فصلنامه مطالعات میان رشته ای در علوم انسانی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 47، تابستان 1399)

Corona, like some Greek words, has two meanings; both the crown and the aura. It is now worldly/pandemic and has become the crown of the world and has swallowed everything in its aura. Disease of Covid-19 has put the world on the brink; as far as the pre-Corona and post-Corona world is spoken of as two very different worlds. Corona reveals the boundary position of the present world; Without having already reached a consensus on it. The Corona is crucial moment; it means the terrifying collapse of time and space full of bandits, without a pre-arranged plan to confront them. The signs of a changing world had long since become apparent when the global village was spoken of; but there was no agreement on the themes and ways of collective life in the globalized world. The author, by accepting the presupposition (the foundation of human collective life based on the dialectic of thesis, antithesis and synthesis) and by considering the approach of political history and using the method of history-bond explanation, has tried to justify the idea that the Corona as a turning point cause the human society needs to a new social contract. If in 1648, Münster of Westphalia, was the end of the war and the beginning of a collective agreement; Wuhan of 2019 marks the beginning of the battle for globalized humanity to step into the path of a new agreement for a new treaty.

The aim of this study was to investigate the cost of economic health in patients with the COVID-19. One of the problems in our country during the outbreak of a disease is the high amounts of out-of-pocket and direct payments, and as a result, the possibility of heavy health costs, especially in low-income households. At a time when the emphasis is on reducing communication and maintaining social distance, the problem of employing manpower has affected the economy. With the outbreak of the COVID-19, the increase in the unemployment rate on one hand, and in the living costs on the other, are causing low-income households to face economic problems. Considering that the economy is a branch of the social system, the present paper is a cross-sectional study in which 400 patients were selected from all patients admitted to hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, using two-stage random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and the SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that among the 12 variables studied, 7 variables were proved to have a significant relationship with high health costs and out-of-pocket payments. These seven variables are: the family head's gender, living in a urban areas, the other household members' illnesses, home ownership, the income level, the coverage of supplementary insurance, and the number of household members. It seems that the lack of careful attention to the designing of appropriate health mechanisms based on the country’s economic, social, demographic conditions and also the epidemiological patterns of COVID-19, is one of the most important causes of inefficiency of the Iranian health services in supporting patients.

The field of international health relations includes a set of international rules and regulations, governmental and non-governmental actors, international institutions, and the relationships among them that work within global health. The international health system has undergone many changes in recent years, the main focus of which is the World Health Organization, which since its establishment has taken effective measures to develop and promote global health in coordination with governments. But despite changes in international health regulations and the development of international institutions, cooperation between international actors, especially governments, is challenging in some circumstances. The corona pandemic, as a major source of concern, is now exposing the international community’s fragility. Governments have shown reluctance to make decisive decisions about this crisis. This reluctance stems, on the one hand, that scientific evidence on the nature and extent of issues related to the disease remains ambiguous and controversial, and on the other hand, possible conflicts of interest have complicated the possibility of a global consensus. The question is: what has been the performance of the international health system, especially as regards international health regulations, the World Health Organization and governments, and is it worthwhile for them to deal with the Corona pandemic? The results of the present study show that despite the development of the global health system in recent years and its relative success in the face of international crises, there is a need for institutional development and strengthening of health diplomacy.

The pandemic of coronavirus in 2019-20 influenced different aspects of human beings' lives such as education, business, economy, culture, medical care, and consequently their fundamental thoughts were the subjects to be revised. Philosophy of criminal justice was not an exception. Since many inmates escaped from multi jails in Iran in this period, the philosophy of law faced the heated widespread debates on the right of internee to get out and the right of the government to confront with them as a citizen or enemy. The question was this: due to the fear of the Coronavirus and the death, if the prisoners have the right to flee and if the government has the right to oppose them. If yes, what are the foundations of their rights? The paper scrutinizes these issues in the light of Thomas Hobbes's political philosophy because he insisted on the right of government on the one hand and the criminal's rights to resist punishment on the other hand. Finally, the paper concludes that the prisoners have the right to run away in the corona pandemic situation, but their rights should be interpreted in the meaning of right/privilege, not right/claim; and governments have the right to oppose them in the meaning of right/power.

