نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 33، زمستان 1399)

Nudge is an intervention that is derived from behavioral economics and behavioral science to design and implement policies. The affordability and ease of use are essential reasons for applying this new tool. One of the critical areas of using nudge is to increase donations and volunteer activities. Studies show that Iran has the potential for donations and endowments, as well as non-financial contributions such as volunteer activities. Nevertheless, the adopting of nudge in such activities has been neglected in Iran. In this study, effective nudges which are 1- Simplification, 2- Responsiveness, and 3- Social norms, are assessed in order to develop participation and sustainable donation for foundations, charities, and NGOs. This article introduces each of these nudges and their application and results in the real world. Meanwhile, it describes how we can implement these nudges in Iran.

Networking is performed by physically aligning its members and, in a real network, the correct placement of network components and the interaction between them are based on the network perspective and complementary capabilities for achieving continuous growth and set goals. Therefore, it is necessary to assign a role to network orchestration in the network formation and configuration, the network collaborative management, and ultimately network success. Despite a notable volume of research done in this regard, the problem of managing collaborative networks, different types of such networks, and differences between them require further study. This study aims to compare the types of orchestration structures of formal collaborative networks in Iran. To this end, based on judicial sampling, 5 selected collaborative networks were compared with by content analysis method and modeling of a valid orchestration model. The research results showed that collaborative networks in Iran followed three types of Shared orchestration structure, Lead Organization (orchestration networks), and each of these structures has different performance according to the type of collaborative networks in different areas. Therefore, when forming a network, it is necessary to select an orchestration structure that fits the characteristics of the network. Accordingly, in the end, a number of suggestions were made for each of the structures.

Technology parks have been introduced as tools in order to response the industry’s needs and to move towards the science-based economy employing the scientific power of the universities. In Iran, the ownership and the navigation of technology parks are often under control of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, so the centrality of parks performance are based on introduction of science, innovation and technology. Herein, economic perspective and wealth generation via parks has diminished. Also, industry and market needs role in innovation and technology generation has been neglected. In order to evaluate this contradiction between the concept and the operation of technology parks in Iran, in this article, during interviews with managers and experts of two technology parks in Shiraz with two different paradigms have been compared. These two parks are owned by Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Science, Research and Technology respectively. These two technology parks has been compared from three following respects; technology and innovation policy making from the perspective of supply and demand, technology parks implementation pattern and technology parks different generations properties. Based on the obtained results, one can observe the effective positive role of demand centrality and industry active presence in design, implementation and navigation of technology parks, which are properties of third generation of technology parks.

The achievements of science and technology in today’s world, considered as base of countries’ development. The aim of this study was to investigate the situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran in terms of science and technology outages over a period of 20 years and compare it with Islamic countries that are members of the D8 group. This applied research performed by descriptive-analytical method with scientometric approach. The research community included the scientific and technological outputs of the Islamic countries of the D8 group, indexed at the Scopus database and the international databases of patent licenses for the period 1997-2017. The findings showed that Iran ranks second among the D8 countries in terms of the number of scientific outputs and citations after Turkey. In terms of technological outputs, Iran ranked second after Egypt, third after Turkey and Malaysia, and fourth after Turkey, Malaysia and Egypt, respectively in three international databases: USPTO, EPO and WIPO. In terms of technological outputs to scientific outputs, Iran did not have a good position among the eight countries and in this respect; it was even behind Pakistan, Bangladesh or Nigeria. In most of the countries studied, there was a positive and significant relationship between the number of scientific outputs and the number of citations, as well as technological outputs. However, the results showed that a large increase in the number of scientific outputs in Iran did not necessarily lead to an appropriate increase. Gives a gap between science and technology in the country.

Innovative firms operating in the refining and petrochemical industry protect their innovative process technologies through patent; however, patents do not protect them completely. Because of the low effectiveness of patent for the protection of process technologies in the refining and petrochemical industries, these companies in order to consolidate and strengthen the protection and seizure economic benefits of their process technologies over a more extended period, using other protection methods simultaneously. The refining and petrochemical industry uses various technologies in a wide range of complexity, many of which are related to processes whose commercial exploitation requires public disclosure of the details of the technology due to the predominance of the licensing model in commercialization. Therefore, reverse engineering, which is used by licensee companies, is not complicated. As a result, in such cases, trade secrets cannot be a useful tool for protecting technological knowledge. The high cost of technology development, proof, and commercialization, along with the substantial benefits of technology utilization and the highly imitable nature of process technologies in the industry, cause the patent system to be used as a protection tool. However, because of its low effectiveness, process technology providers in this field use other protection methods simultaneously, including complementary technologies. One of these measures is to put its technology in a consulting engineering services company and is to provide a license associate with engineering, procurement, construction (EPC) and so on for customers as an integrated package. Another measure is to use complementary technologies in the form of specialized catalysts for their innovative processes. Accordingly, this paper examines the role of patent in the protection of process technologies in the refining and petrochemical industry and its effectiveness. Also, this research investigates the reasons for the action of innovative actors in the refining and petrochemical industry to protect their process technologies through specialized catalysts as a complementary technology.

