فهرست مطالب

نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال سی و یکم شماره 3 (پیاپی 79، پاییز 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/01/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • هدایت الله درویشی، سیامک شرفی*، مریم بیرانوندزاده صفحات 1-20

    گردشگری ورزشی به مثابه قابلیتی محرز و مغفول مانده، نیازمند فرصت هایی است که ضمن شکوفاکردن و بالفعل کردن این مزیت نسبی، در تحقق چشم انداز و سازمان فضایی مطلوب سرزمینی نقش داشته باشند. براساس سند آمایش استان لرستان در شکل بندی کلان نظام فضایی، این استان قلمروهای فضایی مستعد گردشگری دارد که بسیاری از آنها برای گردشگری ورزشی مناسب اند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، واکاوی و تحلیل نارسایی های گردشگری ورزشی از منظر فرصت ها و قابلیت هاست. ابزار و روش گردآوری اطلاعات مبتنی بر شیوه کتابخانه ای و پرسش نامه محقق ساخته (تحلیل آثار متقاطع عوامل) بوده است. برای انجام پژوهش از روش های تحلیلی مبتنی بر ابزار دلفی و مدل سازی تفسیری ساختاری استفاده شده است؛ بدین منظور براساس نظرات خبرگان (10 نفر از خبرگان استانی) امتیازبندی و با بهره گیری از نرم افزار میک مک تحلیل صورت گرفته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد از بین مولفه های «قابلیت» و «فرصت»، بیشترین مولفه های اثرگذار بر گردشگری ورزشی با 54.5 درصد به متغیر «فرصت» مربوط است. خوشه بندی، تحلیل و پراکنش پیش ران های گردشگری ورزشی بیان کننده این واقعیت است که پیش ران های کلیدی در هر دو بعد «فرصت» و «قابلیت» به صورت متوازن و مساوی توزیع شده است؛ این در حالی است که تعدد پیش ران های وابسته و مستقل در بعد «فرصت» به ترتیب با میزان 9.10 درصد و 13.60 درصد بیشتر از بعد «قابلیت» است.

    کلیدواژگان: آمایش سرزمین، قابلیت، گردشگری ورزشی
  • فاطمه خدائی قشلاق، شهرام روستایی*، داود مختاری صفحات 21-40

    پژوهش حاضر با هدف پایش روند بیابان زایی در محدوده پیرامونی دریاچه ارومیه در بازه زمانی 2000 تا 2018 میلادی انجام شده است. برای رسیدن به این هدف، نخست هفت فریم از تصاویر سنتینل-2 مربوط به سال 2018 و سه فریم از تصاویر ماهواره لندست 5 مربوط به سال 2000 میلادی با استفاده از نرم افزار QGIS و ENVI 5.3 پیش پردازش و پردازش، و شاخص های معرف بیابان زایی در قالب زوج شاخص های طیفی آلبدو - شاخص پوشش گیاهی تفاضلی نرمال شده، میزان سبزینگی- ضریب روشنایی و میزان رطوبت- ضریب روشنایی استخراج شد. در مرحله بعد روابط آماری موجود بین زوج شاخص های یادشده بررسی شد. براساس نتایج حاصل، زوج شاخص های میزان سبزینگی- ضریب روشنایی و میزان رطوبت- ضریب روشنایی، با کسب همبستگی منفی به مثابه زوج شاخص های معرف بیابان زایی انتخاب و نقشه شدت خطر بیابان زایی برمبنای آنها تهیه شد. برای صحت سنجی نتایج به دست آمده، الگوریتم بیشترین درجه شباهت به کار رفت. الگوریتم یادشده با کسب درجه صحت 96/91 و ضریب کاپای 95/0 برای سال 2000 میلادی، درجه صحت 25/91 و ضریب کاپای 89/0 در سال 2018 نشان دهنده انطباق مناسب نتایج کسب شده با واقعیت های زمینی است. برای پایش روند وقوع پدیده بیابان زایی، تغییر مساحت کلاس های خطر بیابان زایی در محدوده مطالعه شده بررسی شد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده، مساحت کلاس های خطر شدید (01/5 درصد)، نسبتا شدید (47/11 درصد) و متوسط (12/6 درصد) رشد مثبت و مساحت کلاس های خطر ضعیف (17/9 درصد) و بدون بیابان زایی (43/13 درصد) رشد منفی دارد؛ بنابراین روند افزایشی درصد مساحت کلاس های خطر شدید، نسبتا شدید، متوسط و کاهش مساحت کلاس های خطر ضعیف و بدون خطر بیابان زایی نشان دهنده روند صعودی وقوع بیابان زایی در محدوده مطالعه شده است. معیار آب زیرزمینی، اقلیم و درصد پوشش گیاهی، مهم ترین عوامل موثر در وقوع بیابان زایی در محدوده مطالعه شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: پایش بیابان زایی، دریاچه ارومیه، سنتینل-2، لندست-5، الگوریتم بیشترین درجه شباهت
  • مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه*، سهراب قائدی، ندا پیوند صفحات 41-60