The emergence of some prominent political, economic, social, and biological crises plays a vital role in changing the behavior of human society. In this regard, the preventive and controlling actions of the Corona crisis, which require a comprehensive, systematic and multidimensional approach, have led to changes in consumers’ purchasing behavior. What is important in this regard is the need to use an interdisciplinary perspective (economics, management, marketing, psychology and sociology) to understand this complex phenomenon. To this end, this article has been conducted using a qualitative approach and with the aim of modeling consumer purchasing behavior in the condition of the Corona virus (COVID-19) crisis, with a multidimensional approach. The methods include of: review of specialized databases, observation, and in-depth interviews with 28 key informants that validity and reliability of them had been confirmed, were used for data gathering. Results showed that the predictive model of the demand situation for Corona's post-crisis goods or services depends on 3 indicators: "the nature of the good or service" and "the level of human interaction in exchange" as well as "income level". Moreover, complete deletion; delayed purchase; purchase substitution; and the relative decline in purchases are the four behavioral categories that consumers adopt during the Corona Crisis, and this model depends on a variety of variables. Finally, the necessary recommendations, with an approach influenced by different areas of knowledge, were presented in the form of a model during the Corona crisis in line with changes in the marketing mix (4P).

Social phenomena are so complex that one cannot gain an understanding of all their aspects by a specific approach or a single discipline. Turning to pilgrimage action when there is the possibility of catching a dangerous disease before, during, and after the pilgrimage, the study of such phenomena requires taking a deep interdisciplinary and qualitative approach. With the prevalence of Coronavirus in Iran as a Muslim country, there are controversies over the conflict of observing hygienic rules or performing religious rites, especially regarding the presence of the Imams in the shrines. To investigate the effect of coronavirus outbreak on the rites of pilgrimage to the Imam Reza shrine via a qualitative approach and content analysis method. Accordingly, 46 pilgrims to the Imam Reza shrine were interviewed to investigate the reasons for their presence in these special circumstances and examine their pilgrimage methods to the Razavi shrine. The findings show that four categories of pilgrimage justification styles were obtained in the mental dimension, which include traditional-devotional, mitigation-denial, compulsion-imitation, and rational styles. These four styles are distinguished from each other based on the degree of attention paid to the earthly matter (i.e., the disease and its seriousness).

Corona pandemic has suspended two major social institutions in Iran; Traditional institution: Mosques, Holy Shrines, Ramadan and Muharram religious rituals were shut down very soon; as far as modern institutions concerned, i.e. malls, cinemas, Coffee shops, universities, parks and restaurants they faced closure gradually. Instead of these two social structures, other two marginal institutions, internet and home, have taken responsibility to endure the fading social, cultural and even educational affairs. It seems that in intersection of home and internet, there is a “digital woman” maintaining “the social”, which we aim to introduce. This new feminine institution has risen within masculine Iranian tradition and masculine modernization. We use Nematollah Fazeli’s viewpoint about Iranian “none-traditional return to home” in semi-quarantined corona days and his idea about appearance of unprecedented “active home” in the pandemic. We also use Donna Haraway’s “a cyborg manifesto” about the feminine characteristics of mixed human-technology condition, to get qualitative analysis of Persian Instagram content in first wave of pandemic (between March and June 2020). The result implicates the appearance of a new generation of Iranian women, neither a traditional housewife as part of private home; nor a modernized one as part of public street; but a post-traditionalist/post-modernist creative citizen inside “Insta-Homes”, representing an feminine agency which doesn’t fit in the marginalizing borders of traditional and modernist patriarchal structures.