نشریه اقتصاد دفاع و توسعه پایدار
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1399)

Arms exports has a high compliance with at least three approaches of "endogeny", "extroversion" and "knowledge-based", among the five main approaches of resistance economy policies. The emphasis on exporting high-tech products has also become more and more important nowadays, and some tech-savvy countries are making a significant portion of their exports through arms exports. On the other hand, since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, Iran has seen significant growth in the development of weapons and military products. Therefore, the main issue of this research is to formulate a strategic model at the national level, which will engage the country's grown capabilities in the field of weapons as high-tech products from the national perspective to promote the export of these products and benefit the country from its advantages. The present study is applied-developmental in terms of type, it is mixed In terms of approach and in nature it is descriptive-analytical. Given that the researcher seeks to design and develop a model for export development in specific areas (weapons), his research method is case and contextual. In order to gather information, the researcher, while introducing the matrix of identifying and categorizing strategic issues, used various methods such as library studies, document reviews, expert interviews, content analysis and finally researcher-made questionnaires. Then, he confirmed the identified themes using structural equation modeling in the form of 3 dimensions, 14 components and 72 indicators and introduced the research model and finally, he introduces the model of national commitment and propounds some suggestions to pursue.

In 2009, following the financial crisis and mistrust of central institutions financial markets had faced a new phenomenon called virtual currencies. Unique features of virtual currencies, such as anonymity, non-interference of government institutions, in controlling them including the central bank, peer-to-peer transfer etc, On the other hand the process of acceptance of virtual currencies has placed issues such as combating money laundering in the spotlight of policymakers and global decision-making centers. The purpose of this article is to identify the effect of virtual currencies vogue on money laundering process and also to check the impact of features of virtual currencies on each stage of the money laundering process. In this article, to determine the variables, first based on the library method, we identified the features of virtual currencies (user anonymity, non-sovereignty and transnationality) that are likely to be effective on facilitating money laundering. In the following, we analyzed the effect of these features on money laundering by using the qualitative content analysis method and then we investigated the effect of each of these features on the money laundering process stages  by using the AHP method. The obtained results show that based on qualitative content analysis, features of virtual currencies lead to the facilitation of money laundering process. Also, based on the experts' response to the questionnaire and its analysis by AHP method, in the money laundering process, the anonymity, non-sovereignty and transnationality of virtual currencies, respectively, lead to attracting money launderers.

Cognitive warfare, in which, using human’s brain cognitive biases, enemy is intending to disturb people’s cognitive abilities, is one type of psychological warfare. In this research, gathering questionnaire, we found that the most important cognitive error used in cognitive warfare in exchange market is Herding; in this line, we try to define an index to measure cognitive warfare intensity in and its impact on exchange market. Using the results of estimations, we predicted how exchange rate will differ.Our results shows that if, taking advantage of real exchange rate index, we control for the inflation rate in Iran and its trade partner and major countries in world trade and also control for monetary policy shocks, herding index, which is used as a proxy for cognitive warfare, could account for almost 50 percent of changes in USD exchange rate. In 45 percent of months the prediction from exchange rate babble by cognitive warfare intensity in previous month have less than one standard deviation error. Moreover, the results of prediction of exchange rate have in more than a half on months have less than 5 percent error. These results are fruitful for preparing against psychological attacks in exchange market, and anti-psychological warfare operations

The perspective document of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2025 describes Iran as a developed country with first economic, scientific and technological position in the region, with Islamic and revolutionary identity, inspiring in the Islamic world and with constructive and effective interaction in the international relations. Undoubtedly, this important goal will be achieved only by taking advantage of all capacities, including commercial diplomacy. Accordingly, the present study seeks to specify the appropriate model of commercial diplomacy for the Islamic republic of Iran according to economic war (economic sanctions), general policies of the resistance economy and experiences of the selected countries. In order to achieve this goal, one part of data was collected from commercial documents of the selected countries and other part was collected by interviews with faculty members of the Institute for Trade Studies and Research. Grounded theory method was used for analyzing the interview data. The proposed model of commercial diplomacy for the Islamic Republic of Iran has 10 general strategies: 1) Publishing of commercial diplomacy document; 2) Private sector participation; 3) Reforming the institutional structure; 4) Elimination of self-sanction; 5) Training capable commercial diplomats; 6) Import management; 7) Diversification of exports and avoiding of raw sales; 8) Supporting domestic companies and businesses; 9) Prioritizing of neighboring countries; 10) Connecting to global value chain. Also, proportional programs of strategies are provided and finally, requirements and suggestions of the proposed model are discussed.

This study aims to identify and rank the most important opportunities and threats in the process of blockchain and cryptocurrency legislation in Iran and to provide a proposed legislative framework based on the PEST model. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive survey research in terms of data collection. To gather data and analyze studies, documents, articles, books, as well as the opinions of elites and experts have been analyzed. The statistical population of this research includes experts and professors in the fields of information technology engineering, economics, management and entrepreneurship from the University of Tehran, Payame Noor University, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and the University and Higher Research Institute of National Defense and Strategic Research. It should be noted that the number of statistical samples was selected by observing the proportion of 15 people. To explain the opportunities and threats of this technology, a total of 22 factors (11 opportunity factors and 11 threat factors) were extracted. The data collection tool is a semi-structured questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by evaluating documents and studying the background literature, and using the opinions of experts and elites. Based on the findings of the present study and examining the views of elites, the most important opportunities for blockchain legislation and cryptocurrencies in Iran are economic opportunities, political-legal opportunities, technological opportunities and socio-cultural opportunities, respectively. Economic threats, political-legal threats, socio-cultural threats and technological threats are the most important threats to blockchain legislation in Iran, respectively.

Appropriate strategies for the development of maritime transport in the Islamic Republic of Iran Abstract The aim of this study is to extract appropriate strategies for the development of Iranian maritime transport. In order to extract strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities, the facts of Iran's maritime transport and interviews with four experts in the field of Iranian maritime transport have been used. The results of SWOT analysis show the overall weakness in internal and external performance. QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix ) analysis was used to rank the strategies. The results show that codification of an excellent maritime development document, equipping the north-south corridor, setting up a private sector partnership in the provision of bunkering and ancillary services, large investment to increase the capacity of the maritime transport fleet, capacity development of Makran coasts with priority to use private sector capacity can be considered as the top five strategies to improve Iran's maritime transport performance. Based on the results obtained, policy recommendation have been made to improve the performance of Islamic Republic of Iran's maritime transport. Key words: Maritime Transport, Stragegy, SWOT analyse JEL classification: R40, ,L10, C02 Key words: Maritime Transport, Stragegy, SWOT analyse JEL classification: R40, ,L10, C02