    تغییرات آب وهوایی درنتیجه انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای ناشی از فعالیت های انسانی و گسترش شهرنشینی، شرایط زیست انسان را روی کره زمین با چالش های جدی روبه رو کرده است. پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و ازلحاظ روش شناسی، توصیفی تحلیلی مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای و بررسی های میدانی و تحلیل پرسش نامه ای است. برای دستیابی به اهداف پژوهش، شاخص هایی در هشت دسته با توجه به اهداف پژوهش استخراج شد. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، 100 نفر از متخصصان حوزه محیط زیست شهری به مثابه نمونه پژوهش تعیین شدند؛ سپس با استفاده از روش ترکیبی Anp-Dematil ، مهم ترین معیارها و شاخص های زیست محیطی شهر کربن صفر در شهرکرد رتبه بندی شد. برای اندازه گیری ردپای بوم شناختی در شهرکرد از نرم افزارIPCC  استفاده شد. برمبنای نتایج بررسی شاخص های موثر بر استقرار شهر کم کربن در شهرکرد، شاخص های خلاقیت زیست محیطی و طراحی منظر شهری به مثابه پایدارترین شاخص ها و شاخص انرژی به مثابه ناپایدارترین شاخص شناخته شدند؛ همچنین برای تعیین ردپای بوم شناختی از سرانه انتشار دی اکسیدکربن شهرکرد در سال 1396، 4.51 تن، بهره گرفته شد که در مقایسه با مقیاس جهان که 4.47 تن است، بیشتر و در مقایسه با مقیاس ایران که 6.76 تن در سال است، کمتر است. نتایج نشان داد ردپای بوم شناختی کربن در شهرکرد فراتر از میانگین جهانی و کمتر از میانگین ایران است.

    کلیدواژگان: : شهر زیست محیطی کربن صفر، ردپای بوم شناختی، مدل سازی ساختاری PLS، IPCC، شهرکرد
  • همایون نورائی*، فائزه شفیع صفحات 61-78

    با گسترش پیچیدگی های شهری در قرن حاضر، فقر و محرومیت شهری نیز ابعاد و جنبه های متفاوتی یافته است؛ به گونه ای که سنجش فقر از دیدگاه صرفا درآمدی و اقتصادی در گذشته، به آزادی چندبعدی انسان و اهداف توسعه هزاره در عصر فعلی ارتقا یافته است و بررسی چندبعدی و ارتباطی فقر شهری، نگرشی نوین در برنامه ریزی و مدیریت شهری محسوب می شود. هدف مقاله حاضر، تحلیل میزان فقر «اجتماعی و اقتصادی» و محرومیت و فقر «کالبدی و کارکردی» در مناطق پانزده گانه شهر اصفهان و واکاوی میزان معناداری ارتباط بین این دو است. در این زمینه، براساس مرور ادبیات نظری و تجربی، سنجه های مربوط شناسایی و اطلاعات لازم برای بررسی سنجه ها به روش اسنادی و میدانی (از نوع مصاحبه) گردآوری شد؛ ضمن اینکه با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (تحلیل عاملی، رگرسیون خطی و تحلیل همبستگی پیرسون) و بهره گیری از نرم افزارهای GIS و SPSS، سنجه ها و عوامل یادشده تبیین و تحلیل شد. نتایج حاکی است با توجه به امتیازات هر عامل در تحلیل عاملی به لحاظ فقر اجتماعی و اقتصادی، مناطق 14 و 15، مناطقی بسیار محروم و مناطق 1 و 5، مناطقی بسیار برخوردارند. به لحاظ محرومیت کالبدی و کارکردی نیز، منطقه 14 بسیار محروم و منطقه 6 بسیار برخوردار است؛ همچنین ضریب همبستگی بین دو عامل «فقر اجتماعی اقتصادی» و «محرومیت کالبدی کارکردی»، 594/0 مثبت و معنادار، و این موضوع در بیشتر مناطق پانزده گانه شهر اصفهان کاملا مشهود است. در پایان نیز بعضی پیشنهادها برای کاهش سطح محرومیت و فقر در ابعاد «اجتماعی و اقتصادی» و «کالبدی و کارکردی» به تفکیک مناطق پانزده گانه شهر اصفهان ارایه شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: فقر شهری، فقر اجتماعی اقتصادی، محرومیت کالبدی کارکردی، مناطق شهر اصفهان، تکنیک تحلیل عاملی
  • حسن سجادزاده*، مهسا عباسی کرناچی، ندا سهرابی صفحات 79-106

