فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 11، پاییز 1399)

Nowadays, extensive and rapid urbanization has caused cities to face many problems and led to endanger people's health, grow of the health discussion in public forums and provide solutions to the problems of rapid urbanization. One of these strategies is the implementation of the healthy city project, and considering the importance of sociocultural factors in the study of cities, this study was conducted with the aim of explaining the role of sociocultural factors affecting the achievement of the healthy city pattern and then by addressing it, seeks to achieve cities that are responsible for the environmental, economic, sociocultural problems, etc. on the one hand, and the mental and physical problems of the citizens on the other hand. The present study, with the knowledge of the importance of this subject and in view of the importance of addressing sociocultural issues that are considered as one of the most important ones of urban society, has studied the role of sociocultural factors affecting the achievement of a healthy city in Behbahan to recognize and analyze the sociocultural  problems and issues related to the indicators of a healthy city in the field of environmental, economic, urban attractiveness and health care in Behbahan, which is emphasized by the World Health Organization, to achieve a pattern of a healthy city.

This research is a qualitative-quantitative, applied and descriptive-analytical one in terms of approach, purpose and nature, respectively. In this regard, in connection with the theoretical foundations related to the subject, the library method and in order to obtain the required data from the citizens (over fifteen years old), the field survey method has been used, so that at first, 382 questionnaires were obtained based on Cochran's model, and 400 questionnaires were distributed and completed among citizens in proportion to the population of the districts for greater confidence and accuracy. SPSS and SMART PLS software programs were also used to assess the impact of sociocultural factors in the city. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 30 specialized professors as well as experts and city managers of Behbahan were used, and finally the author's questionnaire was approved. To confirm the validity of the measurement tool, three types of evaluation validity were used as content validity, convergent validity and divergent validity.

The results of the test of research hypotheses in the t-statistic showed that the absolute value of the t-statistic for the effect of social factors and their role in healthy city indicators was 3.611 and for cultural factors was 3.595 and also path coefficients for social factors 0.217 and for cultural factors 0.204 that the research hypotheses are acceptable and cultural and social factors play a role in creating a healthy city in Behbahan. Considering that CV Red for the indicators of a healthy city is 0/055 and CV Com is 0.489, and for social factors 0.334 and 0.340, respectively, and for cultural factors 0.401 and 0.445, which indicates the optimal quality of the measurement model and the optimal quality of the structural model.Among its components, inter-sectoral and participatory collaboration with the average of 1.92 and 2.38, respectively, which have a lower than average level and the worst conditions that indicate people are less involved in urban planning. In addition, there is a powerless cooperation between the urban institutions to solve the city's problems, and only the feeling of belonging to the place component with an average of 3.56 is in better condition. Cultural factors with an average of 3.15 are in a better condition in Behbahan city and healthy city variable with an average of 2.18 which indicates that Behbahan city is lower than average in terms of indicators of healthy city, so that all sub-indicators are in an undesirable situation, including environmental, health care, urban attractiveness and economic.

Following the rapid growth of urbanization and population in the last century in Iran and other countries on the one hand, and the problems that followed in the proper management and planning of cities, especially in developing countries on the other hand, cities have become to a place that   faced all kinds of shortcomings and problems in the field of sociocultural, economic, environmental, health care and other issues that urban managers and planners have sought to address existing problems. Followed it, in 1984, for the first time in order to get out of the current situation of cities, Professor Dahl coined the term Healthy City and was complimented by the World Health Organization(WHO) which saw it as in line with its goals and policies. Gradually, it was widely used in the world's urban planning literature to solve the problems and issues that cities faced, and the projects of Healthy City were implemented in most cities of the world. These days, Behbahan city, with a population of 122.604, is facing many challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the role of socio-cultural factors in achieving a healthy city pattern in Behbahan. In this regard, SPSS and SMART-PLS2 software programs were used to evaluate the research hypotheses. The results showed that sociocultural factors have a significant role, effect and relationship with the indicators of a healthy city, but these factors do not have desirable conditions in Behbahan city and also the indicators of a healthy city are not in a good situation in it. So, it can be expressed that Behbahan city does not have the conditions of a healthy city.

