فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 67 (زمستان 1399)

In this article, in order to present a new model in local elections, the suggestions of electoral models have been used and the city of Tehran has been selected as the study. The source of data collection was in-depth interviews with experts and analysis of laws and regulations in this field, and the data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The present study with an applied-developmental approach and based on the field method to the question "How effective are the fundamental reforms in the council and municipal elections in the performance of local institutions?" Has answered. The research results show that, according to the experience of developed and successful countries in urban development and local affairs management, development steps should be taken from part to whole with experimentation and experience. In general, electoral reforms are very important in the performance of local government and increase the role of local citizens in appointing managers and commenting on the way local government is run.

Carl Schmitt, a prominent German philosopher and jurist who had always been accused of supporting the Third Reich throughout his life, was acquitted at the Nuremberg Trials and lived in general isolation until 1985. But Schmitt's isolation never prevented him from writing and disseminating his ideas throughout the twentieth century. Schmitt is one of the great thinkers whose views and thoughts have influenced various thinkers over the past decades, such as Hannah Arendt, Jürgen Habermas, and Giorgio Agamben. When Schmitt wrote the book Empress, he made it clear that politics must be defined in terms of the distinction between friend and foe. Today, neoliberalism, which firmly believes in downsizing government and market forces to regulate social relations and land management, has led to major social conflicts within and geopolitical conflicts outside the borders of countries. Neoliberal policies, along with the post-Fordist economy, have created a situation in recent years that has widened social divisions within countries as well as on a global scale. The increase in these gaps in the social strata has caused internal crises in countries and on the other hand has involved many countries in widespread social protests. According to great thinkers such as Fukuyama, such social conflicts have led to the formation of reactive identities within countries. Many of the works and writings of political geographers today show the attention of prominent thinkers such as Claudio Minka and Anaji Scor who focused on Schmitt's political philosophy, and the formation of reactive identities in relation to politics and the distinction between friend and foe. They search for globalization and post-Fordist economics. The main question of the article is why Schmitt's political philosophy and especially the political category in relation to reactive identities are at the center of the world's political geographical discourses? 

The concept of capacity is an important tool for achieving sustainable tourism in the context of sustainable development. Lack of attention to the category of capacity in the tourism industry causes irreparable damage to the environment and natural tourism areas, as well as dissatisfaction of visitors and indigenous people in the tourism area. The most important step in planning and expanding tourism in a particular region is to analyze the existing capacities in it. Because not paying attention to the capacities with incorrect planning and not paying attention to the ecological potential of the region, not balancing between the volume and type of recreational activities, not paying attention to the range capacity of the region, not paying attention to the facilities and infrastructure factors (type and quantity) necessary for physical development. Considering the seasonal nature of recreation and fluctuations throughout the year can be considered as a threat to the environment. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the tourism potential of Yazd. This research is of applied type and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The research data were completed by a questionnaire of 400 tourists and citizens as well as 30 experts (as a sample size) and then analyzed by t-test, Delphi method and Shannon entropy. The results show that by relying on the high tourism capacities of Yazd in three levels of individual, environmental and organizational and attracting specialized forces in the field of tourism, using the potentials of the old texture of the city, and by identifying sustainable tourism, and holding Various festivals for economic prosperity and the like have eliminated many of the current shortcomings in meeting the needs of tourists and developed a sustainable urban tourism environment in Yazd.

