نشریه جغرافیای اجتماعی شهری
پیاپی 18 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Housing is one of the necessities of life all over the world and in cities, it is a big problem for citizens and officials. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the effective indicators in the housing sector and explain them in urban housing planning in Iran over 40 years (1978 to 2017) extracted from the Statistics Center of Iran.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The general approach is qualitative content analysis in which documents and reports, upstream documents including economic, social and cultural development plans and the comprehensive housing plan and other documents related to the subject of housing are examined. In the analysis section, in order to better clarify and understand the matter, the graphs related to the statistical means prepared in SPSS and Excel software have been used.

The results Indicate that the number of effective indicators of the housing sector in the 60s due to events that occurred during this period such as war, the adoption of urban land law, etc. and policies considered by the government in allocating housing to higher citizens was higher than other periods. The amount of these indicators has decreased in the following years, especially in the 80s and 90s, but in these decades, the frequency of housing indicators has increased.

The indicators in these decades are similar and have not changed much over time and have remained constant and traditional. Changing these indicators in housing planning in Iranian cities is necessary.

Provide municipal expenses in countries with inefficient economic systems, weak tax systems and lack of citizen participation; inevitably, it is directed to unsustainable sources of revenue by municipalities. In the present study, the sources of sustainable income municipalities for urban development have been analyzed.

The method of conducting descriptive-analytical research is survey; the present study was conducted in 4 main parts. In the first part, stable and unstable revenues of Tehran in the ten-year period have been evaluated separately in urban areas. The results of this part of the research are evidence of severe instability of Tehran Municipality revenues. In the second part, the role of financing factors was examined.

The results showed that the principle of adequacy with a weight number of 0.155 and the principle of independence with an average weight of 0.506 are the most important financing criteria of Tehran Municipality and the principle of saving and sustainability have the least weight and they are in the last ranks. In the third section, the most important criteria for financing the municipality of Tehran were evaluated. Based on the opinions of experts, the criteria for tolls on buildings and lands (0.2101) and tolls on real estate (0.1845) are the most important criteria for municipal financing. Official documents and tolls for communications and transportation were the last to be financed. In the fourth part of the study, the impact of municipal revenue structure on the process of sustainable urban development is measured.

The obtained results show a favorable pattern of financial security of the city. This means that the municipality of Tehran must plan and implement policy in the structure of its revenue system to take into account the principle of justice, the principle of saving, the principle of income adequacy and the principle of local independence.

Providing adequate urban housing, especially for low-income groups, is one of the most important issues and challenges facing the world. Almost all countries face serious problems in this regard. Therefore, paying attention to housing indicators and their promotion can facilitate planning and decision-making in this sector. The aim of this study is to rank the housing indicators of low-income housing.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data from experts selected through targeted sampling were used to collect data. After identifying the indicators affecting the formation of housing from the heart of the research background, Fuzzy DEMATEL Technique was used to analyze the relationship between these indicators.

In this study, using Fuzzy DEMATEL Technique, the indicators affecting the formation of housing were ranked.; Two important issues that are the achievements of this statistical method, one is the most effective index, compared to the most effective index based on D-R column analysis and the other is the degree of importance of the index obtained from the result of D+R column analysis.

The results show that in designing high-density residential complexes, paying attention to security, privacy, designing spaces for residents' social interactions, creating a platform for user participation, in projects, first of all, the importance of ranking indicators, According to experts؛ Therefore, the use of achievements in low-income housing planning can lead to improved quality of the current housing.

Currently, the issue of urban regeneration in metropolitan tourism is of great importance for urban planners and policy makers. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effective indicators in the recreation of tourism in the metropolis of Tehran.

The present article is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Shannon entropy method has been used to scale the regeneration indices. The regeneration indices are then prioritized using the TOPSIS model and one-sample t-test.

Findings show that using TOPSIS model, according to experts, functional, aesthetic, environmental index with a weight of 0.63 has the highest share and social index with a weight of 0.38 and also economic index with a weight of 0.12 has the lowest share in reproduction. They have urban tourism space in the studied areas. Also, according to the single-sample t-test from the point of view of experts, the results of this test show that by considering alpha 0.05 at the level of 99% confidence in all three factors: functional, aesthetic, environmental, economic and Social as an independent variable was less than 0.05.