    نابسامانی ها و ناهنجاری های ایجادشده در ابعاد مختلف کالبدی، عملکردی و معنایی که پیامد بی توجهی به ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهرهای کهن و استخوان بندی اصلی آنهاست، لزوم بازنگری و کنکاش را در روش های مطلوب تر طراحی و ساماندهی فضاهای شهری قطعی می کند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر پیکره بندی و هم پیوندی فضایی به مثابه مشخصه های رابطه ای در شناخت فضایی بازارهای سنتی است. در این پژوهش از برنامه گراف استفاده شده است؛ نرم افزاری تکمیلی و مناسب با آیتم هایی که نقش مهمی در شناخت فضایی دارد. در این نرم افزار که توانایی مشخص کردن ریزترین خطوط محوری را دارد، نقشه ها با فرمت JPEG وارد می شود. در پژوهش پیش رو، محدوده، بازار اسلامی و بازار زرگرهای شهر کرمانشاه در ایران انتخاب شده است. محدوده پژوهش به 4 محدوده تقسیم شده است که با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده در محدوده 2 و 4، فضای سبز کاربری های شاخص را تشکیل می دهد. با توجه به مطالعات انجام شده براساس نظریه چیدمان فضایی، بخش های شمالی بدنه این مناطق نسبت به سایر نقاط این منطقه، عمق فضایی بیشتر و هم پیوندی کمتری دارد. ایجاد هم پیوندی و انسجام بخشی در سازمان فضایی شهرها، هم برای باززنده سازی بافت قدیم به ویژه استخوان بندی قدیم شهر کارایی دارد و هم برای رفع نابسامانی های بافت های شهری معاصر مناسب است.

    کلیدواژگان: هم پیوندی، ساماندهی، عمق فضایی، بازار کرمانشاه
  • حامد غلامیان، علیرضا ایلدرمی* صفحات 107-130

    تغییر کاربری اراضی بر چرخه طبیعی آب و برآورد دبی حداکثر سیلاب در حوضه های آبخیز کوچک تاثیر می گذارد و همواره جزو مسایل مهم مدنظر هیدرولوژیست هاست. پژوهش حاضر با هدف برآورد دبی حداکثر هیدروگراف سیل متاثر از تغییر کاربری اراضی در حوضه آبخیز سنقر با استفاده از مدل Win TR-55 و تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست 7 و 8 برای سال های 2000- 2015 به کمک نرم افزار ENVI انجام شده است. بررسی هیدروگراف خروجی حوضه نشان داد مقادیر حداکثر سیلاب در سال 2015 نسبت به سال 2000 به میزان 2/12 درصد افزایش داشته است؛ این در حالی است که وسعت کاربری اراضی مرتعی 32/23 درصد کاهش و مساحت اراضی کشاورزی دیم، آبی و باغ و مناطق مسکونی به ترتیب 91/5، 66/20 و 83/16 درصد افزایش یافته است. نتایج حاکی است در تمامی زیرحوضه ها براساس میزان و شدت تغییر کاربری اراضی، دبی اوج در سال 2015 نسبت به سال 2000 افزایش یافته است. این امر نشان می دهد بیشترین افزایش دبی به زیرحوضه S6 با مقدار 88/24 درصد و زیرحوضه S8 با مقدار 44/22 درصد به علت کاهش وسعت اراضی مرتعی و زیرحوضه  S3به مقدار 29/15 درصد به علت تغییر کاربری اراضی به منظور توسعه شهرستان سنقر در سال 2015 نسبت به سال 2000 مربوط است. نتایج واسنجی مدل نشان داد کمترین خطا به دوره بازگشت 100ساله به میزان 6/7 درصد و بیشترین خطا به دوره بازگشت 5ساله به مقدار 34 درصد مربوط است. مقایسه نتایج مقادیر دو آماره (R2) و (RMSE) نیز نشان داد مدل در برآورد دبی اوج سیلابی به ویژه در دوره بازگشت 100ساله از دقت قابل قبولی برخوردار است. پیشنهاد می شود طرح جامع تغییر کاربری اراضی و آمایش سرزمین به منظور حفاظت و صیانت از اراضی ملی در حوضه آبخیز تهیه شود.

    کلیدواژگان: هیدروگراف، مدل Win TR-55، CN، (R2)، (RMSE)
  • مهران مقصودی*، فاطمه گراوند، بایرامعلی عبدی نژاد، پریسا پیرانی صفحات 131-148

    تپه های ماسه ای به مثابه یکی از لندفرم های مناطق بیابانی ایران وسعت زیادی از بخش های این مناطق را دربرگرفته است. شناخت موقعیت، رفتار و ماهیت تپه های ماسه ای و شناسایی محل های برداشت، حمل و رسوب گذاری این لندفرم ها به دلیل مشکلات عدیده ای که برای محیط زیست انسانی داشته، ضروری است. در این پژوهش مطالعه الگوی گسترش و توسعه تپه های ماسه ای در سطح ریگ زهک در شرق دشت سیستان در دو بخش انجام شده است؛ در بخش اول به منظور بررسی تغییرات محدوده تپه های ماسه ای از دو تصویر ماهواره ای سری LandSat-7 مربوط به سال 2001 (ETM) و Landsat 8 مربوط به سال 2019 و برای بررسی روند تغییرات و جابه جایی ها از تصاویر گوگل ارث منطقه مربوط به سال های اخیر (2006، 2018) استفاده شد؛ در بخش دوم برای آگاهی از وضعیت بادهای فعال و الگوی حرکت آنها، داده های ایستگاه بادسنجی ارزیابی شد. نتیجه بررسی تپه ها در بخش های مختلف سطح ریگ نشان دهنده جابه جایی با روند شمال غربی- جنوب شرقی است. این نتیجه با نتایج تحلیل داده های جهت الگوی باد همخوانی و مطابقت داشته است؛ اما میانگین مقدار جابه جایی 53/1 متر در سال برای بازه زمانی 12ساله (2006 تا 2018) با نتایج داده های ایستگاه بادسنجی زابل که مقدار حمل ماسه را بیش از 300 تن در متر برای یک سال نشان می دهد و بررسی روند تغییرات سرعت باد در این ایستگاه همخوانی نداشته است. این موضوع نشان دهنده این واقعیت است که حداکثر این مقدار حاصل شده به پیش از تثبیت تپه های ماسه های فعال مربوط بوده است؛ علاوه بر این ماسه های روان در سطح زمین و مستقل از تپه های ماسه ای حرکت می کنند که با تصاویر قابل اندازه گیری نیستند.