The word “landscape” today has broader and deeper meanings than in the past. In medieval times, it was used with German roots to mean "region" and "territory". After the 15th century, it became a visual genre; But today, it’s a scientific interpretation that not only describes a manifestation, but is a mental, aesthetic, artistic, and existential test that is constantly changing. Thus, each of its geographical landscapes can represent a story of civilization, culture, society, and the ideology of human groups. It is in this view that today, the landscaping and emphasis on the landscape, the elements of emergence and interaction of each with the whole set and the emphasis on the role of the people's craftsman in recreating it are among the inseparable principles of any urban planning system. The present study, based on the same importance, tries to analyze the effective factors of human civilization by using the philosophy of interpretivism and qualitative approach and applying the technique of in-depth content analysis by enumerating themes and concepts and categorization by open coding, categorization, central coding and selective coding. It has a geographical perspective. The results of this study, which used a purposeful and information-driven model from print sources in the field of human civilization and geographical landscape; highlights the importance and role of 10 influential categories of civilization in shaping the geographical landscape, which guides us to the geographical perspective of worldview, political thought, philosophical thought, consciousness, private and public agreement, cultural dimensions, social resilience, sovereignty, social context, and moral considerations.

Pedestrian bridges are among the factors that contribute to the soft traffic on the streets and express-ways of big cities. The purpose of this study was the monitoring and review of damages in foot-bridges and their vulnerabilities for pedestrians over the throughput of Tehran as a vast city. It was determined 710 pedestrian bridges over Tehran metro-police based on google-earth images. When this area was divided equal units based a geographical grid, the frequency of bridges decreased to 62 ones as the frequency of selected bridges (SB). It means one SB from every unit. The information of SBs was gathered by designed and verified questionnaires through several field visits. We designed final patterns based on combine of SB information and the atmospheric data of weather stations including monthly temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity over Tehran and its suburb. The patterns revealed that the slipperiness of the bridge for the pedestrians, trunk oxidation, and bridge connection oxidation increase from the south to the north of Tehran. Similarly, relative humidity increases from the south to the northwest of Tehran. Meanwhile, damages to electricity wires and cables and damages to the floor asphalt, which are observed more in the center and northeast of Tehran, have been less consistent. The pattern of "synergy of all damages to Tehran pedestrian bridges" indicated that most of the damages have occurred in the urban districts 1, 2, and 4 of Tehran. All in all, the findings of this study and other related national and international research projects showed that pedestrian bridge structure is not congruent with the hot and dry climate in the south and the temperate and semi-arid one in the north of Tehran, but the underpass structure is more congruent, less costly, and socially and culturally more flexible.

Today sport is interrelated to modern urban lifestyles. In order to develop sports and physical activity and promote active lifestyle, three important goals, called the three A, are in attention that the first is to improve accessibility. In this paper by using buffer technique in GIS, the index of per capita access and a descriptive-analytical method Access to sports venues in the 20th district of Tehran has been analyzed. Findings of the research showed that the average per capita access to sports places was 0.6 m2, the maximum was 0.8 and at least 0.027 m2.The access rates is much lower from the global standards and the rates proposed for the Iranian cities But it is somewhat more favorable than Tehran's average. Apart from the general lack of per capita access, many inequalities are evident at the level of the study area. Although the entire area is accessible to sports venues, parts are only accessible to 1 sport place while in some parts the area access of 13 sport places are overlapped.

Future Studies on Human Resources Development in the Agricultural Sector of Malayer County Many current problems of the agricultural sector of the rural areas are due to past planners' lack of foresight and since the development or non-development of agricultural section has affected other parts of the country's economy and development, it is necessary to care fully evaluate the effective factors in this section and identify and resolve its damages and problems. Most people who work in the agricultural sector gradually have faced with some problems due to being old and inadequate education, and they are not fit for a new knowledge-based economy. It is caused by the young and educated people leaving the villages and going to the cities. This research is looking forward to foresight to avoid any potential problems that may arise in this field. The current study was done in three steps. The first step which is relevant to the theoretical part of the research, has been investigated through the laboratory and documentary review method on foresight and human resource development. The second step in the data section was done by observation, interview and questiomaire. Then in the third step, Delphi and structural analysis techniques and the Mick Mac and Wizard soft wares were used. Based on this research 24 main factors in the human resources development were identified and the variables of integrated management of rural development sustainable employment, advanced technology, elimination of discrimination between urban and rural areas and the expansion of production cooperatives with the most direct impact as remarkable criteria in this regard were identified and three groups of scenarios was proposed for the future of human resources in the agricultural sector of rural areas.

