alipour & Zahedi, 2017). In this regard, the choice of the landraces and suitable cultivars and nutrition and irrigation management can play an important role in increasing quantity and quality of pulses and reduce negative effects of various environmental stresses. The present research aimed to study the effect of water deficit stress on some quantitative and qualitative traits of mungbean Parto variety under the foliar application and non-application of nano iron and manganese chelates.

In other to determine the effect of water deficit stress and nano Fe and Mn chelates foliar application on yield of mungbean cultivar Parto in 2013-14, an experiment was carried out in the agricultural research farm station of Tarbiat Modares university, Tehran as a split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The experimental treatments in the main plots were three levels of irrigation regime [no cessation of irrigation (S1), cessation of irrigation at reproductive stage whenever 70 % of the field capacity (FC) was depleted (S2), cessation of irrigation at vegetative stage whenever 70 % of FC was depleted (S3)]; and in the subplots were 10 levels of foliar application [no foliar application of the nano fertilizers as control (F1), foliar application of pure water (F2) including 1/1000 chelated nano iron (F3), 3/1000 chelated nano iron (F4), 1.5/1000 chelated nano manganese (F5), 3/1000 chelated nano manganese (F6), 1/1000 nano chelated iron+ 1.5/1000 nano chelated manganese (F7), 1/1000 nano chelated iron + 3/1000 nano chelated manganese (F8), 1.5/1000 nano chelated manganese + 3/1000 nano chelated iron (F9), 3/1000 nano chelated iron+ 3/1000 nano chelated manganese (F10] at withholding irrigation periods.

The results showed that the water deficit stress and the foliar application of iron and manganese nano-chelates significantly affected the most of the plant traits at 1% probability level. Among water deficit stress levels, the termination of irrigation at the reproductive stage resulted in the lowest yield and yield components, whereas the highest values for yield performance yields were obtained from control (optimum irrigation). The results showed that the highest values for the plant yield and yield components were achieved with different levels of foliar spraying of iron and manganese nano-chelates at the vegetative and reproductive stage, especially at the vegetative growth stage, while control (no spray) decreased the yield and yield components in the plant. Also, the interaction between the two main treatments were significant for the most of the traits at 1% probability level. The results showed that the quantum yield of PSII, due to increased the F0 and decrease in Fm and Fv, in mungbean grown under water-deficit conditions in reproductive (60.2) and vegetative (97.4) stages declined significantly in comparison to the control group.

The means comparison for the interactive effects of foliar spraying and water deficit stress suggested that the greatest grain yield was related to the treatment of optimum irrigation and simultaneous spraying pf one per a thousand nano chelated iron and three per a thousand nano chelated manganese (1765/3 Kg/ha) and the lowest yield was associated with the treatment of the water stress at the reproductive stage and no spraying (376/0 Kg/ha). The was found to be a high correlation between biological yield and other morphological traits, especially dry weight of the leaf (r=0/90**). Thus, it is suggested that these elements can be utilized as a factor for decreasing stress and also increasing productivity in the plants.

Variation and selection play a key role in breeding programs. The proper selection is related to the desired variation in the desired trait. In order to take advantage of the existing variation; the evaluation of germplasm resources is necessary. Genotype–environment interactions are particularly important for breeders and one of the complex issues in breeding programs is the selection of high yielding and stable crop genotypes. Therefore, knowledge of the genotype–environment interactions is a necessity to evaluate new cultivars in different environments. GGE biplot model is one of the most used multivariate methods in the study of genotype–environment interactions that is performed based on principal component analysis (Yan et al., 2010).

In order to select the superior lines from the elite spring bread wheat yield trial (17ESBWYT), 50 spring bread wheat lines (considering Parsi culivar as a local check) were studied at three stations (Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan), which represent moderate climate regions of Iran. The experiments were conducted in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the 2016- 2017 growing season. The plant materials had been received from the international center for agricultural research in the dry areas (ICARDA). The measured traits included days to heading (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), thousand grain weight (TKW), seed filling period (SFP), seed filling rate (SFR), grain yield (GY), relative yield to mean (RYM), relative yield to local check (RYLC) and plant response to yellow rust (YR) and leaf rust (LR). Homogeneity of the variances in different environments was tested following Bartlett's test. Then, the combined analysis of variance and stability analysis were performed using GGE biplot method. Data was analyzed using GGE biplot4, heatmapper, SAS and Excel.