    کلیدواژگان: تپه های ماسه ای، سنجش از دور، داده های باد، فرسایش بادی، ریگ زهک
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  • Hedayat Darvishi, Siyamack Sharafi *, Maryam Beyranvandzadeh Pages 1-20

    Introduction :

    Tourism is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world and is used as a development strategy in many countries. The tourism industry is the main source of income and employment in many countries. It also contributes to the growth of non-governmental industries and infrastructure development.Given the importance of the tourism industry in the economic development of countries, it is necessary to identify different types of this industry and pay special attention to the more important types. Sports tourism is one of the growing and popular types of the tourism industry, which has emerged from the link between tourism and sports. Sports tourism is a formal or informal journey that people make for entertainment like watching sports matches. This type of tourism has become one of the important business and economic strategies for income, employment, and infrastructure development in many counties. Statistical data show that the countries with good sports tourism conditions contribute to a large part of their economy by this type of tourism. However, sports tourism can have implications for tourist areas that may benefit from or incur the costs of this development.One of the ways to develop sports tourism is to recognize and use the factors affecting its development. Tourist attractions such as high mountains, snow-covered areas, waterfalls, large rivers, etc. are among the potentials that can be used to develop sports tourism.  The purpose of this study is to identify the potentials of sports tourism and ways to develop them in the study area.

    Methodology

    The present research was an applied study. It was conducted based on documentary-survey sources (researcher-made questionnaires). Using the available resources in the field of study, the most important components and criteria affecting the future opportunities and capabilities of sports tourism in Lorestan province were explored. In this regard, due to the diversity of contributing factors and to determine the consensus of thematic and local experts on each of the factors and the importance of each, the criteria have been reduced based on their importance. In this regard, the factors affecting sports tourism were identified by the experts by the Delphi questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using Mick Mac software.

     Discussion :

    The findings showed that out of a total of 22 factors, 3 factors were in the cluster of dependent variables, 2 variables were in the intermediate cluster, 5 variables were in the cluster of independent variables, and 12 variables were in the cluster of key variables. This shows the diversity of key drivers in creating opportunities commensurate with tourism potentials. In other words, from the total of mentioned variables, 50% of the drivers are strategic (key) drivers.Of the total effective factors in creating opportunities commensurate with the capabilities of sports tourism, 54.5% were in the cluster of tourism opportunities, and 45.4% in the cluster of sports tourism potentials. Moreover, 54.5% of the factors mentioned in the terms of ‘capability assessment’ and ‘opportunistic proportionality’ were key variables, 22.7% were independent, 13.6% were dependent, and 9.09% were in the cluster of neutral variables.In terms of ‘opportunity’, the factors of ‘tourism identification and extra-regional, national and international networking’, ‘information and advertising outside the region’, ‘opportunity making appropriate with the capability of sports-oriented tourism’, ‘investing in sports tourism in present and future’, ‘tourism development policies and strategies’, ‘tourism business model and structure’ were key factors. The factor of ‘branding (symbolization) and fame of sports tourism and nature tourism’ and ‘accompanying tourists by providing free incentives and facilities’ except for the dependent factor, the factors of ‘institution and organization of sports tourism’, ‘bedding of cheap air transit and network price’ and ‘national and international agencies’ were considered as independent factors. The allocation of advertising funds is considered as a neutral or intermediate factor. In terms of ‘capability’, the factors of ‘tourism stabilization’, ‘attractiveness for out-of-province tourists with the priority of neighboring tourists’, ‘change of aid from agriculture to tourism’, ‘the impact of beneficiaries in the development of sports tourism’, ‘inexpensive tourism’, ‘combined tourism (sports, natural tourism, ecotourism, geo-tourism)’ were of the key factors. ‘Local and indigenous cultural-social reception of tourism’ was a dependent factor, and ‘existing capacity of tourism structure’ and ‘governmental-dependent institutional skillful requirements’ were independent factors.