The development of small cities has always been one of the major policies in the planning of developing countries. Analysis of urban neighborhoods sustainability indicators, is considered important for urban planners. In the field of urban planning, the concept of a smart sustainable city is often defined as an ideological dimension dependent on strategic directions in order to find an appropriate balance between territories and human societies through information and communication technology and behavioral changes. Sustainable development is one that can continue in the long-time without harming the environment. Sustainable urban development refers to the balance between the various urban social and environmental dimensions and their simultaneous development. Neighborhood as the most vital cell in the framework of the city, is identified by the connection and cohesion of cultural, social, economic, religious and environmental elements, which in most cases, attention to the factor of social livability is neglected with limited consideration to economic and environmental ones in it.  Urban neighborhoods always have a dynamic and evolving concept which have to adapt to professional and theoretical contexts. Neighborhood-based planning in the city of Rudian is a way to achieve the sustainability of the city. The most sustainable urban neighborhoods are ones that are formed in all aspects of sustainability based on environmental, social and economic conditions and the needs of the local community. Therefore, the issue of sustainability is one of the most important subjects in urban planning. Urban sustainable development is a more manageable and achievable concept through neighborhood sustainable development.

The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and its method is based on descriptive-analytical. In this research, first library studies (articles, books, reports) were performed to identify dimensions and components, and then field surveys were conducted as a questionnaire in the framework of dimensions. In order to analyze the obtained data from field operations, one-sample t-test was used to measure the stability, analysis of variance was applied to compare items in the form of SPSS software and the WASPAS combined decision model was also exploited. The statistical population of the study included all people living in the city of Rudian, in 2016, from which 359 people were selected by available sampling and then, according to the proportion of the population of each neighborhood of the total population of the city, the same amount of sample has been allocated. In this study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the test. This method is used to calculate the internal consistency of a measuring instrument that evaluates various properties.

It can be said that there is a significant difference in stability between neighborhood areas of Rudian city in residential textures. The findings showed that only Sarghanat and Deh Bala neighborhoods are relatively stable in terms of security in Rudian and other neighborhoods are unstable. Also, all neighborhoods of Rudian city are in an unstable situation in terms of social, economic and environmental dimensions. In addition, Sarghanat and Deh Bala neighborhoods of Rudian city are physically stable and other neighborhoods are unstable in this regard.

Environmental, social and economic issues and problems in cities emphasize the need to achieve sustainable development. But to achieve this, it is important to measure the position and distance of the city from the ideal and model of sustainable development. In the current situation, the organic balance between the social system and the physical structure of the city and the incompatibility between them caused problems. If in the past, urban units of the neighborhood type provided the possibility of belonging or dependence or conditions of connection of the individual with the living environment, in recent times urban development with latent and observed demographic, social, technical and other variables to weaken or destroy these relationships. So that in addition to poverty and deprivation in slum areas, the contexts of emotional and psychological erosion of individuals on the one hand and the reduction of spatial belongings on the other hand are intensifying every day. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the neighborhoods of Rudian are different in terms of neighborhood sustainable development indicators. Sustainability indicators can be effective on organizing urban neighborhoods. The neighborhoods of Rudian city have significant differences in terms of population and area, and by recognizing the problems of the neighborhoods and improving them, and by strengthening the neighborhood indicators, it is possible to organize the city areas. The results of this study show that socio-physical factors play an important role in empowering the neighborhoods of Rudian, so the growth of security, services, quality of life, participation and access in these neighborhoods depends on their physical organization during which the empowerment strategy is feasible.