The result of one-sample t-test also indicates the exact scores of the indicators of recreation of tourism space confirming the results of the implementation of TOPSIS technique. Finally, in this hypothesis, it is emphasized that functional-aesthetic-environmental, economic and social factors have been effective in recreating the tourism space of the studied areas, but it seems that the functional-aesthetic-environmental factor has a greater share in the recreation of Tourism space in the studied areas.

Social welfare is considered a part of human life and culture and the development of humanitarian theories with emphasis on the responsibility of all towards each other as well as the development of social and biological sciences has been effective in the emergence of new attitudes about social welfare and poverty reduction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Ganjai Khan endowments in the social welfare of Kerman citizens with a poverty reduction approach.

The study was all citizens over 18 years of age in Kerman. Based on this, using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size (this number was increased to 400, and finally 390 were used in the final analysis). Sampling was performed based on multi-stage clusters between regions, blocks and finally Kerman households. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire (based on themes taken from the qualitative part). Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency percentage were used to describe the main variables of the research and Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression and confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine the relationships between variables. Data were analyzed using Spss and Amos software.

The results of multivariate regression test showed that 0.410 of citizens' social welfare can be explained based on endowment management, which will result in poverty reduction. Regarding the value of standard beta coefficients of each variable, the coefficient of priority goes back to the needs, which is 0.452. The lowest value is related to the organizational innovation variable which is 0.004. This value is 0.338 for management variability, 0.423 for specialized knowledge, 0.431 for understanding endowments and finally 0.327 for organizational capability.

The results of this study show that Ganjali Khan endowments have an important role in the objective and psychological well-being of Kermani citizens and have an important role in reducing poverty. The well-being of citizens and the consequent reduction of poverty can be very important.

The growth of urban population and urbanization before the process of urban planning in Iran has severely diverted cities from living standards and living standards. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the viability of small towns in the of Babol township based on physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, the information of which was obtained through a questionnaire with 4 dimensions and 30 indicators. SPSS, T-Test, Anteropy shanol and ELECTRE model software were used to analyze the data.

The results obtained from the electro model show that the city of Amirkala with a score of (5) had the highest utility and the cities of Khashoroudpi and Zargarmahleh with a score of (-5) had the lowest utility of comparability compared  to other cities. The findings of T-Tset show the low viability of the cities studied in the physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions, which had the least environmental dimension.

In order to improve the living conditions of small towns in Babol township, are essential to take appropriate measures in environmental and environmental dimensions (increasing the quality of waste collection, sewage, surface water and green space within cities) and social (increasing safety and road safety Sidewalks, sidewalks and sidewalks).

Exercise as an important scientific and educational category in strengthening the physical and mental strength of individuals. Access to sports clubs is directly related to a person's willingness to participate in physical activity. This study measures spatial justice in spatial distribution of sports services in Isfahan neighborhoods.

The purpose of the study is practical and is descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The data were obtained by library method and by referring to resources and organizations. To analyze the data, the methods of analysis of the average nearest neighbor, the local Moran index, the global Moran index, the hot spot analysis, the Thiessen polygons and the two-variable Moran index were used.

The research findings show that the pattern of distribution of sports services is dispersed. Assessing the effectiveness of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the utility of the radius of performance is the undesirable situation of areas and neighborhoods around the city in terms of sports services. Measuring the relationship between the distribution of sports services and the population of neighborhoods confirms the very weak relationship between these two variables, which indicates the lack of attention to the population factor and the needs of citizens in the distribution of sports services.

The results of the research indicate social inequality and injustice in the distribution of sports services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan.

Existence of indicators of child-friendly city in urban space is one of the key indicators of sustainable urban development, its level and status indicate the degree of attention of policy makers, and urban affairs trustee to needs and wants of different segments of society, especially children as the future human capital of cities. Aim of this study is to investigate the situation of child-friendly cities, identify challenges and ways to improve it, as well as to investigate and analyze its relationship with quality, safety and security of required child-friendly uses in Jahrom.

Present applied research has done using a combination of descriptive-analytical, correlational and causal methods. Statistical population of this study consists children aged 6 to 12 years living in Jahrom and sample of 372 persons has estimated using sample size estimation. Main research tool for collecting the required data is a researcher-made questionnaire and validity and reliability has confirmed by observing principles of field research methods.

Findings of study revealed that the situation of child-friendly cities with an average of 2.1 is significantly lower than the average level. Results of correlation between two variables of quality and safety and security of the uses required by children in the child-friendly city showed that calculated correlation with the values of 0.665 and 0.535 is significant and positive. Results of multivariate regression revealed that in the fitted model, 59.9% of the child-friendly city variance has explained by independent variables. Standardized regression coefficient of safety and security indicators and quality of required uses by children with values of 0.571 and 0.421 respectively were statistically significant.