Most of Iran's land is located in a dry and semi-arid region in the desert belt area of the world. Accordingly, drought and dehydration are inherent in the central plateau of Iran, and access to sustainable water resources has been the most important challenge for the residents of this area. Ancient Persians, with the invention of Qanats, provided a good way of accessing water based on the principle of respect for the environment and adaptation to nature, which was the source of a magnificent civilization in the central plateau of Iran. What is called sustainable development today has been well adhered to in the structure and system of Qanats, and hence the Qanat has been in operation for over three thousand years. This research, in addition to studying the properties of the Qanat and its structure in the economic and social life of Iran, has paid attention to the indigenous knowledge of Qanat. By studying the case of GuharRiz Qanat of Joupar in southern Kerman, it has been concluded that the revival of Qanats and reliance on indigenous knowledge of water management It can be the source of many environmental and water crises in the central plateau of Iran.

Today, it is one of the applied disciplines in forensic science and geography. Geography is referred to as a fundamental scientific discipline, because of the phenomena and processes that we go through we have to talk about the place where it was created and expanded and eventually left or disappeared and its location conditions. To identify. One of these phenomena is "crime or crime". The existence and manner of crime in different places varies. So that the "conditions of place" are of great importance in the presence and absence, expansion or non-spread of mass. However, we must bear in mind that every place in different economic, cultural, political, and environmental dimensions has various components and variables that directly or indirectly influence the amount of spatial weight or location power. Therefore, the greater the power of the place, the less likely the crime will be. This fundamental article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to express the relationship between crime and geography, especially in the big cities of the present age. The importance of the research is that by explaining the relevant theories and perspectives it seeks to answer the question why crime is increasing in some places and in others it is decreasing. In fact, we seek to prove the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between geographic space and crime that criminals screen their first thoughts in the context of the subject before considering committing the crime, taking into account the location conditions.

The status of urban areas has a decisive role in the health of residents. In such circumstances, the adoption of environmental planning and design approaches is essential for promoting the health of citizens. The application of healthy city criteria with regard to sustainable development through designing and upgrading the quality of urban spaces and residential areas can lead to the general health of citizens. Many social, economic and environmental indicators such as safety and security, social participation, environmental quality and access to facilities and services can be factors that affect the health and quality of life of individuals. This is an applied research and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the library and field method is used for data collection and WASPAS model is used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study is all residents of Kerman. The sample size is 384 people by Morgan table. The results show that in all three dimensions of sustainable development and healthy city, Kerman is far from standards However, in terms of the current status of the indicators in the four regions of Kerman, Zone 2, there is a better situation than other regions. Although it is not in ideal conditions, it is in better condition than other areas and after that, the first, third and fourth regions were located in the next places. Of course, in most of the indicators, the first and third regions were very close to each other, but the fourth area is in the lowest level in all dimensions.

One of the wars that have occurred in Iranian history is the extensive attack of the neighboring country, Iraq, which lasted from 1980 to 1987. In this period, which is mentioned in Iranian sources under the title of the Holy defense, there are offensive and defensive operations in the western border of Iran that can be divided into three Northern, Middle and South fronts. The most important and decisive operations of the war parties took place on the southern front, which is extended from the south of Mehran to Abadan and Ras al-Bisheh. Since the hydrological and geomorphological conditions of this front are such that it is possible to use water tactics or hydraulic warfare, this research has been developed to study the effect of surface water on the operations carried out there. How to collect information this research is based on its nature. That is, according to its historical nature, it has been compiled with library and documentary methods. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that surface waters such as rivers, Hores and canals of water and dams in all phases of offensive operations, including designing, implementation and support, and especially defensive operations have had influential role and in each operation, have influenced several principles of nine principles of war.