    Conclusion

    Sports tourism is an emerging capability that has favorable spatial outcomes at sectoral, territorial, and organizational levels. This capability will have an objective-spatial reflection as a potential advantage when it creates an opportunity appropriate for this capability. In this regard, identifying the effective factors in the spatial development of sports tourism capabilities and future opportunities are essential. Therefore, 22 effective factors and drivers in utilizing the capabilities were identified and analyzed. In this regard, among the variables ‘opportunity’ and ‘capability’, the most influential factors in the current and future situation of sports tourism were the variable ‘opportunity’ with 54.5% and the variable ‘capability’ with 45.4%. This indicates that despite the sports tourism capabilities in the Lorestan Province, the variable ‘opportunity’ has a key role in future planning and achieving the desired spatial organization of sports tourism. The findings of the present study fill a gap in the research background, which can be considered in sports tourism.Major clustering of the effective factors in opportunities and the capabilities of sports tourism indicates that key drivers with 54% were significant. Independent variables with 23%, dependent with 14%, and intermediate variables with 9% were of the other contributing factors. Distribution analysis and the distribution of drivers by key, independent, dependent, and neutral factors indicates that the key factors that should be considered by planners and policymakers in formulating and designing spatial development scenarios for sports tourism are equally distributed in both variables of ‘opportunity’ and ‘capability’. This issue (the equal diversity of the key drivers) is also a new finding that can be considered in future planning related to sports tourism. Besides, among the key factors and drivers in the opportunity variable, ‘attractiveness factors for out-of-province tourists with the priority of neighboring tourists’ and in the capability variable of ‘tourism identity and extra-regional, national and international networking’ have the most impact.

    Keywords: spatial planning, capability, Sports Tourism
  • Fatemeh Khodaei Geshlag, Shahram Roostaei *, Davod Mokhtari Pages 21-40
    Introduction

    According to the First World Conference on Deserts and Desertification, desertification refers to the destruction and degradation of natural ecosystems in arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid arid regions, which results in lower biomass production and the emergence of soil erosion (Ekhtesasi et al., 2011). Desertification results from natural factors such as climate variables and anthropogenic activities (Binal et al, 2018; Claado et al, 2002) and its impact on ecological processes is enormous and complex. Therefore, counteracting desertification is necessary to maintain long-term soil fertility in arid areas of the world. The present study aimed at evaluating desertification trends in the areas surrounding Lake Urmia in the period from 2000 to 2018. The main objectives of this study were 1) identification of the most suitable spectral index pair of desertification in the study area during the study period, taking into account the statistical relations; 2) mapping the desertification risk for the study period and the assessment of desertification trend in the study area by using the spectral biophysical indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface albedo, Tasseled cap along with three components of brightness, Wetness, and greenness, and 3) identifying the most important factor that caused desertification in the study area by using the logistic regression model.

    Methodology

    In the present study, first, three frames of Landsat 5 TM sensor and seven frames of Sentinel 2 images were downloaded and analyzed by ENVI5.3 and QGIS software for July 2000 and 2018. In the next step, spectral indices of desertification, including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface albedo, Tasseled Cap (including three components of brightness coefficient, Wetness, and greenness) were extracted for the study period. Thereafter, using the statistical relations and the determination coefficient, the most suitable spectral index pair of desertification in the study area was identified. After the identification of suitable spectral index pairs, the selected spectral index pair was normalized and the desertification mapping was performed for the years 2000 and 2018 taking into account the obtained gradient by using the linear regression relation. Finally, by applying the statistical change detection method, changes in the class's risk were investigated and using the Logistic Regression model, the most effective factor in the occurrence of desertification was identified.

    Discussion :

    The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), wetness, and greenness were considered as the independent variables and surface albedo and brightness coefficient as dependent variables. The pairs of NDVI-Albedo spectral indicators have a positive correlation, but two spectral index pairs of humidity-brightness coefficient and brightness coefficient-greenness due to having a negative correlation were selected as the desertification index pairs and then normalized in the next step through the relevant relations. After mapping the desertification risk according to the index pairs of brightness coefficient-greenness and humidity-brightness, the combined map of desertification was obtained using line slope from the normalized relationship of the selected index pair and overlay function for the years 2000 and 2018 in 5 classes of non-desertification, weak, moderate, severe, and relatively severe desertification risks. To verify the results, using the classification algorithm, the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm and the Error Matrix were obtained, and the algorithm, with the accuracy of 91.96 and the kappa coefficient of 0.95 for 2000, and accuracy of 91.25 and a kappa coefficient of 0.89 for 2018 indicated a good correlation between the obtained results and the real-world data. 

    Conclusion

    The results of this study were as follows: A) The two spectral index pairs of humidity-brightness coefficient and brightness coefficient-greenness were selected as the most suitable desertification indices in the study area, and therefore, the desertification risk maps were obtained through using this spectral index pair, B) The classification algorithm showed the highest degree of similarity with the accuracy of 91.96 and the kappa coefficient of 0.95 for the maps of 2000, and accuracy of 91.25 and a kappa coefficient of 0.89 for the maps of 2018, which indicated a good correlation between the obtained results and the real-world data, C) According to the results of statistical change detection analysis method, the areas of ​​severe, relatively severe, and moderate desertification risk classes were increasing from 2000 to 2018, D) The desertification risk maps of 2000 and 2018 showed that the lands on the eastern coast, and especially on the southeast of the Lake Urmia, and the areas at the marginal edge of Tabriz Plain, overlooking the Lake Urmia were more sensitive to the desertification risk, and showed more severe degradation, compared to those on the west coast of Lake Urmia, F) Indicators such as underground water electric conductivity, chlorine index of underground water, Sodium adsorption ratio, drought index, Percentage of vegetation, had a high impact on the occurrence of desertification.