Results of this study revealed that the lack and weakness of quantity and quality of educational, sportive, recreational, health and security spaces required by children as well as lack of attention to opinions and demands of children in designing different spaces needed by them, hinders the realization of a child-friendly city in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to solve these issues and problems by taking the necessary thoughts, because children are the main future assets of cities and it is necessary to meet their needs and wants as considerable.

In recent years, growing rural communities have been affected by urbanism processes in various areas of their lives. Undoubtedly, locating villages around urban areas are influenced by the intensity of their urbanism processes. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess the situation of urbanism in the villages surrounding Darab city.

This research is a descriptive-analytical method that documentary method is used to study the history and explanation of the problem and a survey method for collecting information related to urbanism in the surrounding villages. In this regard, according to the number of 3719 households in the villages surveyed, using the Cochran formula and correction, 318 households were calculated as sample size. Sample households were selected to complete the questionnaires by simple random sampling. Data analysis was performed using descriptive, inferential statistics and Vikor model with Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS software.

Results of the research confirm that there is a significant difference between the level of urbanism variables with 99% confidence, and the component related to the status of constructions has the highest level of urbanism. Also, the results of Kruskal-Wallis test confirm that there is a significant difference between the studied villages at 1% error level. Based on the results of the ranking of the model used, the Tanghe-Katuyeh village was evaluated in the highest and Akbarabad village was evaluated in the lowest level of urbanization status.

Therefore, urbanism was different among the studied villages and its rate in each village has a significant correlation with two variables of distance to the city and the population of each village.

In the age of globalization and competitiveness of urban centers, the creative class is considered as one of the main drivers of growth and development of metropolitan areas. In this regard, the recruitment and maintenance of this social group, by identifying and evaluating their spatial preferences, has been included in the agenda of spatial development planning of cities and metropolitan areas. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to (1) explain the relationship between the creative class as driving forces and growth and development as an achievement and also (2) identify the various spatial preferences of creative classes of Tehran metropolis to allocate residential, leisure, activity and communication needs. The combined methodology (qualitative and quantitative) has been used in this article; In collecting information, the methods of documentary, statistical and social analysis were used in the form of interviews and questionnaires, and in the classification of creative groups, the scenario method was used. The high correlation between the share of creative manpower and the value-added output confirms this claim. Similarly, the analysis makes it possible to identify four distinct groups: naturalistic, urbanist, knowledge-based, and artistic, depending on the differences in the characteristics of the activity and the spatial preferences of the creative class. Creating and maintaining a creative class in the metropolis of Tehran requires identifying the differences, features, and preferential spatial preferences of each of these groups. Based on this, their spatial-activity preferences were identified and presented in the form of solutions.

Due to the importance of organizing space in the development of countries, governments are particularly serious about the proper division of their territorial space. The aim of this study is the pathology of political space management in the metropolitan city of Tehran.

The present study was performed qualitatively using the data-based method and the data extracted from semi-structured interviews with 20 experts. The research was conducted in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Foundation data method including contextual factors, causal factors, intervening factors, strategies and outcomes were identified.

In coding, 268 codes were first extracted and finally 60 codes were extracted from the interviews and steps were taken later. In the categories of rule of law, lack of comprehensive law, multiple management and unrest and security challenges; causal factors in the categories of extreme centralism and society and culture; Interfering factors in the categories of overcrowding and anti-corruption; Strategies were divided into the categories of the right to comment and accountability and the political participation of citizens, and consequently the categories of government effectiveness, improving the quality of regulation and political stability, and non-violence.

In general, it can be said that the pathology of political space management in the metropolis of Tehran is very important.

Neighborhood as a "spatial" and historical phenomenon has usually had two dimensions: explicit or implicit territory, and the other is a "special social group".Spatial matching of neighborhood and the local community, especially in metropolitan areas, was discussed in the urban literature. Explaining the process of this divergence and the impact of urbanism on it in the scale of Tehran metropolitan neighborhoods has been the main issue of this article.