These days, the issue of depreciation of old textures of cities is one of the most important challenges facing the urban planners and decision makers. Undoubtedly, "change" is a prerequisite for the continuity and evolution of human life, and with varying degrees of acceleration, it traces itself to time and place. In recent decades, the rapid growth of urbanization has led to the irregular development and expansion of cities, bottlenecks, problems and complexities. The consequence of this phenomenon has been the intensifying pace of "spatial-physical change" of cities in general and urban centers, ancient textures and, in particular, the central parts of cities. This has often led to a decline in social status, disorganization in the spatial-physical organization, economic deterioration, and functional inefficiency in these areas. The present study seeks to investigate and re-evaluate the regeneration of the old Ghariban neighborhood of Ardebil, in order to stimulate vitality by creating service hierarchies, enhancing environmental quality and promoting local safety and security.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and in explaining the quantitative value of the evaluation components, four criteria: physical, environmental, economic and social quality are processed with their sub-criteria. The statistical population includes the total population of the study area with 3335 people and based on Cochran formula 350 ones were selected as statistical sample. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis of the data. Five-point Likert scale was used to operate the variables. In this way, number 3 was selected as the theoretical mean of the answers and then the mean of satisfaction was compared with number 3. To obtain residents' satisfaction, one-sample t-test with test value (3%) and 95% confidence interval (5% error) were used. In descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, one-sample T-test and ANOVA were used.

Physical variable was significant at the mean level of 3.29 and there is a significant difference with the theoretical average because it is higher than the theoretical average of 3. Therefore, it can be said that regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood is effective on reducing physical problems in Ghariban neighborhood. The social variable with a mean of 3.312 was at the significant level and there is a significant difference with the theoretical average because it is higher than the theoretical average of 3. Therefore, it can be said that regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood is effective on declining the social problems of it. The economic variable was significant at the level of 3.578, there is a significant difference with the theoretical average because it is higher than the theoretical average of 3. Therefore, it can be said that regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood is effective on decreasing the economic problems of it. The environmental quality variable was not significant at the mean of 2.94 and it was not significantly different from the theoretical mean because it was lower than the theoretical average. Finally, it can be said that regeneration has not been very effective on reducing neighborhood environmental quality problems. According to the averages obtained from the sub-criteria of each variable, it can be said that the economic variable with the mean of 3.57 had the highest average. The lowest mean was related to the environmental quality variable with a mean of 2.94. Among the variables, the physical, social and economic variables are higher than the theoretical average (equal to 3), that is, residents rated these three variables in a better condition than the other ones and mean environmental quality variable is less than 3. Regarding the mean of the four variables, it can be said that the obtained mean (3.27) is higher than the theoretical average. Finally, the results of the one-sample t-test show a significant difference between the average impact of regeneration of the neighborhood on the reduction of physical, social and economic problems. Therefore, it can be said that the regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood is quite effective on reducing the physical, social and economic problems of the Ghariban neighborhood. The results of analysis of ANOVA and t-test for characteristics affecting satisfaction indicated that in assessing residents' satisfaction with the quality of regeneration, only the variables of occupation type and education of residents were effective.

The biggest dangers to be found in the worn-out texture of the Ghariban neighborhood is the issue of unintended and continuous changes in the social composition of the inhabitants of such textures. When the original inhabitants of these areas for reasons that can certainly be rooted in the lack of public and municipal services, physical exhaustion and failure of officials to pay attention to addressing the infrastructure or superstructure deficiencies of these areas and even the modernization and behavioral and cultural changes of major residents and landowners of textures under the influence of the wave of progress and development; they leave their ancestral housing and original neighborhood, and this is where most of the social, economic, cultural, and even physical damage to the textures begins. Considering the necessity mentioned in this study, the effect of regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood on the investigated factors (physical, social, economic and environmental quality) was examined. The results of the analyzes indicated that there was a significant difference between the mean of the impact of regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood on the reduction of physical, social and economic problems with the theoretical average or comparison criterion (3 out of 5). And the impact of regeneration of Ghariban neighborhood on reducing physical, social and economic problems is more than theoretical average and positive. Therefore, it can be said that regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood is effective on decreasing the physical, social and economic problems of it. But the average of environmental quality variable is less than theoretical average 3. Therefore, it can be said that regeneration of the Ghariban neighborhood has not been effective on reducing environmental quality problems in it.