    Keywords: Desertification monitoring, Lake Urmia, ENVI 5.3, Logistic Regression, Maximum likelihood algorithm
  • Mostafa Mohammadi *, Sohrab Ghaedi, Neda Peyvand Pages 41-60
    Introduction

    One of the most important environmental issues is global climate change caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases. In today's technological society, with the expansion of industrial activities, the increase in population growth, and urbanization, and the need for greater utilization of limited natural resources, pollution is increasing, especially in developing countries that do not have high technology to reduce air pollution and emission of pollutants. One of the most important of these pollutants is the role of greenhouse gas pollution. Greenhouse gases, including vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, monoxide, and ozone, which are natural emissions, are important for survival and only when their concentrations exceed the permissible limit. But it is human activity that has increased the levels of many of these gases. Iran is one of the first greenhouse-gas producing countries to change its temperature pattern, reduce water resources, increase seas, degrade coastal areas, destroy crops and food, destroy forests, alternate and intensify droughts. Greenhouse gases are naturally occurring in the atmosphere, but human activities and pollution caused by these activities increase the amount of gases abruptly. One of the new strategies for urban environmental sustainability and pollution control is the zero-carbon city, which is necessary for the sustainable development and development of each city.

    Methodology

    The present study is of theoretical, practical, and descriptive-analytical research methodology. The main objective of the study is to investigate the feasibility of the environmental strategy of the Zero-carbon city in Shahrekord. In this research, after the extraction of the indices, the Anp-Dematil combination method is the most important criterion and the environmental indicator of the Zero-carbon city in Shahrekord. Then, IPCC software was used to measure the ecological footprint in Shahrekord and was used for mapping the carbon dioxide dispersion map from the spatial satellite GIS Arc applications.

    Discussion

    The results of the present study indicate that the relative weights of indicators in Shahrekord have an environmental creativity index of 0.298, and urban design with a weight of 0.229 is among the most important and most stable index. The energy index with a weight of 0.107 is considered the most unstable index. The environmental index was recognized in this city. Also, to determine the ecological footprint of Shahrekord's carbon dioxide emissions per year (2018), 4.51 tons of carbon dioxide emissions are used. This amount is higher than the world scale, which is 4.47 tons and is lower compared to the Iranian scale, which is 6.76 tons per year.

    Conclusion

    The IPCC results showed that the energy index had the highest carbon dioxide production, increasing over a five-year period from 380983 tons in 2013 to 497237 tons in 2018 years, with transport reaching 119561 tons in 2013 to 275363 tons in 2018. Industry ranks third, from 24,292 tons in the year 2013 to 43,409 tons in 2018, and lastly from 5799 tons in 2013 to 12,136 tons in 2018. The crop has been the agricultural index which has declined from 36542 tons in 2013 to 25284 tons in 2018. Finally, using the national and international carbon dioxide emissions figures from the 2015 International Energy Agency report, we can say that Shahrekord's carbon dioxide emissions per capita in 2014 is 4.51 tons compared to the world scale of 4.47 tons. It is higher and lower than the Iranian scale of 6.76 tons per year. The results showed that the carbon footprint in Shahrekord is above the global average and lower than the Iranian average. Besides, the ecological footprint of carbon in Shahrekord is above the global average and below the Iranian average. The use of environmental strategies such as increasing urban green space and replacing renewable energy sources with fossil fuels in the city can be inadequate to reach the low carbon city in Shahrekord.

    Keywords: Environmental Zero Carbon City, Ecological Footprints, IPCC, Shahrekord
  • Homayoon Nooraie *, Faezeh Shafi Pages 61-78

