مجله پژوهش در ادبیات کودک و نوجوان
پیاپی 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

This study attempted to reflect peace and friendship culture in children’s fiction in Iran by considering these two components in the UNESCO Statute of Peace. Following library research method, fifty storybooks which had been written and published in the 1990s and the 2000s were studied, and 14 books devoted exclusively to age group 6-8 years old underwent content analysis. Next, different types of peace culture promotion and education methods aimed at children in the books were analyzed. Results of the study revealed that although storybooks are believed to be preachers of peace and friendship, they mostly highlight such components as love, friendship and cooperation, and are not concerned with many other propositions of peace culture that are indispensable for peaceful coexistence in society.

Nowadays ideology is the most important concept in human life that has overtly and covertly penetrated into all aspects of life. Embedded ideologies have the greatest impact on people's subconscious. Childhood, as an important part of human life, is surrounded by a variety of ideologies. Nowadays, the media, and especially animation, have become a powerful tool in transmitting ideology to children. Their high power in attracting the audience has made this medium a suitable platform for the transmission of ideology. Here the monsters Inc animation has been studied due to its tremendous sales and popularity. In this research, by means of content analysis, various and invisible aspects of ideology in this animation have been studied. The ideologies used in this animation are very diverse and wide and are discussed from different aspects such as: the ideology of the popularity of monsters, the ideology in the construction of characters, the political ideology in the content, the emotional and psychological ideology, and the ideology of human philosophical nature have been discussed. The results show that each of these cases are integrated with the text by specific techniques and affect the individual subconscious. The value criteria of the present study are in confirmation of the ideologies that have been used in the text of the animation, but no adaptation has been made to any particular society or culture, and has been expressed only as a descriptive study.

Today, children's literature has found a special position in the study of humanities due to the concept of childhood. Children's poetry is also one of the branches of this kind of literature. The subject of this article is a comparative study of social themes in the works of Iranian and English children and adolescent poets. After naturalistic themes, social themes have the highest frequency among the works of both groups of poets. On the other hand, these differences pave the way for wider reflection. Our statistical population in this study are collections that have been published in from 1921 to 2001. In order to achieve a practical method, we have dealt with the indicators among the poets of the two countries, and among their works, we have selected a collection of poems that have won numerous poetry awards over the years. Since children's literature was born in England in the 18th century and the United Kingdom is still a pioneer in the field of children's literature, in this article, British children's poetry has been selected to compare and adapt with Iranian children's poetry. This research has two parts: the theoretical part, which relies on the views of the theorists of the American school of adaptive literature, and the practical part, which includes the analysis of poems and the mention of evidence. Since in the American school, mere similarities can be the subject of a comparative study, and the American adaptive literature is a kind of cultural study, the main purpose of this study is to identify similarities and differences and obtain a perspective on children's poetry, especially with social themes. It is Iran and England.

’’Story’’ has been recognized as one of the most applicable literary types in children’s literature. Regardless of its specific origin and known antiquity, fiction literature belongs to all ethnic groups, nations and cultures. In addition to its own characteristics, children's stories, like adult stories, have story elements. Considering the elements of the story not only harmonizes the audience with the subject, character, point of view, tone and body of the story in general, but also leads the author of the child story to create a more principled story that fits the child audience. This study analyzes and compares the elements of the story in the works of two prominent contemporary Iranian and Iraqi child storywriters. The elements of the selected story in this research are "Plot", "Characterization" and "point of view" which in the story "Good Night Commander" by "Ahmad Akbarpour" as a contemporary Persian writer and "Sar al-Tiran" by "Mohannad Al-Aqous", to the title of the author of the Iraqi child has been examined and analyzed. The results of this research, which has been done in a comparative-descriptive and analytical method, indicate that there are similarities and differences between the elements of the story in the works of Iranian and Iraqi storywriters. In all of these stories, the plot is linear. Characterization in Iranian and Iraqi children's stories is a combination of main, secondary and black characters, which has been designed in different types of stereotypes, conventional, simple, etc., according to the subject and content of each story.  It is also significant to note that the presence of these characters in each story is different. Furthermore, characters are human beings, animals, objects, etc. The presence of human characters is in the first place. Moreover, internal (first person) and external (third person) point of views are the most widely used ones in the works of Iranian and Iraqi storywriters. The role of illustration is also of special importance in the narration of each story.