Urbanization of poverty has occurred in today's world and the poor fate is tied to cities. Urban poverty is a complex and multifaceted concept. In the sense that it is not limited solely to economic or income indicators, it also includes social-cultural and physical indicators. The immigrant poor cannot afford to pay for housing costs in affluent neighborhoods, so they settle in marginal, worn-out and inefficient textures. As a result, poverty zones have appeared in the form of marginalization and informal settlements. In Iran, more than 20 million people live in urban slums, so that 11 million of them have been settled in informal settlements and 9 million in worn-out textures. Meanwhile, Shahriyar city is known as one of the Tehran province emigrant centers. Accordingly, present paper purpose is to evaluate poverty various indicators from the citizen's perspective of Shahriar city. Also, it has been measuring access to services and amenities among the Shahriyar city neighborhoods by using of the neighbor nearest model.

The current research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Statistical society is consisting of Shahriar city neighborhoods residents (about 248675 people). The statistical sample is obtained through the Cochran formula, which is equivalent to 322 people. The statistical sample is distributed and completed by using of the Likert scale between neighborhoods’ residents. In this study, with a preliminary study of 50 samples from the questionnaires, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the its reliability was 0.73. Thus questionnaire has a satisfactory reliability. In addition, the neighbor nearest model has been used in order to evaluate the Shahriyar city neighborhoods, in terms of access to facilities and services (access to emergency services, recreation and sports centers, administrative centers, urban facilities and educational centers). To test the hypotheses, regression variance and Spearman have been used.

The research findings show that some of physical characteristics have a positive effect on the semantic level of more than 95%. These indicators are included of housing ownership rate, population density, person in the room; residential housing without gas, electricity, drinking water, toilets and bathrooms; the number of households in a residential unit, the number of people in a residential unit and the type of building skeleton, the lifespan of the building, the area of ​​the residential unit. A number of economic and social indicators have gained a positive impact on the significance level of more than 95%. These indicators are included of aging, the number of people with disabilities, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, illiteracy rates, higher education rates.  People have stated that in the event of an income increase, 12% consider education as a priority, %40 has been taken into account their environment physical condition improvement, about %11 have placed car purchases in the first place, approximately %27 consider switching to other neighborhoods and %11 have considered other criteria for their cost priorities. The results have confirmed that the accumulation of poverty in worn-out textures and informal settlements and unbalanced distribution of facilities and services in the city of Shahriyar. According to the results of the neighbor nearest mean model, Z score for access to emergency services, office centers, urban facilities and educational centers is equal to -4.76, -6.5, -4.83, and -7.3. Therefore, spatial distribution of these services in the Shahriyar city is cluster at %95 level. Meanwhile, Z score for recreation and sports centers access is -0.28, so the spatial distribution of these services in the Shahriyar city level have distributed randomly.

Poverty has been concentrated in the worn-out textures and informal settlements of Shahriar city. The poor neighborhoods of Shahriar city include of North and South Boradabad, Mohammadiyeh, Kershad, Farhang, Taleghani, Kohnese, Sink", while its worn-out texture adapts to the neighborhoods of North and South Boradabad, Kohnz, Kareed and Farhang. The results of research have confirmed that the urban services clustering and the social and spatial exclusion emergence. This situation has led to a kind of spatial mismatch in Shahriyar city. In fact, the social capital of the Shahriyar city impoverished areas has been decayed due to physical, natural, financial, social, symbolic, human and managerial causes. Accordingly, the main suggestions of this research are as follow:v  Prioritizing the public transportation expansion, especially in the city marginal sectors;  Implementing the green belt to control the city disorganized development and use of infill spaces such as abandoned, worn-out and empty land; The development of basic services such as libraries, clinics, green spaces, schools and cultural facilities in poor areas or slum;  Residents economic empowerment through local loan and savings fund creation, job skills training, supporting small and medium-sized manufacturing workshops and exploiting home-based businesses capacity (especially women);  Determination of residential unit's documents status and increase the sense of belonging to the place among the residentsCreating centers for crisis management, especially against earthquakes and local forces training.

