فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 39، بهار 1400)

More than one million Iranians live with a disability. Research has shown that people with disabilities are more vulnerable to disasters. The lack of knowledge and awareness, as well as accurate information and comprehensive statistical data on people with disabilities, is one of the major challenges in the first few days of the disaster, which leads to inaccurate programming and more vulnerability. Global assemblies have paid special attention to disability. Out of the 17 goals of sustainable development, 5 targets are for disabled people, which should be considered in all indicators of sustainable development goals. The purpose of this research is to provide information on various types of disabilities in the city of Tehran and their challenges, especially in times of disaster, in order to address the situation of these people based on the goals of sustainable development with awareness and recognition.

The present research is descriptive-analytic. In this study, statistics on various types of disabilities were extracted from the Iranian Statistical Center and then processed in the GIS software environment. The statistical indicators of this study include people with sensory disabilities (people with blind, deaf and deaf status, speech impairment), people with physical disabilities (people with a defect in the trunk, hand or foot) and people with mental disabilities (people with different mental disabilities). In order to calculate the total index, the sensory, physical and mental indices were calculated first with the same weighting statistics. Subsequently, the total disability index was calculated as the sum of sub-indices. Finally zoning conducted with geometrical interval method in GIS environment and determined prioritized regions.

One of the most important planning needs for this vulnerable group in the pre disaster period is to know their demographic distribution and knowledge of their needs at times of disaster, such as emergency evacuation, camps, emergency accommodation and food distribution, access Residential facilities and auxiliary facilities as well as after-care needs include those that need to be considered during reconstruction, recovery, and rehabilitation. In view of the importance of these needs and planning for its provision, the situation of the people with disability in Tehran (total people with various disabilities, speech, physical, blind, deaf and mentally handicapped) and the problems of each group of people with disabilities, with the distribution of them by gender in the city Tehran were investigated.

For the purpose of comprehensive disaster management planning and risk reduction programs to meet the needs and minimize the damage to this demographic group, final priority was drawn based on the total index of disability with emphasis on women. Based on the results of this prioritization, Region 4, Region 1, Region 2, and Region 5 were determined for critical disaster management planning and educational capacity building respectively.

Natural disasters are a reality that has affected a significant part of rural areas today. Due to the fact that in some cases it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of these natural disasters, so it is very important to study the degree of resilience against natural disasters/ The purpose of this article is to investigate the resilience of residents of rural areas of Kermanshah province in the face of natural disasters in Kermanshah province.

The statistical population includes 14 cities of Kermanshah province and over 270 questionnaires. The reliability of the study was confirmed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and the validity was confirmed by experts in geography and social sciences.

The results show that the level of satisfaction with the performance of local managers in order to improve resilience is low. Because the total average obtained is 8. 2 out of 5   compared to 3 less. According to the regression results of social, economic, environmental, infrastructural and beta (beta) factors, it can be said that future management factors can have the greatest impact on improving the resilience of local communities against natural disasters. And is in the next rank of social factors.

The results of this study showed that indigenous people are very sensitive to earthquakes and there is a kind of fear and panic among them. The recent earthquake in Kermanshah has increased this fear and concern.Infrastructure is also vulnerable. Respondents believe that the infrastructure is inadequate and they are vulnerable to risks. Impressive infrastructures such as access to villages in the region from the national gas network, access to hospital treatment centers, emergency rooms, pharmacies and health centers, access to relief institutions (Red Crescent) or crisis management center, access to police and law enforcement, access to fire Address, access to temporary accommodation and access to the main thoroughfare network are all in poor condition.

Today, most cities and residential communities are built in places that are exposed to a variety of disasters, such as natural and man-made hazards. Therefore, paying attention to the physical dimensions of residential structures in suburban areas has become very important. The study area is Bahonar town of Mashhad, which is a separate area from district 6 with a population of more than 40 thousand people and about 7100 residential units, in an area with an approximate area of 1602670 square meters.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. In this study, physical resilience was quantified in 5 components of structural resilience, legal resilience, mental image resilience, functional resilience and location resilience, using 35 indicators in the Likert scale. The sample size was determined using Cochranchr('39')s formula of 120 residential units, which was divided into four conventional neighborhoods by stratified sampling method and the physical resilience questionnaire of the houses in each neighborhood was randomly completed. The reliability of the research instrument was confirmed using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of 0.92. Data were also analyzed using inferential statistical methods.

The results of "one-sample t-test" showed that the physical resilience of the residents of the castle on the street is very low. So that the average in the component resilience component is 2.61, in the mental image resilience 1.31, in the legal resilience 1.64, in the structural resilience 1.21 and in the functional resilience 1.64 it is significantly lower than the theoretical average and very low. In general, the physical resilience of Qala-e-Khiaban housing is very poor with an average of 1.65. Also, according to the "ANOVA" test, the average physical resilience of housing varies significantly between the conventional neighborhoods of Qala-e-Khiaban, so that the average physical resilience of housing in neighborhood one is 1.81, in neighborhood two is 1.66, in neighborhood three is 1.46 and In neighborhood four it was 1.67. Then, with the help of Pearson correlation test, it was found that with increasing the age of the building, resilience decreases significantly.

According to the results of the study, large-scale measures should be taken in the suburban areas to improve and rehabilitate housing in accordance with the building regulations of Standard 2800, otherwise due to the large population in these suburban cores In the event of environmental hazards, a large part of the population in these areas will be seriously harmed.

