نشریه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، پاییز 1399)

According to the diversity of household consumption patterns and the importance of how to allocate limited household income to different goods and services, the study of household consumption behavior using expenditure elasticity estimates has a special place in economic policies. Therefore, in this study, the raw data of the Statistics Center of Iran in two consecutive years 2017 and 2018 to analyze the food consumption behavior of rural households in Khorasan Razavi have been separated into nine food groups. This study showed that significant changes have been observed in the pattern of food consumption during these two years. The share of food budget in 2018 compared to 2017 has increased from 41% to 53% and also, the expenditure elasticity of food groups has increased in 2018 compared to 2017 and some food groups have changed from essential to luxury that, result indicates a decrease in household welfare. The results also show that low-income families have higher food expenditure elasticity than higher-income families. Balance of scale is found in food costs, which means that an extra family member reduces additional costs. Reducing the consumption of cereals and increasing the consumption of fruits and meat means revising the supply of food. Although cereals and bread are the main food items of rural households in Khorasan Razavi, but, according to the consumption pattern of rural households in Khorasan Razavi province, in order to solve food security problems, the production of other materials should be increased.

The development of the use of natural and biological inputs to achieve sustainable rice cultivation seems to be essential, and rice farmers must be prepared to accept sustainable and organic rice. Creating a positive attitude among rice growers about the biological inputs of rice is of paramount importance. The purpose of this study was structural equation modeling of biological inputs acceptance by sari rice farmers. All rice farmers in Sari County (24502 individuals) were selected as the statistical population of the study, and 336 of them were selected as the study sample based on Cochran's formula and with random sampling method. Data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Also, based on the average variance extracted (0.692 >AVE< 0.91) and composite reliability (0.969 >CR < 0.993), the questionnaire had a convergent validity and appropriate reliability. SPSS16 and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that educational characteristics (with path coefficient 0.453), information characteristics (with path coefficient 0.355), social characteristics (with path coefficient 0.117), and attitude towards biological inputs (with path coefficient 0.084) had a significant positive effect on acceptance of biological inputs (p < 0.01) and 99 percent of the variance of biological input acceptance was determined by these variables. It is suggested that due to the unfavorable attitude of rice farmers towards biological inputs, rice farmers should be informed about the role of biological inputs in crop, water, soil and human health. It is better to use knowledgeable rice farmers in this regard to train other rice farmers.

 There are many financial institutions and good credit funds that can play a significant role in economic development by providing low-interest microcredit. Villages in different sectors should entrepreneurship, job creation and economic development, etc. Therefore, the present study investigates the effects of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund on the economic development of rural settlements in Khoy city. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. Data collection was done using two methods of library and field based on a researcher-made questionnaire. Also, in order to analyze the information, fuzzy multi-criteria decision model (TOPSIS) and Expert choice software, SPSS, GIS have been used. The results of regression to examine the effects of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund on the economic development of Khoy rural settlements, indicate the high impact of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund on the economic development of the studied villages. Beta coefficients also showed that among the indicators of economic development included in the regression equation, the share of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in the index of reducing economic dependence on others is higher than other economic indicators. In order to identify the role of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in each of the economic indicators, the direct and indirect effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable have been identified. All eleven indicators had a direct and indirect relationship with the Entrepreneurship Fund at the level of p = 0.000 (99% confidence). In order to review and rank the indicators of economic development, according to the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, Expert Choice software has been used. The results showed that the index of increasing the level of production to the amount of weight obtained was 0.130, the highest importance and the index of decreasing the pre-sale of products due to the weight of 0.065, the least important from the perspective of experts. Finally, the results of spatial analysis of rural settlements using the TOPSIS model indicate that the most efficient in economic development in terms of creating employment projects in the village of Mahlzan (rank 1) with a numerical value of 0.70 And other villages are in the next ranks.

This study investigated the empowerment program of the local community of Ghale Ganj city in Kerman province on the empowerment of women in the villages of Sorkh Qale rural district. This research is used in terms of purpose and in terms of analytical-correlation method. The statistical population was 975 rural women covered by this project in the Red Fort area. 138 samples were obtained based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Distribution and selection of samples were done based on their ratio and randomly. According to the results, the implementation of this plan in the dimension of personality has increased confidence, sense of independence, value and increased decision-making power in women, which in turn, their participation in council elections and management in their village in the social dimension has increased. Social credibility is the credibility of ideas and opinions in the family and society, as well as the proper upbringing of children in the family. But economically, the project has only created an entrepreneurial spirit among women and has not been successful in many economic variables. Therefore, creating conditions in the form of financing, creating appropriate credit and savings funds, and creating diversity in activities and educational programs among women to start economic activities, can lead to employment, savings and diversity in their economic activities. Be. Also, according to other research findings, there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, level of education and marital status of women with their empowerment.