Nowadays, the importance and management of knowledge in organizations is undeniable. In the age of organizational competitions, an organization's survival and ability to cope with environmental changes is contingent on its ability to employ new management tools and approaches. Knowledge management is no exception and the increasing literature on knowledge management in recent years reflects the efforts of organizations to apply it. Managers of large organizations have found that knowledge management is the only competitive advantage of today's organizations in the long run. In recent years, similar to other organizations, municipality has considered knowledge management as a strategic issue. Accordingly, measures such as specialized meetings to document the experiences of managers, putting knowledge management on the list of research priorities of the organization, etc. have been performed. Therefore, the need to pay attention to knowledge management in the municipality is well understood. The Municipality of Yazd as part of our country's extensive municipal complex as well as an organization striving to reform and improve its structures and processes so that it can play a role in the improvement and beautification of the city and the provision of civil, green space, beautification, finance, social and cultural services effectively and successfully. Knowledge management is one of the most important tasks that can help improve the level of performance of the organization in the current situation. In this regard, by identifying the administrative structure and structure of Yazd municipality and determining opportunities and threats to this organization, it is proposed to present a strategic model of knowledge management and its effectiveness by promoting urban management development. Due to the importance and practicality of the subject under study, it is an important hypothesis that in the important and influential organization and decision makers such as Yazd municipality, applying knowledge management and its components including information technology (IT), category leadership, organizational culture, human resources (HR), mechanism and process, organizational structure are effective on increasing and improving management development. Therefore, to what extent can this issue improve the conditions for management development in Yazd Municipality?

The present applied study employed “descriptive-analytical and correlational" research methods due to the nature of the subject and its components. The data collection was done via two "documentary and survey (Questionnaire) techniques. The statistical population consisted of managers, deputies and experts of municipalities of Yazd (287 individuals). A sample size of 102 participants was selected based on the Cochran formula. In this study, to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated by using of SPSS software with preliminary studies for a sample size of 30 and the alpha value for knowledge management questionnaire was 0.964. SEM, second-order confirmatory factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data.

First, to confirm the status of knowledge management (6 factors), the confirmation model of the second multivariate factor in the software environment (PLS) was drawn and studied. The results showed that factor loadings of knowledge management components and regression coefficients of each component were positive and significant. It is also acceptable that the confirmatory factor model is higher than the regression coefficients of organizational structure, HR infrastructure and organizational culture relative to other sub-components. To investigate whether there is a significant difference between the components of knowledge management in Yazd municipality, one-way ANOVA was employed. The results indicated that six districts of Yazd municipality with significant organizational culture and mechanism and process variables as well as knowledge management variable itself are significant. Using analysis of variance, only significant differences can be calculated, not differences among the districts, so Duncan's test was used for differences among districts. Duncan's test results showed that in terms of "organizational culture" component, district 3 was higher than other districts and ranked first and other districts ranked last. In terms of the “mechanism and process” component in the old district has the highest rank and the rest are in the last rank. Also, in terms of knowledge management variables, districts 4 and 3 are in the highest and the other districts are in the last ranks. To investigate the conditions of knowledge management in Yazd municipalities, one sample t-test was used, indicating that knowledge management was lower than average in all districts of Yazd City.

Knowledge management is one of the most critical factors in improving employee performance, the success or failure of managers, and the competitive advantage of organizations in the third millennium of development. Knowledge management is a prominent management strategy that can succeed in all organizational structure through optimal use of the extensive knowledge available in organizations. In particular, the technology age has created an opportunity for local government agencies (municipalities) to demonstrate the character of a knowledge-based organization, which is summarized in the knowledge competence of its employees. The results of the data analysis showed that city municipalities do not have good knowledge management process. The differences revealed that there is a large difference between municipalities in the components of knowledge management. According to the significance of knowledge in the age of technology competition, organizations such as the municipality need the training of knowledgeable and elite people to better manage and develop the today’s cities where many problems are involved. Based on the results, the variable condition of knowledge management in all municipalities of Yazd was lower than average which requires more and better attention of competent managers and deputies. The results are consistent with those of Roland and Seyedehsan (2004), Gold (2012), Pour Jafari (2011), Rahman Seresht (2010), Lee and Kim (2001), Vatani (2008).

