فصلنامه پژوهش های دانش انتظامی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 88، زمستان 1399)

Institutions of protection and care services were established with the aim of involving citizens in the establishment of security, which face challenges and obstacles in carrying out their goals; therefore, the main question of the present study is "What are the executive challenges of protection and care institutions in crime prevention?"

In terms of its objectives the present research is of an applied research type, which has been conducted in a mixed method. The research method in the qualitative phase is content analysis and in the quantitative phase is survey and Delphi method. In the qualitative phase, the data were collected using a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative phase using the Delphi questionnaire. The statistical population in qualitative phase consisted of law enforcement elites in the intelligence and preventive police sectors. 16 individuals were selected using purposive sampling method. In the quantitative phase of the study, all samples were selected. Data analysis method in the qualitative phase was content analysis method- theme analysis- and in the quantitative phase it was descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage and mean score, and to determine the degree of consensus of Delphi group members, Kendall agreement was employed.

In the qualitative phase, 43 challenges of protection and care services institutions in crime prevention were counted in the form of 17 sets. In the quantitative phase, after performing the four stages of the Delphi questionnaire and achieving the Kendall agreement coefficient of 0.790, the challenges were prioritized.

"Weaknesses in laws and regulations" and "weaknesses in culture-making" are among the main challenges in establishing neighborhood guards, which, if the officials pay attention to them, will make it possible to use more of the capacity of these institutions in line with their goals.

The category of "place management" and the "place" factor are one of the recent advances in situation-based crime prevention approaches. The purpose of this study was to integrate these two concepts in the form of presenting two qualitative models mixed with real evidence of urban crimes.

The research approach is qualitative, which has two strategies of simulation and logical reasoning based on secondary analysis of quantitative data of real crimes and extraction of components related to "place in crime". The statistical population of the study also includes 392 cases of the final location of urban crimes that were extracted with the help of quantitative content analysis technique on the "MagIran" site in the period 2011 to 2019 within the police and geographical area of Narmak, Naziabad and Punak neighborhoods; and the number of selected samples was equal to ten percent of the total statistical population.

The results of the research showed that the integrated concept of "place-crime" and also a "relational model of place" can be used for the "composite model of place management" in crime. The ontology of the "place model" of the study has been associated with the structure of open, explanatory, and relational components. The epistemology of "place model" and "place management model" also included eight elements of form-physical attributes, activity, resources, proximity, pollution, non-supervisory, non-participation and non-partnership.

The study presented the two theoretical models of the relationship between crime place and place management in their general form as a theoretical-methodical order and the possibility of operational use of these two models in applied criminological and police research was provided.

Security is one of the most basic human needs that has a special position in peace and increasing the quality of life of citizens. For this reason, paying attention to the security of citizens is always one of the basic priorities of urban management. The purpose of this study is to prioritize the areas of Ardabil in terms of factors and variables of urban security and propose strategies to improve security in these areas.

The reasoning strategy of this research is deductive and its approach is quantitative. Documentary data of this research have been obtained from valid scientific-research sources and field data through questionnaire tools and application of experts' opinions. DEMATEL models, Network Analysis process and TOPSIS have also been used to analyze the research data.

Based on the theoretical framework of this study, ten criteria were extracted from valid domestic and foreign research sources to assess urban security in Ardabil, which are: resident participation, development of cultural and social spaces, definition of economic stimulus projects, increasing the clarity and readability of urban spaces, mixing of uses, standard population and settlement densities, providing optimal lighting of urban spaces at night, preventing the release of barren and ruined lands, coordinated and integrated management and setting environmental design criteria. Findings show that districts 3 and 4 in Ardabil have a higher priority in order to apply the criteria for improving urban security than other areas of the city.