Today, competition in business has led to more and more businesses using the field of electronics in business. Businesses operate in the web environment under their own brand. This trademark leads to the differentiation of the business from other similar businesses. This is done as a result of protecting the business from copying business activities. In the meantime, the issues and challenges of trademarks threaten the business. The present study was conducted to identify the variables affecting trademark infringement in the field of e-commerce. The research is in the category of qualitative research in terms of applied purpose and paradigm, and in terms of methodology, it has used the grounded theory (fundamental theory) research method. The study community is experts in the field of business and lawyers in Kermanshah province. To select the members of the research community, first purposeful sampling method was used and then snowball method was used. The number of participants in the study using the theoretical saturation index was 14. The research findings indicate two main categories resulting from subcategories in trademark infringement in the field of e-commerce, which include; Legal field and business field which includes categories; Legal gaps in trademark infringement in e-commerce law, lack of competent court in dealing with trademark infringement, generality of trademark law, non-inclusion of new changes in the web environment in e-commerce law, problems of trademark principle, threat of rights Exclusivity of the trademark owner, the need to determine the trademark registration processes, the non-inclusion of trademark laws in relation to businesses in the market introduction phase, Loss of trust from consumers and users, reduction of brand credibility, theft of trademarks and trade secrets before legal registration, reduction of business productivity, accumulation of product inventory in the company's warehouse, lack of fair competition between businesses and illegitimate profits for violators. What the research findings indicate is a deep gap in the trademark e-commerce law. This vacuum creates trademark infringement and affects e-commerce businesses. Lack of clear definition of e-commerce laws in Iran and ambiguity in existing laws is itself the biggest factor in trademark infringement. As a result, what is clear is the need to redesign the e-commerce law in Iran and add basic elements in the field of trademarks. Finally, monitoring the strict implementation of laws and maintaining the security of businesses active in this field.

This article, using a thematic research method in the Holy Quran, has enumerated the implications of Quranic teachings for the business environment .Thematic research method In addition to the verse containing the keyword, the surrounding verses consider it as a thematic unit .To examine the components of the business environment from the perspective of the Holy Quran, the keywords “تجاره” "trade"، "بیع" "sale"، and "شراء""partnership" have been selected to make sense of the selected verses. Functional model was chosen to categorize the concepts. The Holy Quran, in addition to indicating the of business indicators, paints a favorable perspective .The combination of most verses related to business concepts in the Qur'an with deep monotheistic concepts shows that the Holy Qur'an depicts the economic environment in a way that ideally leads to the expansion and deepening of monotheism and at least does not conflict with it. The practical explanation of these propositions is possible using the functional model. Received concepts can be divided into four main functions: "business ethics", "facilitation", "regulation" and "policy making". The principle governing these functions is "trade Consensus." For each of these functions, sub roles are specified. Each of these sub roles is based on documented concepts that are taken directly from the verses. The realization of the above functions in the ideal business system should be such that it leads to "the expansion and deepening of monotheism in society" and "increasing human tranquility" and "promote human communication" and "reduce social gap".

Relying on ethnographic data from two consulting engagements, we find that strategists use three visual mechanisms (depiction, juxtaposition, and salience) to create PowerPoint slides. These visual mechanisms prompt meaning-making through the conversations they stimulate, creating strategic visibility. As participants react to visuals, they enact revised interpretations of the strategy, reflecting strategic resonance. Based on the interactions among these three subprocesses (visual mechanisms, strategic visibility, and strategic resonance), we develop a process model for how visuals influence meaning making in strategy engagements. We contribute to existing strategy practice and process studies by explaining how visuals help broker divergent interpretations of a strategy and give rise to new understandings, especially when issues are politically sensitive or analytically complex. Managerial Summary: The purpose of this study is to understand how strategists use visual information (specifically in PowerPoint slides), and its effects on the strategy process. We find that strategy conversations are influenced by the techniques strategists use to create slides, which in turn shape the kinds of follow-up actions taken. The implications are that: (a) PowerPoint slides can be designed to help tackle complex issues, for instance, when participants have divergent opinions or in politically sensitive situations, and (b) those who craft and edit PowerPoint slides strongly influence the direction of the strategy. The skillful use of PowerPoint is therefore crucial in allowing managers to shape the nature and speed of strategy engagements.

Macca historitical background was compared between Islam and Ecology, published by Harvard University; and Guardian Report about Macca in terms of municiplitory developments through 3 phases. Phase 1, was dedected to disasters indentification, ie, ecological, cultural and residents’ economy disasters happened in this city during municiplitory develpent progects run by Al-Saud Governece. In phase 2, the identified disasters were compered in terms of “utilitarianism” and “deontology: approaches; the results shwed that former approach was used during municiplitory development which is not accordace to Islam recommendations such as abuse of religious functions; prevention of human competencies development; family focalpoint distracts; and personal rights disorient. The phase 3 was done by document review method to find out how would be possible to revive holy authenticity? It will be possible by ecological monotheism. Generally, a transcendental paradigm is recommended for municiplitory development plans.