Following many changes in the economic, social and technological fields and the consequences of the influx and concentration of populations and activities in the central part of the cities, these textures suffered physical, economic and social decline. This process caused that over time, the old textures lost their dynamism and vitality and the old urban neighborhoods became low and problematic ones and became unbalanced, unable to meet the new needs of urban communities. In addition, it should be noted that these neighborhoods are on a path of stagnation and backwardness for reasons such as the traditional texture of the road network, the deterioration of residential units, the weakness of infrastructure and environmental problems. The combination of these factors has reduced the desirability, viability and vitality in these textures. Historical and worn-out textures within the old and middle parts of cities due to their special economic, social and physical conditions, have caused depreciation and deep gaps with other urban parts. Declining social and economic status and functional and physical disorders of these textures, along with a very sharp decline in the environmental quality of the urban environment, has made it necessary to pay more attention to the livability of these areas of the city. Since most of the historical and worn-out texture of Tehran is located in district 12, this area has been selected as an example. The prominent manifestation of this area is the district 12 of Tehran, which is considered as the "main part of the historical center of it" and the establishment of many parts of services (urban and metropolitan scale of Tehran) in the mentioned area and also allocating large surfaces of it to trans-regional land uses and higher levels have reduced the quality of life and livability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the indicators of livability between urban neighborhoods in the worn-out fabric of district 12 of Tehran. In line with the purpose of the research, this question answers which of the neighborhoods of District 12 of Tehran is in a more desirable situation in terms of urban livability indicators?.

The present research is an applied and descriptive-analytical one in terms of purpose and method, respectively and in its implementation, a survey method has been used.  Also, data and information were collected through documentary-library and field methods (using a questionnaire). The statistical population studied in the research is residents of worn-out texture of district 12 of Tehran Municipality. According to the 2016 census report, the population of district 12 of Tehran is equal to 240,909 people and the area of the region is 1600 hectares, of which 568 hectares are historical, worn-out and inefficient urban structures. With this calculation, it can be acknowledged that more than 35.5% of the population of the region is in a worn-out and inefficient texture, which includes a population about 85,522 ones. The sample size was 384 based on Cochran's formula. face and content validity were confirmed by professors and related experts and reliability based on Cronbach's alpha was obtained 0.726.

In order to identify the general status of effective individual and social security indicators on livability in the historical and worn-out neighborhoods of district 12, one-sample t-test has been used. The purpose of this test is to assess the acceptability of livability indicators in the district 12 from the point of view of neighborhoods’ residents. The study of the livability of the historical and worn-out texture of the neighborhoods of district 12 in terms of individual and social security indicators shows that the status of indicators in the region is inappropriate and unfavorable because the average of the study of individual and social security indicators is lower than the calculated average value. The map obtained in the indicators of individual and social security indicates that the northern neighborhoods of the region, including Shemiran, Baharestan and Ferdowsi neighborhoods, are in a desirable situation, while the southern neighborhoods, including Harandi, Kowsar and Takhti ones, are in an inappropriate situation. The study of the indicators of educational facilities in district 12 expresses that due to the difference between the assumed average and the real one, the status of the educational facilities indicators is equal to the average, so it can be said that the desired dimension in the city is generally suitable because the average of the study of educational facilities in the district is 12 times the calculated average value. The distribution of undesirable and desirable status of this index in the district shows that the index of educational facilities in district 12 is in an appropriate condition; so that Baharestan and Imamzadeh Yahya neighborhoods are in favorable status and Takhti and Pamanar ones are in undesirable condition in terms of educational indicators.

In this study, the evaluation of worn-out neighborhoods according to urban livability indicators from the perspective of citizens has been done. The results of the present study indicate that district 12 is generally in a relatively desirable status in terms of livability indicators. Also, the extent and dispersion of spots of desirable and undesirable status indicate the relatively favorable condition of the components used in the research in district 12. This issue is more visible in Baharestan neighborhood. In contrast, Bazaar and Pamanar neighborhoods are in an inappropriate situation in terms of livability indicators. According to the research findings, the infrastructure facilities and transportation components with the highest utility, respectively, are the most effective ones on the livability of district 12 and the individual and social security, identity and sense of place components with the least utility are the least effective ones on the livability of the district.