A summary of the opinions and views of local experts shows the need to apply the three criteria of development of cultural and social spaces, providing optimal lighting of urban spaces and coordinated and integrated management of urban security in Ardabil more than other criteria. In this regard, two practical proposals are proposed to reduce the level of insecurity in these areas: development of cultural, social and educational institutions in insecure neighborhoods; establishment of an institution in charge of urban security and operational planning and environmental design in order to prevent crime.

The present research in the field of international and domestic legal-law enforcement mechanisms has been concerned with the return of assets resulting from drug-related crimes. This study was prepared with the aim of developing the identification of new mechanisms for the return of assets resulting from criminal activities related to drugs with a legal-law enforcement approach.

In terms of its type the present study is of an applied research type, which has been conducted using descriptive-analytic method. The necessary data were explained using library studies and note taking and referring to authoritative domestic and international legal sources.

The most important tool of Interpol has been the issuance of special silver declarations for the return of assets resulting from internationally organized criminal activities, including narcotics. Also, according to the provision of restitution of assets in international conventions, especially Article 5 of the International Convention against Narcotics and related documents, including the International Anti-Corruption Convention, two mechanisms can be used within the framework of these documents called formal mechanisms and informal mechanisms such as Star, Greco, etc., which are outside the framework of these conventions, have been used. Also, since the principle of speed is necessary in the return of assets arising from drug-related criminal activities; thus, informal mechanisms in which the law enforcement agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran are not members can more favorably serve the national interest in returning the assets of drug-related crimes.

The most important challenges and gaps in the performance of the Iranian police regarding the return of assets resulting from criminal activities related to drugs are lack of strengthening the system of international law enforcement cooperation in the field of return of assets and the existence of case-by-case cooperation, lack of organizational goals, informal mechanisms to speed up the process.

The success of commanders in interacting well with conscripts as part of the I. R. I. Police body undeniably depends on their ability to influence individuals. This ability, which is called leadership in the organizational behavior literature, is the most important tool for influencing people. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of commanders' leadership abilities on reducing desertion, aggression and depression among I. R. I. Police soldiers.

In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of implementation method it is considered as a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of the study consisted of soldiers of Shahid Bigleri Training Center of I. R. I. Police in Meshkinshahr (1,035 individuals) in the winter of 2019, of whom 280 individuals were selected by stratified sampling method. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire of leadership capabilities and desertion with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.84 and 0.78 and Bass and Perry's standard aggression questionnaires (1992) and Beck's depression questionnaire (1961) with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.82 and 0.81, respectively, and analyzed using structural equation modeling via PLS software.

The study showed that all leadership capabilities of commanders in four dimensions of attitude, traits, behavior and requirements of leadership, significantly affect the reduction of desertion, aggression and depression of soldiers.

According to the findings, in a humane approach aimed at reducing soldiers' crimes, the research focuses more on developing the capabilities of commanders in its four dimensions, because the use of existing capacities for a limited number of commanders has leverage effects on cognitive and emotional attitudes. The behavior of a significant number of soldiers on duty is very logical.

Emotional intelligence and coping styles are variables that are effective in creating job satisfaction and increasing the productivity of the police force, and these variables themselves are influenced by other factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of communication skills training on increasing emotional intelligence and coping styles of police officers in Metropolitan Tehran Police Stations.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and a in terms of methodology it is considered as a quasi-experimental research (pre-test post-test with control group). The statistical population of this study consists of all police officers in Tehran, including 2000 individuals; 35 of whom were randomly assigned to each two experimental and control groups. Research data collection tools included Bar-On's (1988) Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and Andler and Parker's (1995) Coping Styles. Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (including table and graph of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (MANCOVA multivariate covariance) using SPSS statistical software.

The results show that there is a significant difference in terms of coping styles with the control of pre-test between police officers in the experimental and control groups. The calculated F ratio is significant for the variables of negative, positive and problematic emotion of coping styles.

The results of data analysis confirm the research hypotheses and show that communication skills training has increased the scores of emotional intelligence, increased the strategy of positive and problematic emotion of coping style and decreased the scores of the strategy of negative emotion of coping style.

