مجله طب سنتی اسلام و ایران
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 42، تابستان 1399)

Background and Purpose:

One of the important activities in the educational process and assessment of student professional performance is proper selection of an evaluation system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical skills of PhD students in Persian medicine at Iran University of Medical Sciences using the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise method.
 

This Multiple Time-Series study was conducted in four semesters at the Faculty of Persian Medicine of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The study population consisted of PhD students of the faculty of Persian medicine, in position of internship during the years 2016-2018. Samples were entered into the study by census method in four groups of five people. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24.
 

The mean and standard deviation of final scores were different for each group and the final scores of all four groups were significantly different from their midterm scores (p≥0.05). The general satisfaction of students in the first group was calculated as a mean and standard deviation of 5.00±0.000, the second group 4.40±0.548, the third group 3.40±2.191, and the fourth group 4.60±0.894. The mean and standard deviation in general, was 4.35±1.268. Since these numbers are higher than the average of the questionnaire, they show student satisfaction with the test, with the first group having the highest level of satisfaction, and the third group the lowest. In addition, the general satisfaction of the professors with the evaluation was calculated with a mean and standard deviation of 5.14±1.345.
 

This evaluation method increased learning of clinical skills as well as enhancing the satisfaction of professors and especially students due to creation of educational justice and reduced evaluator bias compared with traditional methods.

Background and Purpose:

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world and is associated with several systemic complications, especially digestive problems. Gastroparesis is a delayed gastric emptying disorder, characterized by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and upper abdominal pain. Utilizing the potentials of traditional medicine is growing day by day, which necessitates development and adaptation to modern medicine. Considering the important role of Mizaj (Temperament) in prescriptions of traditional Persian medicine, this study was designed to evaluate the Mizaj of patients with diabetic gastroparesis in order to develop treatment protocols for this gastrointestinal complication.
 

In this cross-sectional study, 56 patients with gastroparesis and 44 patients without gastroparesis as a control group were selected among the patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes over 18 years of age who referred to the clinics of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All participants were identified and confirmed by a gastroenterologist. The complication of gastroparesis was evaluated by the standard questionnaire of gastroparesis, and their Mizaj was diagnosed by Mojahedi Mizaj Questionnaire (MMQ). After assessing the normality of the data, between-group comparison was made with the chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance was analyzed with a significant level of p<0.05.
 

The results showed that warm-tempered patients with a mean of 44.29 had lower gastroparesis scores than cold-tempered patients with an average of 52.22, but this difference was not significant (p= 0.08). On the other hand, wet-tempered patients with an average of 55.77 had a higher gastroparesis score than dry-tempered patients with an average of 39.92, and this difference was significant (p= 0.001).
 

In this study, cold and wet temperament was more frequent in patients with diabetic gastroparesis.  It seems that due to the pathophysiology of gastroparesis from the perspective of Persian medicine, diabetic patients with a cold and wet temperament have a greater susceptibility to delayed gastric emptying or gastroparesis.

Background and Purpose:

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and one of the problems of the world's medical system. Huge financial and spiritual costs, disease complications, long-term use of drugs, and inadequacy of conventional therapies in complete control of symptoms, reveal the need to focus on and use complementary therapies. The purpose of this study was to prioritize and introduce the medicinal plants mentioned in Persian Medicine (PM) resources to find new ideas for producing a suitable and effective drug in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
 

In this narrative library study, the search for effective medicinal plants on ulcerative colitis, with the keywords "Sahj-e-am’a, Ghorouh-e-am’a, Ghorouh-e-me’a, and Ghorheh-am’a" in five authoritative pharmaceutical books of PM, including: “Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Al-Abnyia 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya, Al-Aghrāḍ al-Ṭibbīyah wa al-Mabāhith al-Alāīyah, Tuhfat ul-Momineen, Makhzan al-Adwiya”; was performed. After scoring and prioritizing based on the frequency of use and the degree of effectiveness from the perspective of physicians, related studies in scientific databases investigating the effect of the highest rated items on inflammatory and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, their mechanism of action and their active components were reviewed.
 

59 plants were found and the highest scores were related to “Oryza sativa L., Rumex acetosa, Plantago major L., Vicia faba, and Tragopogon graminifolius DC.”. The effects of these herbs on inflammatory and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have been confirmed in modern animal and clinical studies.
 

Considering similar symptoms of the two diseases “Sahj-e-am’a and ulcerative colitis”, it may be possible to propose them as equivalent terms. Concerning the anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of most of the medicinal plants mentioned in this study, it seems that they can be used in designing clinical studies and formulating new drugs to propose therapies that improve symptoms of ulcerative colitis and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract based on PM approach.

Background and Purpose:

According to Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM), the human body is an integrated system in which health, or disease of organs affects each other since they are interconnected. Therefore, the cause of a disease in an organ may be in another organ, which is called participant organ, and the disease is called participatory. Hence, treatment of the participant organ will result in healing of the diseased organ. In this research, the anatomical connection between liver and stomach is studied.
 

In this literature review, the chapters of liver and stomach anatomy in TPM textbooks such as “Tashrih al-Abdan-e Mansouri” and “Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb” were studied and compared with modern medicine anatomy atlases and textbooks like Gray’s Anatomy. Moreover, articles in electronic databases were searched. Similarities and differences of perspectives between these two types of medicine, namely TPM vs. modern medicine, were identified through analyzing outcome of the literature review.
 