The combined analysis of variance confirmed that the effects of environment, genotype and interaction between them were statistically significant. Mean comparison of grain yield showed that the highest grain yield (6.489-ton ha-1 ) was achieved with the genotype no 32 and the lowest grain yield (4.728-ton ha-1) was related to the genotype no 25. Total mean of grain yield at stations of Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan was 6.589, 5.317 and 4.753-ton ha-1 respectively. The correlation biplot of the environments revealed that the location of Kermanshah had a positive correlation with Karaj and Zarghan, because the angles of the vectors were less than 90◦, exhibiting a positive correlation among the environments. Also, there was a weak correlation between Karaj and Zarghan, indicating that two environments have been almost independent of each other because the angle of the vectors was 90◦ (Yan & Rajcan, 2002). The yield and stability of the genotypes were evaluated using the average-environment coordination (AEC) view. Presence of genotypes on this axis is approximation of grain yield (Yan et al., 2000). Hence, the genotypes no 32, 18, 24, 28, 31, 14, 33, 19, 29 and 2 had the highest grain yield. The vertical axis of AEC biplot also showed the interaction between genotype and environment and determined the stability of the genotypes. Therefore, among the genotypes that gave a high grain yield, the genotypes no 32, 18, 24, 14, 29 and 2 were the most stable for grain yield. The final selection of the genotypes was carried out considering the response of genotypes to yellow rust and leaf rust and other desirable traits.

In the current study, 50 genotypes of bread wheat were evaluated in terms of grain yield, response to yellow rust and leaf rust and some desirable agronomic traits at three stations (Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan) representing moderate climate regions of Iran. Considering the results of GGE biplot method and response to yellow rust, leaf rust and other desirable agronomic traits, eight genotypes: no 32, 24, 28, 14, 33, 19, 29, and 2 were selected as superior lines and were conducted to preliminary regional wheat yield trial (PRYWT) in the moderate climate regions of Iran. It is hoped that in the coming years a new cultivar will be released among the selected genotypes in wheat breeding programs in moderate climate regions of Iran, after preliminary and adaptation experiments.

The cultivation area of sesame is about 43,000 hectares and the average yield is 900 kg ha-1 (Anonymous, 2017). Due to low grain yield of sesame per unit area, need to field operations are felt. To achieve high yield, it is necessary to manage production inputs in order to use them correctly and efficiently (Tahmasebi & Mostafavi, 2010). The use of renewable farmyard and green manures instead of chemical sources in crop rotation can play an important role in fertility and preservation of biological activities, soil organic matter, ecosystem health and crop quality (Zaidi et al., 2003). Farmyard manure provides all plant nutrients in limited quantities. The nutrient elements of farmyard manure (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, zinc) are slowly released to the plant, thus causing less pollution in the environment. In organic farming, the use of legumes as a green manure has also been a matter of interest due to their ability to stabilize atmospheric nitrogen. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure and green manure application on grain and grain components of sesame under temperate Kermanshah region condition.

This experiment was done in the Organic Farming Educational and Research of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2016-2017. The farm of study was located in latitude 34º21'North and longitude 47º9' East with 1319 m above sea. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included farmyard manure at three levels (0, 10 and 20 t h-1, FM0, FM10 and FM20, respectively) as the main factor and the cultivation of green manure (non-cultivating green manure, hairy vetch, berseem clover and fenugreek) as sub factor. At the end of growing season, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of grain per capsule, 1000-grain weight (g), total dry weight yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1), harvest index (%) and grain oil content (%) were measured for each plot. Statistical analysis and means comparison by LSD method at 5% level were performed using SAS software.

Based on the results, in FM10 and FM20 treatments, the number of branches per plant 20 and 21%, capsule per plant 10.9 and 30.7%, 1000-grain weight 4.2 and 5.5%, total dry weight yield 25 and 34%, and grain yield 18.8% and 38.1% were higher than FM0 treatment, respectively. The application of green manure also improved sesame and yield and yield components, but the difference between various species of green manure was not significant. However, the highest and had the least effect on these traits were related to fenugreek and hairy vetch, respectively. Application of green manure at all levels of farmyard manure also increased total dry wieght yield and grain yield of sesame. The maximum of 1000-grain weight, total dry weight yield and grain yield (3.3 g, 10720 and 1929 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained in FM20 and planting the fenugreek as green manure, their lowest amounts (2.87 g, 5960 and 918 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained under control conditions. Effective traits on sesame grain yield were number of capsules per plant (0.81), 1000-grain weight (0.75) and number of grain per capsule (0.35), respectively. The correlation between total dry weight yield and number of capsules per plant (0.62), 1000-grain weight (0.57), and number of branches per plant (0.54) was positive and significant at 1% level. There was a positive and significant correlation between dry weight and grain yield (0.78) at 1% level. Grain oil content was not positively correlated with any of the traits and showed the most negative and significant correlation with grain yield (-0.42).