Informal spaces and informal settlements are expressed as a hidden contaminated space. This contamination is felt more naturally in other areas. On the other hand, every urban space needs a series of communications that can be complex or simple. Urban space with complex communications has a superficial layer of the type of interactions in the city. This space is a source of pollution due to its multiplicity and extensive connections with different people. Pollution is defined as the level of surface pollution that people leave with their communication in space. The aim of this research is to study and analyze the strategic relationship between coronary heart disease and its severity of impact on informal spaces and informal settlements.  

The present article investigates the effect of coronary heart disease in informal settlements with a quantitative and descriptive-analytical method. In this study, SPSS and SWOT software were used for analysis. The sample size in this project is estimated at 313 people who are city officials and specialists and residents of informal settlements in Golestan city in Tehran province.

Urban spaces, especially informal settlements, are one of the urban spaces with complex communications. Because the type of communication in such spaces due to economic, social and cultural conditions is much wider and much more polluted than other urban spaces. With the outbreak of coronary heart disease in 2020 (Covid 19), the conditions for this type of settlements, especially in Golestan city in Tehran province, became more critical.

The results show that coronary heart disease has a multifaceted and multilayered effect on such spaces. Informal settlements in the regions (Golestan city in Tehran province) are introduced as a source of superficial and functional pollution due to the high volume of traffic and lack of order and hygiene at the level of roads and settlements.

Water supply networks are among the main and vital infrastructures of any city, therefore maintaining the safety of water supply facilities and considering necessary arrangements during encountering the critical conditions is among the main concerns of officials related to security issues of any country. For this purpose, investigation of these facilities in terms of passive defense could considerably reduce their risk against manmade hazards. In this research, first the principles of passive defense in relation to the field of urban water supply network were identified and their importance was determined, then the results were examined.

The present research is practical in nature, and in execution is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods based on the desk research. In addition to interviewing experts and specialists in this study area, the Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation was employed in this research for calculations and identifying the impactability and impact of each factor.

The findings of this investigation and the assessment of studied water supply network in this research using the Fuzzy DEMATEL method revealed the very high importance of continuous service (B9), repairability (B6), dispersion (B5), cover and deception (B8), camouflage and concealment (B7). Also concerning the urban water supply facilities, the human fatalities (B1), detectability (B4), and accessibility (B3) have a high importance. The Economic damage (B10) has a low importance and the extension factor (B2) has a negligible importance in examining the urban water supply facilities from the passive defense perspective.

Regarding the importance of urban water supply topic in the cities, it could be stated that it is essential to have a thorough investigation of urban facilities in the urban sector considering all the principles of passive defense to maintain protection and security and to enhance urban sustainable development. Therefore all the urban water supply measures and indices in the cities were separately assessed.

Promoting a healthy lifestyle is one of the ultimate goals of urban development plans and programs. It underwent changes in urban communities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study these changes and developments in the Covid 19 crisis.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied and according to the purpose of the research, the library method is used for the theoretical foundations and framework of the research. Sampling was done randomly, among 100 people and by completing a questionnaire. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS software and one-sample t-test.

Findings show that 69% of respondents have masterchr('39')s and Phd degrees and 86% of them are aged 19-39. 67% of people admit that they care about their health after the outbreak of coronavirus and their lifestyle has changed because of this. In fact, the corona pandemic has led to lifestyle changes in the areas of physical activity, leisure, sleep and wakefulness, social relationships, family relationships, spirituality, safety, and relaxation and nutrition. According to the results of the questionnaire analysis, the most changes were observed in family and social relationships.

According to the research, the corona pandemic has led to changes in urban lifestyle that in the long term, will create new needs in the post-corona era. In addition to the issues, problems and threats that follow, this pandemic will also create opportunities. Accordingly, by identifying the needs of urban life in the post-Corona era, the threats as well as the opportunities resulting from this epidemic, it is possible to provide appropriate models and programs.

Public spaces such as metro stations are one of the most important elements of the citychr('39')s spatial construction. People from different classes and ages are present in these spaces and social and service activities are taking place in it. And people from different walks of life come to it and social and service activities take place in it. Underground subway stations are one of the main components of the urban transportation system and connect the underground and above ground space of this public transport fleet. Underground subway stations are very important and sensitive for various reasons, such as the accumulation of passengers. So reducing human casualties and injuries during natural hazard such as earthquakes and man-made disaster such as fire is one of the priorities of designers and users of these spaces. Accordingly, the present study has been developed with the aim of reducing casualties and injuries in emergencies and by providing solutions to increase the rate of evacuation.

The present study is among the applied research (developmental type) and to achieve the defined goals, descriptive method (content analysis) was selected as the research method. Also, library and field methods were used to collect information and qualitative method of content analysis was used to analyze the data.

Awareness time, reaction time and departure time are considered as three effective time components in the total evacuation time of underground subway stations. The values ​​of these three components will be different according to the physical and managerial design conditions of each station and providing solutions that reduce each of these times will reduce the total evacuation time. Among the solutions that were obtained in the present study, as follows: "reduce the distance of the farthest point of the platform from the stairs", "fit the number of entrances - exits with the volume of passengers", "how to design communication paths", "proper placement of non-structural elements", "use of signs The guide noted the ability to navigate in the dark "and develop an emergency response plan."

Based on the results of the research, 11 executive solutions are being designed in metro stations and 9 executive solutions can be implemented in operating stations to increase the speed of emergency evacuation. In this solutions, "emergency response planning" is a solution that is effective in reducing awareness time, response time and movement time without the need for physical changes in the elements of the station. Also, among the physical solutions, "proper design of communication routes", "use of guided signs with the ability to navigate in the dark" and "reducing the distance of the farthest point of the platform from the stairs", are solutions that are effective in reducing reaction time and movement time.