Spectator behavior management has been one of the criteria for evaluating the performance of police in ensuring the security of sports competitions. Therefore, according to the subject of this research, the performance of the police force and the control of spectator violence in the Premier Football League competitions have been studied.

In terms of its objectives the present study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytic. The research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The first phase (qualitative) was conducted using interview tools with 32 individuals from club officials, players, fans, deans and law enforcement personnel. The sampling was done using available and purposeful method at this stage and 41 factors were identified through qualitative analysis. In the quantitative phase, using the factors identified in the qualitative phase, a questionnaire was developed and through a modified classic Delphi this questionnaire was provided for the interviewees, which was conducted in two stages. Analysis of items that had at least 60% positive response remained in the next step. At this stage, 5 dimensions and 32 items were identified. At the third stage, through a Delphi questionnaire and a quantitative interview, 180 individuals were provided with a researcher-made questionnaire. To determine the face and content validity, it was sent to 5 professors of sports management and its reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha as 86%.

The findings showed that the cultural and social dimension with a factor load of 0.75, management dimension with a factor load of 0.64, control and monitoring dimension with a factor load of 0.43, recognition of violence and abnormal behaviors with a factor load of 0.27 and the educational dimension with a factor load of 0.13 were the most important.

It is important for police force to be vigilant with strategic plans against events that may occur during sports competitions and to prevent the recurrence of problems. Keywords: Police performance, Spectator security, Violence control, Iranian Football Premier League.

The impermissibility of the detention of individuals is a fundamental rule based on the principle of respect for their freedom. But sometimes the detention of citizens suspected of committing crimes under the law is necessary to protect public order and interests. Some detainees face a restraining order or an acquittal after a preliminary investigation and justice requires that the damage done to them during detention be compensated. Many countries have specific measures and measures in place to compensate for unjustified or unjustified detention. The fundamental question is what is the extent of the responsibility of the government, the judiciary or judicial officers in compensating for the wrongful detention?

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the legal context and procedures for seeking compensation for unjustified detention will be analyzed and evaluated and through it, the existing challenges in the Iranian criminal justice system will be revealed.

Detention of persons is carried out by order of a judicial official and by judicial officers. The principle of judicial independence requires law enforcement officers and other judicial officers to prescribe a detention order as legal. However, after the issuance of a restraining order or acquittal of the detainee on the charge for which he was detained, the damages resulting from the detention must be compensated. The main challenge in compensating innocent detainees is the lack of a precise criterion for assessing the extent of the damage and how to compensate. The results of this study indicate that there is no precise and convincing criterion for determining and evaluating the amount of damage inflicted on persons whose innocence is proven after detention.

Considering the wide dimensions of social harms and its increasing spread in society, the present study aims to investigate the economic and social causes of social harms in acute crisis areas of Mazandaran province.

The research method in the present study is a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of 20,000 people (nineteen infected areas). Using Cochran's formula and available purposive sampling method, the sample size was 189 individuals. With a quantitative approach, an effort was made to group injuries based on the classification of the subject as well as determining the causes of the injuries. Also, the concepts were identified and experimentally tested by quantitative method and exploratory factor analysis.

Findings show that acute crisis areas in the cities of Mazandaran province are classified into three categories: personality and individual-cultural and socioeconomic and the indicators in each category based on the measurement model and factor load have the necessary accuracy and stability.

A comparison of the research findings and the results of the experimental literature show that one of the reasons for the increase in social and economic harms is the lack of correct inference from the current situation, which has added to the problems of combating them, in such a way that in some statistics, the prevalence of social harms is reported to be very high and in others, the prevalence is less. In the current situation, in order to get rid of these injuries, the root of these problems must be identified using experienced experts and the need to change the approach from disciplinary, security, psychological, individual and purely social working to social approaches appropriate to each region is strongly felt.