نشریه مطالعات زبان و گویش های غرب ایران
سال نهم شماره 32 (بهار 1400)

In the present research, based on the Kövecses (1986, 2010) cognitive conceptualization theory of emotions, conceptualization of love in Simin Daneshvar's novels has been studied. For doing so, first the conceptual metaphors of love were extracted from the data by combining two methods of metaphor determination: 1. Machine search of the lexical item(s) of a specific target domain (the word love in our case) by a concordancer program (AntConc (Anthony, 2014), in our case) and 2. Manual search of the whole data. Then, the manual search of the whole data was carried out to find the conceptual metonymies and related concepts of love. In the next step, different types of metaphor, metonymy and also related concepts of love were studied. In the final step, on the basis of the conceptual metaphors, conceptual metonymies and related concepts of love, the cognitive model of love in Daneshvar's novels was identified. The cognitive model of love has shaped based on 40 conceptual metaphors, 33 conceptual metonymies with the general metonymic pattern of “EMOTION EFFECT FOR EMOTION” and also 11 related concepts of love, some of which are the causes and the rest are the effects of love.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate three Persian derivational suffixes ‘-zɑr’, ‘-kæde’ and ‘-estɑn’ from a construction-based perspective and to analyze their various formal and semantic aspects. The study applies the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2018) to address the word-formation patterns based on the notions of ‘construction’ and ‘constructional schema’ and explain their polysemy using the notion of ‘constructional subschema’. The research data are adapted from author’s own morphological corpus (including more than 12000 Persian compound and affixed words), Farhang-e Emlaee Khatt-e Farsi (Sadeghi & Zandi-Moghadam, 2012) and Farhang-e Zānsoo (Reverse Dictionary, Keshani 1993) which include 187 derivative words with the three aforementioned suffixes. The results reveal that in order to explain the polysemy of word-formation patterns of these suffixes, we need to adopt the idea of hierarchical lexicon and the notion of constructional subschemas so that we can consider distinct meanings as different subschemas. These subschemas are at different levels of abstraction and are related to a more abstract, high-order schema. This is called constructional polysemy, a kind of polysemy explained not at the level of concrete words, but rather at the level of abstract constructional schemas.

Persian wh-multiple questions are divided into two groups: sequential and split. Sequential group includes simple and coordinated. In the split one, coordinated wh-words are separated. The purpose is to study the syntactic operation of WH-multiple questions considering the position of speaker-oriented adverbs. First, we will examine the performance of WH-multiple questions from collocation viewpoint, then, consider speaker-oriented adverbs’ position in these constructions to find out the relationship of adverbs with WH-questions. Theoretical framework is based on Gračanin-Yuksek (2017), Lipták (2011) and also Citko and Gračanin-Yuksek (2013). The method is descriptive-analytical. Data analyses of WH-questions show their collocation is grammatical with adjunct-adjunct array except in the simple coordinated ones. The position of speaker-oriented adverbs shows that æz hæme mohemtær is an only adverb with high frequency used in them. In contrast, the presence of adverbs like qætæn, sɑdeɡɑne, ʃɑjæd, bɑrhɑ, xoʃbæxtɑne, and hæɡiɡætæn in WH-multiple questions causes ungrammatically of wh-constructions. The position of ehtemɑlæn in adjunct-adjunct of sequential coordinate is before the second wh-question. The position of be rɑsti in adjunct-argument of sequential coordinate is before the first wh-question. The position of vɑɡeæn in adjunct-argument of simple coordinate type is before the first wh-question. Also, in argument-argument of sequential coordinate the position of ehtemɑlæn is before the second wh-question.

The present contribution bears an attempt to take a novel synchronic perspective on derivational morphology in Persian namely canonical derivation. Introduced by Corbett (2010) and being a sub branch of canonical typology approach, canonical derivation viewpoint looks for canonical instances of single grammatical categories which are the best, the clearest and the indisputable ones rendering spectacular typological definitions. In this paper, by analyzing (195) derivational affixes including (22) prefixes and (173) suffixes, we endeavored to discover whether derivational morphology is canonical in Persian or the derivational affixes are far from canonicity in some degrees. The data analysis revealed that (%34) of derivational affixes rejected the substitutability criterion and just one suffix rejected 2 criteria. In sum, among 975 points for the fully canonical system, Persian gained 904which portrayed (%7.29) deviation from the canon; in other words, it is (%93) canonical. This amount of canonicity illustrates that derivation system in Persian is so close to the canonicity of derivation systems worldwide.

The documents registered in notary public offices are not deniable after being signed and must be fully understood by the audience. The closer a text is to automatic language, the easier it is to understand. This is why scientific texts, unlike poetic texts, are free from aesthetic devices. To simplify the texts of official documents in forensic linguistics framework, this descriptive-analytical research has tried to identify and if possible, rewrite the samples of foregrounding as a feature of literary language which can take the text far from the automatic language and create difficulty in understanding. In order to identify these samples and to show their effects on understanding, 100 documents (50 from the book of sample documents and 50 from the real documents registered in notary public office no. 1479) were considered. The results revealed that foregrounding in these texts is happening through extra regularities by creating parallelism in 1240 samples in phonetic, lexical, and phrasal levels in Arabic and legal terms. The omission of parallelism and rewriting the samples were possible in a remarkable percentage of samples (65.03%) and these substitutions have caused a significant increase of 40% in the understanding of 100 clients of the notary public office.

Polarity is the opposition between positive and negative and Modality is the speaker’s judgment about the proposition and proposal. In fact, modality is the space between ‘yes’ and ‘no’. In this study, four main types of modality including “epistemic”, “evidential”, “deontic” and “dynamic” from Palmer's point of view, and three types of negation including “nuclear negation”, “core negation” and “clause/ sentence negation” based on Role and Reference Grammar of VanValin were introduced and then the relationship between them was investigated in the Persian. In order to determine the polarity of the nucleus, the presence or absence of a negative prefix, and to determine the polarity of the core, the relationship of the verb and its arguments has been considered. To detect the polarity of the sentence, two tests of “tag question” and “lie test” were used. Examination of the data showed that when the modality of the sentence is changed, the polarity of the sentence is changed as well. It seems that the combination of modality and polarity is a strategy for language users to be able to formulate the same propositional meanings in different ways according to different contexts, and thus follow different discourse purposes.