Handicraft products can may way for more income in rural areas. Given the importance of handicraft products in the livelihood of rural households in Iranshahr County, the aim of this study was to investigate the constraints the rural women experience in producing handicrafts in the villages of this county. This research was conducted in a descriptive and causal-comparative methods. To achieve the desired goals, in addition to document analysis and initial field visits, a wide range of indicators were introduced. Then, according to the research indicators, household questionnaires were prepared to collect the essential data on the households making handicrafts. The population of the study included all craftswomen active in the production of handicrafts living in villages with more than 50 households in Iranshahr County. As 9008 households live in these villages, using the Cochran's formula (with a margin of error equal to 0.05), 376 households as the sample size were calculated; the sample households were selected in a simple random sampling method in proportion to frequency of households living in the sample villages. The research questionnaires were completed by craftswomen or girls involved in handicraft production in the sample households. For data analysis, FAHP and GRA software and statistical tests in SPSS were used. Findings confirm that economic barriers with a mean of 3.24 are the most important constraints on the handicraft producers in the villages of Iranshahr County, as the severity of economic, social and institutional constraints were 74.2, 12.8 and 22.8, respectively among the households which ranked as severe or very severe. The results of GRA showed that the study villages have a completely different situation in severity of the constraints on craftswomen. According to the research results, it is suggested to establish and strengthen cooperatives and private companies to support the production and marketing of handicraft products and remove the constraints craftswomen face in the production of handicrafts.

In the current period, the creative village approach as a new perspective on rural development seeks to provide a quality and creative living environment in rural areas. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to extract the characteristics of creative villages in rural settlements of Sistan region and to identify key effective drivers for expanding the fields of rural creativity. For this purpose, the cross-section analysis method was used. The required information was extracted in the form of Delphi questionnaire using the opinion of experts and the key drivers affecting the creativity of villagers were identified. The study sample includes 26 experts in Sistan region who were purposefully selected. The results show that a total of 69 indicators affect tourism in Sistan, of which 18 indicators were selected as key drivers. Out of 18 drivers, 6 had the most impact and the least impact, including "Trust in educated people in decision-making and management", "Welcoming and accepting creativity by local villagers in the area", "Support of villagers and local officials from projects" "Entrepreneurship presented in the rural environment", "entry of villagers into new and innovative activities", "the ability of local managers to lead the village in the development of creative village" and "development of creative ideas to improve public participation". So creative village approach as a useful approach to removing barriers to development in rural settlements is suggested.

The purpose of this research was to identify the determinates factors of economic empowerment and effective factors on it of rural women in Zanjan province. The statistical population of the study consisted of all members of rural women's microfinance funds in the province of Znjan (N=636) that 154 of them were selected according to Cochran formula. This research was a survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to data collection. Reliability of the questionnaire by calculating Cranach's alpha (α= 0.96 & 0.86) and Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The results of ranking the determinants of economic empowerment of rural women by exploratory factor analysis showed, participation in income generation activities, individual and intellectual ability in economic and financial affairs, participation in household economic decisions, assistance and support on economic issues and cost control over funds were able to explain 68.44% of the total variance. Also, according to the results of exploratory factor analysis the most important explanations for the economic empowerment of rural women in Zanjan province submitted in 5 factors included: Interact with the social environment, mental and financial empowerment, education and social communication, home and economic partnership and freedom and authority to act. These factors were able to explain 40.59% of the total variance.

In order to investigation of relationships between saffron yield and summer irrigation a survey was conducted in fields of rural areas of Torbat Heydarieh and Farooj, Iran. The survey was done by questionnaires as face to face interview with farmers and expertise of this subject in 2019. Based on this method, 90 saffron fields (area about 0.5- 7 ha) with 1-4 years ages were studied. In addition effect of first irrigation treatments consisted irrigation on august, on mid-September and on early October on saffron yield based on completely randomized design was performed. Results indicated that in 2 years old fields did not significantly affected by first irrigation time, but the time of first irrigation had significant effect on saffron yield especially in 1, 3 and 4 years-old farms. Irrigation on early October in one year-old farms showed the highest stigma yield, but in two years- old farms this condition occurred on mid-September at Torbat Heydarieh and Farooj. In addition there was a negative relationship between fungi contamination with yield (-4.779) in three years- old and regression coefficient was -7.731 in four years-old farms. Furthermore there was about 64 % of changes in corm contamination to fungi related to number of irrigation. Therefore early irrigation of farms in summer such as August especially in three and four years-old because of enhancement of contamination to fungi diseases do not recommend.