This research was of the survey-analytical type, and the method of data collection was documentary-field. The statistical population is Tehran's metropolitan neighborhoods that, based on a classification, five neighborhoods have been selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative and statistical methods including one-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that despite the changes caused by modernity, it is still possible to distinguish a range of neighborhoods from the community's characteristics in the metropolis of Tehran. The level of neighborhood identity in Tehran's sample neighborhoods has been relatively high; however, this situation has not led to the formation and improvement of their residents' interactions and internal social solidarity. The results also showed that all indicators of urbanism as an independent variable had significant relationships and negative effects on the community's characteristics in the sample neighborhoods.

However, the findings of this article indicate the existence of fields and capital of the community in the sample neighborhoods of Tehran; However, based on the basic idea of the research, it should be noted that promoting and strengthening the spatial matching of community and neighborhood is the basic condition for creating, improving and recreating existing neighborhoods within the framework of modern metropolitan discourse and urbanism of Tehran metropolitan scale.

The correct translation of the concept of justice in the science of geography is the equilibrium, in space, which has always been emphasized as a principle in space science. Accordingly, this study tries to define the variables affecting spatial equilibrium. Also model by quantifying these variables and formulating mathematical relationships between them.

The subject of this research in the field of land use studies and its foundations is based on phenomenological method. Based on this, first, the factors that form the identity of Iranian social organizations are attempted. In the second stage, the above factors and variables are defined in a framework called the conceptual model of spatial equilibrium in the field of basic land use. In terms of fundamental land use, the spatial equilibrium model is attributed to a concept called Bio Identity Crystalloid Capacity (B.I.C.C). In this model, the vital identity of crystals includes two criteria, natural factors and characteristics, and social factors and characteristics

The access coefficient (TC) is in equilibrium in the time range of 25 to 35 minutes and the shape coefficient (FC) in the golden range is 1.6 to 1.8. Also, if the value of surface-population coefficient (AE) is zero, a state of equilibrium is created. The imbalance of this coefficient is when its value is greater than zero. But if the value of this coefficient is less than zero, it means that the city in question can be expanded.

The amount of TC for the studied cities in 1957 shows that the two cities of Mashhad and Rey with TC of 25.52 and 25.75 are in the equilibrium range in terms of access and the rest of the cities can expand to the desire for the equilibrium domain. They have. On the other hand, the amount of TC of sample cities in 1390 indicates that only the city of Bam with an TC of 15 can expand to reach the equilibrium range and the rest of the cities are out of equilibrium. Also, the value of the shape coefficient of sample cities in 1957 shows that this coefficient for the cities of Kerman (2.17) and Kashan (3.77) is beyond their equilibrium range, but for other cities is not in the equilibrium range and the possibility of expansion to have access to this amount. Also, the analysis of this coefficient for 2012 indicates that the cities of Sabzevar, Damghan and Bam with a coefficient of 1.7, are in the equilibrium range (1.6 to 1.8) and the rest of the cities are outside the equilibrium range. On the other hand, the AE coefficient obtained for the studied cities in 2012 indicates that only the city of Mashhad with a coefficient of -0.5 has a balance and can be expanded, and the rest of the cities with coefficients greater than zero are in an imbalance. The disproportionate increase in the population of these cities in recent years has led to their disequilibrium.

Public open spaces in residential areas of cities are one of the fields for the social interactions. Hence, the climatic and geometric characteristics of urban open spaces must be harmonious and facilitate social relations. This is doubly important, especially in hot and arid environments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal comfort of urban open space and its influential components in strengthening social relations in the old neighborhood of Quds neighborhood in Zahedan.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and experimental-correlation in terms of method. To evaluate the thermal comfort of the outdoor spaces, physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and predicted mean votes (PMV) based RayMan model and universal thermal comfort index (UTCI) based on BioKlima model have been used. A new mathematical model is then proposed based on the correlation relations between environmental variables and individual subjective responses. Field studies including measuring meteorological parameters, thermal environment perception, and geometry of urban open space are the final part of this research.

Findings showed that the time range of urban outdoor thermal comfort in Quds neighborhood is abundant in the afternoon in summer. The afternoon microclimate is dependent on the fabric of the neighborhood and has the potential to enhance social interactions. The proposed mathematical model for estimating thermal comfort in hot and arid environments based on the correlation of environmental variables and actual sensation vote (ASV) is well able to express an actual thermal sensation of outdoor spaces.

Therefore, in order to take the necessary measures to develop and promote the social interactions of the neighborhood, physical infrastructure such as outdoor furniture development and neighborhood social institutions should be strengthened. The results of these measures can reduce the urban social harms.