Today, public spaces are places to spend daily life. Daily life is the same as everyday life that spends by repetitive tasks such as work, rest, commuting, shopping, etc., without excitement and according to a predictable routine. Urban spaces are as container that contains a large part of the daily life of citizens and therefore they are undoubtedly in two-way interaction with it; in the sense that they are both affected by people's daily lives and also exert influence on it. One of the main issues in the design and evaluation of urban spaces is the basic needs of users in the city. Cafes, similar as other urban spaces, are an integral part of city life. Therefore, people of the community express many of their cultural behaviors and social interactions in the space of cafes. In Iran, spaces such as cafes are considered as modern phenomena in their current form. These days, modern spaces are considered as an important part of the realm of daily life and are significant as much as the remaining spaces of the traditional city. So cafes are also among the public spaces in which daily life is formed and in which various actors are engaged in interaction and communication. Therefore, studying these places, identifying the formed spaces in it and analyzing the behavioral patterns of visitors and consumers of cafes can provide a useful understanding of various cultural, social, etc. and prepare beneficial solutions to various social issues and achieving a valid understanding of Iranian urban society.

The method of this research is qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory and in the quantitative part, regression have been used to provide analysis and explanation of daily life in cafes. In this research, in the qualitative part, with the grounded theory method, data collection and analysis with open, axial and selective coding have been conducted. And it has continued from theoretical sampling to theoretical saturation. The sample size is specified according to the saturation rule. At least 40 people were interviewed and 210 concepts were identified. Then a questionnaire was distributed for reliability and validity. And it was distributed among the statistical population of this study that included women and men between the ages of 18 and 40 years. Then they were analyzed by using of regression coefficient.

According to the process of qualitative data analysis in three stages of open, axial and selective coding, it should be noted that in the open coding stage, 1140 markers, the initial concepts in the interviews were recorded in 69 cases, which in the next step, these concepts were categorized in the form of 14 categories and the relationship between the categories was drawn. These categories include: job creation, holistic needs and infrastructures, gaining experience, tendency towards modernism, formation of a sense of social belonging, value of the space governing the cafe, introducing modern architecture, presenting new habits and tastes, leisure, relieving mental and psychological tensions, individual and national identity, law-aversion, secularization and formation of political subjects. The results show that 5 cultural, economic, social, political and psychological factors are effective on shaping everyday life. Then, each of these factors is tested through the answers of the statistical population by a made questionnaire from the qualitative part with regression coefficient and indicate that cultural factor (6.25), economic factor (10.16), social factors (10.16), political factors (6.18), psychological factors (1.45), have the most to the least impact on the formation of everyday life in the cafes.

The present article differs from other researches in several respects. The first point in the methodological difference is that it is examined by the grounded theory method. Also, the present article investigates the creativity of actors and the emphasis on daily life and metamorphic consumption as a kind of resistance that has not been mentioned in other studies. According to the conducted studies in the background of studies in the field of urban spaces and daily life, it was determined that studies have been done in this field so far, but in the discussion of cafes as a public urban space that is a place of spending daily life, no study has been exclusively conducted. The results showed that cultural factors have a positive effect on the formation of daily life in cafes. That is, cultural factors have a positive and significant effect on the formation of daily life in cafes, in other words, the improvement of cultural factors accelerates the formation of daily life in the cafes. Explaining this finding, it can be said that now in recent decades, Iranian society has undergone various changes under the influence of global processes and trends of cultural and social change. Changes that social theorists with various concepts such as media, urbanization, technologicalization, commercialization, commodification, informatization, virtualization, digitalization, medialization and concepts of this type have described and all express a kind of social pressure. In explaining the research findings, it can be said that human activity appears objectively and independently and dominates individual. This happens both in the objective realm and in the mental one. In the objective realm, a world of objects and relations between things (the world of commodities and their movement in the market) emerges in the form of invincible powers in front of human beings as if they are producing all their power themselves. This experience is valuable in the aspect of activity and pleasure, and the purpose of this article is to understand the valuable experiences that have been weakened with the help of conventional sociological tools. Simmel believed that philosophy should pay attention to everyday events and studied daily life as an aesthetic and artistic thing. Daily life in the modern world is produced in the form of an accumulation of short moments, which may sometimes seem like a short opportunity to pause for a moment in this accelerated world, and another moment, it may appear as a remnant of that world. It can be a small place to escape from a stressful encounter.