In general, the results indicate that farmyard manure application and select the appropriate green manure species by provide a balanced composition of nutrients is an appropriate solution to improve sesame yield and yield components, so sustainable production of sesame is possible in organic farming systems.

The 154 durum wheat lines obtained from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) were investigated under TDS conditions at Islamabad Agricultural Research Station across 2013-14. According to variation of days to heading, DHE, and days to maturity, DMA, 39 lines selected and investigated along with Saji cultivar as check under normal irrigation and TDS conditions in 2014-15. The experiments were conducted at Islamabad-e Gharb Agricultural Research Station, Kermanshah province, Iran. Transition trend of apex of main stem including: vegetative, double ridges, glum, spikelet, florets and terminal spikelet initiation was investigated and recorded by successive sampling and dissection sampled plants until the terminal spikelet formation. Each plot consisted of 2 rows, 2 m length with 32.5cm row spacing. Seed density was considered 450 seeds per m2. Sowing was done by hand. Irrigation cut was at booting stage (Z , 4.5) of crop. Statical analysis wrere done by MSTATC and SAS9.1. In most early lines, at least 475 and 691 growing degree days, GDD, equal to 105 and 132 days after planting ,DAP, needed to reach double ridge ,DR, and terminal spikelet stages, TS, respectively. Genotypes showed high variation for the duration of DR to TS and from 259 up to 339 GDD, equal to 35-57 days. Terminal drought reduced Stem elongation duration, SE, (from DR to anthesis) by 32 GDD, equal to 2 days. At least 96 mg/plant of dry matter was critical for stat of transition. Totally, genotypes showed high variation for duration of developmental stages. In optimum irrigation the duration of vegetative phase, VP, increased and led to increase of glum initiation, floret initiation, terminal spikelet formation, flag leaf stage, FL, anthesisi, ANTH ,STEL and GY. Increase of transition lenght, TL, resulted in decrease of STEL and showed negative correlation with GY. The life cycle duration , GY and GFR increased with increases of TL. Any increase in developmental stages up to FL increased growth cycle and improved GY. Extending the length of VP to DR led to reduction of GY under terminal drought stress condition. Any increase in duration of developmental stages led to reduction of STEL, FL and coincidence of filling period with terminal drought stress, and hence GY reduction. There was high variation among genotypes for response to terminal drought stress and GY reduction. Genotypes with shorter VP and high development rate headed early and benefited from adequate time for grain filling which contributed to higher GY.

Triticale is the first man-made crop. It was designed in order to obtain a cereal, which combines good quality grain yield from wheat parent with tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. Modern triticale cultivars show higher yields and superior adaptation to soil quality and environments than wheat. In arid and semi-arid conditions, triticale has higher forage yield than wheat and barley.)Oelke et al., 2009(. From triticale, grain yield was reported 5641 kg / ha. (Salehi et. al., 2018). Selection of suitable genotype is very important and will increase seed and forage yield of triticale. Yield superiority of Sanabad cultivar (line ET-82-15) compared to control (Juanilo 92) was reported. But in a report, the average grain yield of Page cultivar (line ET-84-17) was higher than Juanilo 92 and Sanabad (Guodsi et. al., 2017). Many authors have reported positive effect of N fertilization on grain yield .The optimal timing of N application increased grain yield and protein content. One of the major agro technical factors which affect grain yield and enable farmers to take advantage of the high production potential of cereals is mineral fertilization, especially nitrogen nutrition. Nitrogen is the most important yield-boosting nutrient. It affects final grain yield through the influencing on the formation of yield components during the whole growing season. Both N rates and application time are important to the development of yield components.

In order to determine effect of nitrogen on forage and grain yield of triticale genotypes, this experiment was done in Qarakheil (Qaemshahr) and Baye cola (Neka) of Mazandaran province. The experiment was carried out as split plot factorial design with three replications in the 2016-2017 growing season. Six new triticale genotypes (ET-89-1، ET-89-7، ET-89-9 ، ET-89-12، ET-89 - 13 and ET-89-16) were assigned to the main plots. Three levels of nitrogen amount (50, 70 and 90 kg.ha-1) and three timings of nitrogen application (planting + stem elongation, planting + heading and planting + tillering) were assigned to the sub plots as factorial treatments. Forage yield, dry forage yield, forage nitrogen, grain yield, plant height, and phosphorus, potassium and calcium in forage were measured.