    The forms and effects of urbanization are becoming more and more complex and widespread. In fact, the cities have a higher capacity for housing, prosperity and access to better living opportunities for people. However, urban poverty in the world is spreading rapidly and at a high rate, and despite different views on poverty and global and national programs to combat it, this problem remains a major threat and it confronts cities with effects of inefficiency (Asian Bank, 2014: 11). This issue is especially more important in developing countries (including Iran) and statistics show an increasing trend of inter-class distance and consequently the extent of relative poverty. Due to the mentioned necessity, a large number of thinkers in various fields of social sciences, geography, etc. have addressed the issue of poverty in various dimensions and this issue, along with the importance discussion of justice, has become one of the key issues of the era. Multidimensional poverty today also refers to the fact that poverty is more than inadequate income or deprivation of material resources, as well as the inability to access education, primary health care, clean drinking water or influence political processes and other important factors for the people (UNDP, 2009). Also, in addition to the importance of identifying poor people in various social, economic, etc., understanding the relationship between areas of poverty is also worth serious attention. Because determining how the relationship between different areas of the issue of poverty can play a role in identifying important and priority factors and help better planning for cities. Isfahan is one of the cities in Iran that despite its large population and physical, less research has been done in relation to poverty. In recent decades, with its horizontal expansion, the city has involving several cities, villages or even informal settlements. It has become a city with a heterogeneous social and economic context on the one hand, and physical and functional context on the other hand. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to analyze the level of social and economic poverty and also examine the physical and functional deprivation and poverty in the 15 regions of Isfahan and then analyze the significance of the relationship between the two dimensions. In this regard, based on the review of theoretical and empirical literature, relevant measures have been identified and the information needed to evaluate the measures has been collected through documentary and field interviews. Also, above measures and factors were explained and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (factor analysis, linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis) and GIS and SPSS softwares. The results showed that the greatest impact on socio-economic poverty is related to the variable "average number of people per housing unit" and the lowest impact is related to "population". The impact of "population density" and "migration rate" on socio-economic poverty is low and its significance is denied. Also in the greatest effect on physical-functional poverty is related to the variable "building density" and the least effect is related to the variable "residential per capita". Evidence indicate that the deprivation and welfare of the regions of Isfahan is as follows: In term of socio-economic dimension regions 14 and 15 are very deprived, regions 2, 11 and 12 are deprived, regions 7, 8, 9 and 10 are average and regions 3, 4, 6 and 13 are in the prosperous group and regions 1 and 5 are very prosperous in terms of socio-economic dimension. It becomes. One of the reasons for the severe deprivation in regions 14 and 15 is the informal and marginal settlements of these regions. Meanwhile, until 2013, region 15 was the city of Khorasgan on the eastern outskirts of the city of Isfahan, which was joined to Isfahan by approved by the Cabinet. Agriculture, horticulture and animal farming were considered as the most important occupations of this region which gradually decreased after the drought and water shortage of Zayandeh Rood River. In terms of physical-functional dimension most regions of the east, west and north, including regions 14 also 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 in terms of physical-functional, are very deprived and deprived respectively, which shows the unbalanced distribution of services and low building density. regions 1, 3, 5, and 13 also 6 are respectively prosperous and very prosperous regions in the field of physical-functional. The reasons for this are the high density of construction and the desirable quality of housing materials and the centralized distribution of services and uses in these regions. Regions 4 and 15 were moderate in terms of physical-functional. In addition to the above analyzes, through factor analysis technique, socio-economic and physical-functional variables were aggregated in each dimension and its scores were obtained. The relationship between these two dimensions was obtained through Pearson correlation coefficient of positive 0.594 and the intensity of correlation was calculated as moderate and significant. This relationship means that any regions that is socio-economically deprived is relatively physically-functionally deprived. This indicates that despite the need for areas with social and economic poverty to be addressed and given more attention based on justice-based justice policies, these areas have been ignored and less considered in metropolitan policies in the field of distribution of services and facilities. In other words, the support and priority of urban management in the implementation and implementation of justice and its empowerment should be postponed, which can make poverty relief more difficult and access to opportunities more limited. Due to the imbalance between the distribution of land uses and services in the areas of Isfahan, creating and promoting educational land in 14, 7, 12 and 8 regions; Commercial use in decentralized areas of the city such as 14 and 15, 9 and 4 regions; Establishment of local parks and green spaces in 1, 9, 5 and 13 regions; Sports use is recommended in 10 and 15 regions. While considering the importance of building density in physical-functional possession, it is suggested that building density in 2, 9 and 11 regions have a reasonable and effective increase. It need to mention that in order to control urban poverty in social and economic fields, it is necessary to create a general and inclusive flow among citizens by promoting and informing in this field at different levels so that citizens in each region, the city conditions and their living space. To be informed and through cultural programs, meetings and specialized conferences and holding training courses and production of documents and practical resources in this field, the distance between citizens and professionals and management and governance factors to be reduced and convergent collections to increase the enjoyment and empowerment of urban areas and citizens are created.

    Keywords: Urban Poverty, Socio-Economic Poverty, Physical-Functional Deprivation, The Regions of Isfahan, Factor Analysis Technique
  • Hasan Sajadzadeh *, Mahsa Abbasi Kernachi, Neda Sohrabi Pages 79-106
    Introduction

     Disorders created in various physical, functional, and semantic dimensions that are the results of not paying attention to the structure and spatial organization of ancient cities and their main arrangement. Disorders make it necessary to review and explore more desirable methods of designing and organizing urban spaces. The increasing expansion of cities requires urgent measures and the city is forced to accept change. Changing urban trends in different economic, political, and cultural fields, migration-based urban growth, lack of proper development policies and disorder of urban land use distribution, inconsistencies in building composition, separation of structures and functions, lack of hierarchy in public spheres, and contradictions in different patterns have led to the combination of mass and space and the obvious distinction between the new and the old.Antiquities and traditional buildings are among the most important factors in introducing the culture and civilization of the ancestors of every nation. Among these works, the bazaar is one of the main components of the urban structure and the center of social, economic, and cultural exchanges. Meanwhile, Kermanshah bazaar with a length of 2700 meters, like many traditional bazaars with different components, has not been an exception to this change. The construction of Sepah or Modarres Street in 1935, which led to the closure of the covered bazaar of Kermanshah and the separation of the two sections of goldsmiths and Islamic, is a clear example of the lack of attention to the physical context and the current condition of this building and the hasty implementation of this street. Therefore, to prevent increasing disorganizations in the city, it is necessary to take distinct measures to establish a subtle but inseparable link between the axes and historical elements such as bazaars and current important functions in the city. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of spatial configuration and interconnection as relational characteristics in the spatial understanding of traditional bazaars. 