Children’s literature as an influential tool and culturally-rich source helps children and adolescents build their identity and character in a world filled with anxiety and distress. In most Iranian novels, there are a number of major and minor characters representing teenage boys and girls who have their own unique life style and behavior. The purpose of this study is to explore the life style of teenagers portrayed in six novels published by Kanoon Parvareshi Fekri Koodakan va Noojavanan based on the Iranian model of life style. This model includes four indicators of tradition, pass time, culture and management-maintenance. The findings of the study indicate that the indicators of the Iranian life style can be identified in the selected novels and that the traditional and pass time indicators are of the highest frequency while the management-maintenance index has the lowest frequency. The results also showed that the pass-time index is of high priority for both genders and that although the components of Iranian life style is not gender-specific, young girls are culturally more active that young boys.

Speech act is one of the most significant theories in the philosophy of language. Based on this theory, speech acts are analyzed in parts of speech and reveal the unspoken words of a text. The present research aims to elucidate the discourses of Bahram Beizai's film Basho, the little stranger, regarding Searle theory. Basho as a film of children and adolescents with the presence of the main character of the child involves important speech acts. Also, language, as the main cultural tool, is one of the main concerns of this film. In fact, the purpose of this study is to understand the dramatic features of the work and to recognize the social relationships of the characters by extracting the speech acts of each piece of speech. Based on Searle's classification of speech acts, we found that the characters in the film have different speech acts due to their position and gender. According to the results, the rate of women's speech acts is persuasive act and men have more expressive speech acts. They use the kind of ridicule, anger, etc. in speech. Despite the fact that children, unlike adults, children benefited both expressive act and persuasive act are free from violence due to their childish characteristics and interact better with each other from cultural point of view. It should be noted that none of the characters used obligatory and declarative actions in their speeches.

A picture book is a type of children's book in which the text and the picture are independent components that run parallel to each other and act to organize the whole book. Meanwhile, some theorists of children's literature, such as Perry Nodelman, have paid more attention to the independent and specific identity of the image than the text, and for it, six functions have been imagined in conveying information and message and communication between the text and the image. Although picture books in the field of rewriting and recreating have been produced in Iran for many years, the text has always surpassed the image in conveying the concept and narration, and images have often been used to decorate and follow the text in these books. This research, which is applied from the point of view of purpose and qualitative from the point of view of data analysis, seeks to find the characteristics of text-image link in Haftkhan and Haft Razm picture book based on hexagonal links of text and image in Nodelman theory. This research has selected the book Haftkhan and Haft Razm with the illustrator Niloufar Mir Mohammadi and the text of Zohreh Parorokh, as one of the examples in which the image moves beyond the text and forms the narrative of the book, based on Nodelman's theory. The findings of this study indicate that this book is a successful example of visual rewriting of Shahnameh because the images in this book provide information beyond the text to the audience; In this way, they strengthen the message of the text and create new readings in accordance with the tastes of the contemporary audience. All the pictures in the book are in the third type in Nodelmann's division. The book Haftkhan and Haft Razm in text and imagery are signs made by the author or conventional signs and invite the audience to combine these visual and textual signs so that he can perceive the meaning and narration and he can read again the old story of Zahak in the context of the events of the day.

In the age of production and expansion of works of children and adolescents, the role of criticism and review of works with the aim of improving methods is not less than the role of nurturing the minds of children and adolescents. Today's diverse approaches in the field of theoretical foundations of children's literary criticism try to draw clear boundaries between adult and children's literary criticism. However, there are countless opponents in this regard. But many experts have been trying to determine the scope of study of children's literature. The story of "Lullaby for a Dead Girl" by Hamid Reza Shahabadi can be scrutinized from a phenomenological point of view. The purpose of this study is to discover some phenomenological approaches in this story. The present study is based on the analysis and interpretation of the questions raised in the text of the story, which reveals the phenomenological angles of the story "Lullaby for a Dead Girl" written by Hamid Reza Shahabadi.