The results of the combined analysis of variance indicated that the effect of location was significant on the all studied traits (except for forage nitrogen and calcium). The highest grain yield (5.914 ton.ha-1) was obtained with Bayecola, which significantly differed from Qarakheil where yield production was recorded as 5.628 ton.ha-1. The highest forage yield of 48.59 ton.ha-1 was achieved in Qarakheil, which had significant difference compared with the yield of Bayecola (43.34 ton.ha-1). Titicale genotype ET-89-13 was the best genotype in terms of forage (50.53 ton.ha-1)and grain yield (6.136 ton.ha-1). The greatest forage and grain yield (46.89 and 5.973 ton.ha-1, respectively) were obtained when nitrogen was used at 90 kg.ha-1. The application time of nitrogen: (1-planting + stem elongation, 2-planting + heading 3-tillering + heading) did not significantly affect forage yield. The application of nitrogen at the tillering + heading stage produced the greatest grain yield of 6.030 ton.ha-1 that had significant difference with other treatments. Nitrogen treatment at 90 kg.ha-1 resulted in the highest nitrogen content in dry forage (1.27 %). The use of nitrogen at the tillering + heading stage gave the greatest nitrogen content in dry forage (1.254 %). The application of 90 kg.ha-1 nitrogen produced the highest potassium content in plant (1.485%).

Our results indicated that the amount of nitrogen is important on forage and grain yield of triticale, while the application time of nitrogen had no significant effect on forage yield. the application of nitrogen at the tillering + heading stage produced the highest grain yield in triticale.

In each farm field and over time due to the long-term use of inputs and varied tillage practices as well as different management operations, the factors affecting plant yield would be complex (Liu et al., 2013). The impacts of these factors are not usually taken into consideration in farm management. For example, the herbicides are usually applied uniformly based on the mean weed pressure in the field. Uniform management in situations where there is spatial variation, not only will not be economically efficient but also will have detrimental environmental consequences. Cardina and Doohan (2008) reported that although weeds are often dense in some parts of the field, their density is not independent of each other. In other words, their density depends on the sampling distance of species. Identifying weed distribution on the farm is a necessary step before site-specific management. Site-specific management is in the direction of sustainable agricultural purposes. This thereby highlights the importance of the study of the spatial distribution of weeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of pigweed and nightshade under different weed control methods.

This experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2016. A plot of field measuring 56.25 × 21 m was selected and maize S.C 704 was planted in it. Each control method including chemical control, integrated control (mechanical+chemical) and weedy control was applied to one-third of the field. Data collected from sampling at 270 points based on a 1.87×2.5 m grid at two stages at the first and the last of corn growth season (30 and 90 days after corn planting). Amaranthus retroflexus and Solanum nigrum species had more than 96% density of total weeds.The evaluating of the spatial distribution of weed species was done by a geostatistical analysis of the species counts. The principal tool of geostatistics is the variogram (Goudy et al., 2001). The function showed in equation (1) links the expected squared difference of a variable between any two places:equation (1)Where z(x) and z(x + h) are random variables at positions x and x + h. h is the distance of pair of points. Validation of the variogram model was determined by (equation 2) that calculating the root mean square error (RMSE):
equation (2)

According to the percentage of RMSE error, The fitted variogram models to density pigweed and nightshade were most often in accordance with the spherical model in integrated control, chemical control and weedy control at the beginning and end of the growing season. This result, in addition to indicating a patchy distribution of species, also showed that this structure in species has been preserved after mechanical and chemical control. In the integrated control, the range of pigweed and nightshade, decreased about 15.5 m (48%) and 2.8 m (30%), at the end of the growing season respectively, while in the weedy control, the range of these species increased about 0.5 m (6%) and 2 m (17%) at the end of the growing season, respectively. In the chemical control the range of pigweed decreased about 0.68 m, and the range of nightshade, increased about 0.6 m at the end of the growing season of corn.

The results of many studies indicate a patchy distribution of weeds. In this study, the patchy structure of weeds remained even after mechanical and chemical control of weeds. It can be said mechanical and chemical control of weeds destroy around of patches of weeds, but the center of the weed patches remains. Also in this study, the range of species was affected by weed control methods so that integrated control of weeds decreased the range of pigweed and nightshade and chemical control of weeds prevented expanding the range of pigweed.