Individual and social happiness and well-being have been one of the most important and prominent human aspirations in all previous periods. Also, creating a mental image of an ideal society may be one of the general concerns of all philosophers and social scientists, especially first philosophers; a society that promises an end to human suffering and paves the way for paradise on earth. Veenhoven gives the most comprehensive definition of happiness; in that happiness refers to the degree to which a person judges the quality of his or her overall quality of life; in other words, happiness means how much a person loves life. Thus, happiness, although defined to a generally mental and individual feeling, its fluctuations are strongly influenced by direct and indirect external factors and cannot be imagined apart from them. According to the Global Happiness Report in 2019, Iran is ranked 118th out of 153 countries. In the present study, the aim is to investigate and explain the criteria affecting the happiness and social vitality of citizens in the public spaces of Tabriz. In order to meet this goal, it was emphasized in the theoretical foundations section that in general, happiness and urban public spaces affect each other.

The present study is a practical one in order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the components affecting happiness in public spaces of Tabriz. The approach in this study is quantitative. To evaluate the developed components in the conceptual model, survey research and descriptive-analytical methods have been used. In this context, a large share of data is collected in the form of surveys and questionnaires. In this regard, a questionnaire of 87 questions was developed based on effective identified components on the happiness. The five selected urban spaces were examined stand on quantitative questions from the questionnaire. The results are included in SPSS19 software and to analyze and explain the components that affect the happiness of citizens, factor analysis, regression, Pearson and Enova tests have been used.

The aim of this study is to investigate and explain the effective criteria on the happiness and social vitality of citizens. In order to reach this goal, it was emphasized in the theoretical foundations section that in general, happiness and urban public spaces affect each other. Accordingly, in this paper and in the data analysis section, the suitability of the proposed model was investigated to evaluate the criteria affecting people's happiness and social vitality. Initially, based on factor analysis, 87 effective components were divided into 8 classes. After ensuring the validity of the model and recognizing the main factors affecting the level of social happiness and vitality in the selected urban public spaces with regression test and the relationship of these dimensions with each other, Pearson correlation test was performed. The research findings indicate that based on the results obtained from statistical studies, all conceptual variables of research, including dimensions of urban public space quality, physical-ecological dimensions, perceptual-semantic dimensions, cultural-economic dimensions, social dimensions, mental dimensions, political-managerial dimensions, individual-personality dimensions have a significant relationship with the concept of happiness and social vitality. The results show that in view point of the citizens, the quality of urban space is the most important dimension that has a more specific role in promoting the happiness and social vitality of citizens and also has the greatest impact on citizens’ happiness so that should be prioritize in urban space planning.

The results of the study of the average rank of the components affecting the level of happiness and social vitality of citizens show that satisfaction with family relations has the highest average rank and the level of satisfaction with government subsidies and government services has the lowest average rank. Components related to the environment and urban space also have the lowest average rating of bicycle infrastructure, climate comfort and environmental furniture, which need planning. And the memorable, readability and adaptability of spaces and spatial desirability are the highest average. An examination of the level of happiness in selected urban public spaces shows that there is a significant difference between the dimensions of urban space quality, physical-ecological dimensions and perceptual-semantic dimensions. In terms of urban space quality, Laleh Park Complex and Tabriz Grand Bazaar have the highest score. The most important strategies to improve the quality of happiness in urban public spaces are to focus on the dimensions of urban space quality, physical-ecological dimensions and semantic perceptual dimensions. Security is the most significant way to improve the quality of urban space and thus promote happiness. In the physical-ecological field, access to the park and green spaces is the most considerable solution. In the perceptual-semantic field, promoting the vitality of urban space and encouraging activity, presence and communication with space are the most important and efficient strategy. In the cultural-economic field, creating various cultural programs can be the most effective way to promote happiness in public urban spaces.