The anatomical connection between the liver and stomach in the two medical systems was observed and compared in four categories of the neural connection (membrane, a sensory nerve, and tendon), vascular (hepatic artery, mesenteric and portal veins), adjacency (proximity of liver and stomach), and connection by a third organ (gallbladder).
 

The significant anatomical connection between the liver and stomach in the two medical systems indicates knowledge of TPM scholars about the science of anatomy. Correspondingly, study of the enormous scientific resources of the TPM reveals that modern anatomy textbooks have been founded on ancient knowledge.

Background and Purpose:

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder associated with recurrent abdominal pain and changes in the stool appearance or frequency of bowel movements. There are reports of alleviation of IBS symptoms using traditional medicine. In order to use the recommendations related to lifestyle modification and traditional treatments, it is necessary to find the relative terms of IBS in Persian Medicine. The purpose of this study is to find keywords similar to IBS in Persian Medicine.
 

The main symptoms of IBS were searched in Persian medicine and conventional medicine. Disorders with similarity to IBS were extracted and the items with maximum overlap were selected and compared with ROME IV criteria. Furthermore, IBS along with keywords relating to Persian medicine were searched in electronic databases. All stages were performed under supervision of five experts in Persian medicine, and three gastroenterologist specialists.
 

"Qulanj" and "Maghs" are the most similar disorders to IBS in Persian medicine with main symptoms of abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Based on the present investigation, "Qulanj" is associated with constipation, while "Maghs" can occur with or without diarrhea. Some types of "Qulanj" and "Maghs" were excluded because of their similarity to non-functional bowel disorders.
 

According to definition of IBS subtypes based on ROME IV criteria, it seems that "Qulanj" and "Maghs" are similar to IBS-C and IBS-D, respectively. Cross-sectional studies are recommended to investigate the relationship between IBS subgroups and the corresponding diseases proposed by this study.
 

Background and Purpose:

Like other parts of Iran, Guilan, was in poor health during the Qajar period. Numerous factors in the studied period led to the spread of various diseases in Guilan. In addition to having physical and mental adverse effect on the people of Guilan, these diseases caused significant changes in the composition of the population, economy and culture of this province, especially in the Qajar era. This study focuses on the effect of superstitious beliefs on the prevalence and spread of disease in this period; In addition to weakness of the health system and care facilities, superstitious beliefs were considered deterrent to public health. Aside from the deterring effects of superstitions on general health, these beliefs became a part of culture during this period, which added to deterioration of Guilan health during this period. This writing endeavors to answer the question of what effect beliefs and superstitions had on the spread of diseases in Guilan during the Qajar period?
 

The present study was conducted based on a library research method. Historical resources and travelogues of Europeans, as well as new researches were used to complete the topics.
 

This study showed that, due to the conditions of the society at that time and the lack of progress in medical science and the inability and ignorance of people in dealing with various diseases and treatment methods, the tendency to use folk medicine to treat diseases has had a great prevalence and deterring effect on the spread of diseases in this period.
 

It seems that superstitions and false beliefs have been one of the reasons for the spread of infectious diseases in Guilan during the Qajar era.
 

Background and Purpose:

Learning the science of logics is one of the main priorities in traditional medicine. Moreover, medical books contain many logical terms, and accurate comprehension of these terms depends on familiarity with and proficiency in logics. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the application of logics in traditional medicine and to examine which logic science topic has more use in traditional medicine.

This research is a descriptive-comparative study and has a library-based method.

The most important logical topics mentioned in medical books include signification discussion, letters, universals and particulars, the four relations, essentials and accidentals, the five universals, definition, division, propositions content, and syllogism per impossible deductive and experimental methods. Hence to fully understand the medical books, familiarity with the mentioned topics is essential.

Learning logics is essential for all students in traditional medicine.
Keywords:

Background and Purpose:

Zoology is categorized as one of the sub-branches of natural sciences in the classification of sciences. Muslim scholars have written some works on this subject, based on different Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh), interpretive, lexical and literary perspectives. In zoology texts, various kinds of scientific issues have been investigated. In fact, one of the scientific issues addressed by writers on zoology is the study of benefits and medical features of animal body parts. According to the historical background of pharmacology and medication, medicinal substances were derived from animals, plants and minerals. According to historical reports, a considerable bulk of efficient drugs was prepared from animal parts. Thus, a group of zoology texts are allocated to the actions and medicinal uses of animal-derived drugs. The book titled “Hayāt al-Hayawan” written by Kamal al-Din Damiri (808A.H) is one of the literary books is considered as one of the most detailed and important works in zoology.

The central focus of the present study, which is based on a descriptive approach, is the discovery of the status of animal-derived drugs through introducing and reviewing Damiri’s book “Hayāt al-Hayawan”.

The present study revealed that the central focus of the above-mentioned book, has been the presentation of actions and medical features of different kinds of animals both domestic and wild, and including birds, aquatic animals, and insects. Effectiveness of their inner tissues and organs as well as their outer parts has been discussed in the treatment of various diseases. The application of these drugs has been recommended through different methods (per oral, inhalation, etc.).

In traditional pharmacology of the Muslim world, animal-derived drugs have been one of the bases of medications prescribed in the treatment of diseases. Various scientific texts have described animal-based medicinal substances; “Hayāt al-Hayawan” written by Damiri in the field of zoology contains some valuable information regarding pharmacology and medications.