Speech act theory is said to be an action that occurs after a deliberate saying. This theory helps the researcher discover the hidden layers of the text and deliver to the audience the author's hidden goals in the text. Literary works in the field of children deserve to be written in such a way to prepare the child to play a positive role in society because children's literature plays a very important role in the transfer of moral and social values and the formation of a child's personality. Investigating speech acts of the story can play an important role in better describing the story characters and their intentions. Considering the effective and constructive role of story characters in conveying the high human values to children and influencing their education and development the purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze the characters of Ghassan Kanfani, story al-Qandil Al-Saghir based on the theory of Sarl's speech acts and descriptive-analytical method to describe and analyze the various characters of this story and how to communicate with each other. The research results indicate with regard to Kanfani, educational, moral and social goals declarative action have the highest frequency in this action story. But due to the non-commitment of the author's age group, Accrual Action has the lowest frequency commitment.

Persian literature is a full-fledged mirror of the national culture of Iran and one of the most effective factors in strengthening our national identity as Iranians. The connection of literature, which is a linguistic element, with national identity is so close. no nation is considered without its national literature. Literature identified with the audience and if there is no audience, there is no work. It is one of the fields of literature, stories, and legends of children. Given the children's impact of the story and their high acceptance in childhood, these stories can be effective in shaping children's national identity. These myths have a special role in shaping children’s mentality. In this regard, mass media have an important role to influence the thoughts, perceptions attitudes, and behaviors of individuals in societies. Therefore, spreading myths and cultural concepts in world’s literary masterpieces and Children literature is a matter of course and can be researched. Due to the necessity of this matter, analytical-descriptive research with library method, to applying literary culture in the field of media, considering and basing the main elements of the scenario, seeks to study and analyze this as an ancient and effective myth among child's mind (Who is a teenager today). The achievement of the present study indicates that the legend of Yosht Fryan in the initial stage has the ability and potential to become a screenplay, for this, important elements and criteria of the screenplay should be considered.

Literature is a world of various and different types of phenomena which find a definable identity sometimes in relation and sometimes in opposition to each other and are formed as new and independent species with different themes and structures. Autobiography is a type of literature that has its own particular characteristics and types. Story, on the other hand, includes various types which are defined and specified. One of the capabilities of literary types and their relationship with each other is combining different types with each other and creating an independent one. One example of this combination is "narrative autobiography". A narrative autobiography is a type in which the author creates his work by expressing the peculiarities his life, character, and thought and by using narrative techniques and tools alongside the historical events.
"You are not stranger here" written by Houshang Moradi Kermani is a narrative of his life including both biographical features in the content and narrative features in the structure of the work in which the biography as a true narrative of the events of the author's life incorporates with the story as a fictional narrative. The author does not simply describe the events of the life, but shows the different layers of his life with precise detail and honest narration. He provides a living perspective of the intellectual and cultural conditions of his life periods and also makes the text have literary and aesthetic features.
In the present study, the narrative part of the work has been studied, in which Moradi Kermani constructs his life by narration and gives his work a narrative context by using the features of realist stories.

The study of literary genres of children's and teenagers' magazines during 1941 to 1961 – which is, in fact, the first experiences of Iran in publishing such magazines- can provide a basis for becoming more familiar with the national, social, and cultural beliefs of the period, its impact on the world of children, and understanding the discourse of such magazines in addition to clarifying the language and literature used for children of the mentioned period. Our question is formed at this point. In the four magazines reviewed, we found literary genres in the form of stories (short stories, legends, fables, comic strips, and ghost stories). We identified the elements of the stories for better understanding. Poems are composed with traditional meter and rhythmic structure. Our study is based on three systems: musical, imaginative, and visual. The riddle genre is also seen in both visual and written forms.

In the field of writing story and creating narration, writer develops story from various themes in different social, historical, literal and non-functional fields and bridges his own motifs with them. Shah Abadi is known as one of the eminent figures in this regard. In the three volumes of the dead’s’ gate, he practices the horror and history to consider on of the social hurdles (poverty of children of work) in a gothic and horrible frame. The present research scrutinizes the first part of the afore-said novel, the vertical cemetery, by dint of the content analysis. The writer has applied the descriptive-analytical method, thematic classification so as to present some evidence from the story and refer them to the understudy comments and criticism. The present research indicates that Shah Abadi introduces influential motifs such as death and poverty in a historical context motif such as fear, anxiety and terror illustrate the undeniable, terrible and bitter facts of human life.