    Methodology

     In general, field research procedures and data collection tools including observation, visit and perception of the site and the use of various libraries, as well as databases, computer networks, Web sites photo archives and magazines were used in this research. AutoCAD, GIS, and space syntax software were used for the analysis. One of the tools of spatial analysis is explanatory diagrams based on the graph theory. In this way, each space is a node and the connection between the two spaces is drawn as a line connecting the two nodes. In this research, the graph program was used. In this software, which can specify the smallest axis lines, maps are entered in JPEG format. In the present study, the area of ​​Islamic and goldsmiths bazaars in Kermanshah was selected. In the first step, after creating a pivot map in AutoCAD, we entered it into Depthmap software to obtain the relationship between nodes and the degree of interconnection and depth. The resulting functions (Reach, Gravity, Betweenness, Closeness, and Straightness) provided outputs in the form of raw analysis that provide block performance, population role weight, and additional access role indicators in the study area.

    Conclusion

     To determine the degree of interconnection according to the size of the study area, the area of ​​goldsmiths and Islamic bazaars was divided into 4 zones. According to the results, in zones 2 and 4, green space forms distinct uses. According to the spatial arrangement theory, after entering maps in the graph software, the output was such that the northern parts of the body of the areas have more spatial depth and less interconnection. After entering the maps in the GIS software and analyzing them through the functions that we have dealt with, it can be said that creating coherence and interconnection in the spatial organization of the city is effective both for the regeneration of the old texture, especially the old structure of the city and for the elimination of the disorders of the contemporary urban textures.

    Keywords: Interconnection, Organization, Spatial Depth, Kermanshah Bazaar
  • Hamed Gholamian, Alireza Ildoromi * Pages 107-130

    At present, land use changes in a basin over time affect many processes of soil erosion and sediment production and cause loss of soil quality and fertility (Ildoromi et al. 2017). Studies have shown that land use change and its effect on hydrological processes can play an effective role in managing water resources and floods and reducing the damage caused by it, which has been considered by many researchers in recent years. Kazemi et al. (2018) in the study of the effect of land use change and drought on runoff in the Central Zagros Basin stated that the most land use change in 25 years in the field of natural resources, especially in rangelands and increased runoff and floods has been in the basin. Foroutan et al. (2019) investigated the effect of land use change and physical development of the city on changes in Asadabad urban flood runoff. The results showed that with the increase of urban land use area, surface runoff has increased by 350 m3, which is a considerable and sometimes dangerous volume of runoff in a small city. Gomindoga et al. (2015) investigated the effect of land use change in Ethiopia's Jilljal Abai watershed and concluded that reduced rangeland and forest land use increased the maximum flood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of land use change on maximum flood discharge in the Songhor watershed using the Win TR-55 model and Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images for the years 2000-2015 using ENVI software.

    Methodology

    The Songhor watershed in Kermanshah province is a part of the Karkheh watershed with an area of 63.17 Km2 and has a cold semi-humid climate. In this study, the main variables were 24-hour rainfall, concentration-time, flood coefficient, basin area, and slope and land use change area. To study and prepare land use change maps during two periods, ETM and OLI sensor images of Landsat satellite from 2000-2015 were used. After performing geometric correction and band compositions with the help of ENVI software, the adjusted plant difference index (NDVI) was prepared. To classify the images, the classification method was supervised and the maximum probability, kappa index, and general accuracy were used for the correct evaluation. In the next stage, land use changes were classified into five land use classes including irrigated agriculture and gardening, rainfed agriculture, rangeland and forest, residential areas, impenetrable and rocky lands. Finally, land use maps of the Songhor watershed in two time periods of 2000 and 2015 were drawn in ArcGIS. In the next step, the maximum flood hydrograph under the influence of land use change was estimated using the Win TR-55 model for the years 2000-2015. To analyze the peak flow sensitivity of the basin, the values of the canal slope and to evaluate the results by WinTR-55 model, two statistics of correlation coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used.

    Discussion

    The study of hydrographs showed that in all sub-basins, according to the amount and intensity of land use change, the peak discharge increased in 2015 compared to 2000. This amount decreased in sub-basin S1 due to fewer land use changes and concrete-mortar watershed structures in 2015. It showed a decrease of 4.11% compared to 2000 and indicates that the structures have reduced the speed and volume of discharge from the basin. In other sub-basins, due to the slope and topographic condition, the amount and intensity of land use changes, especially the sharp decrease in rangeland lands and the existence of residential and impenetrable areas, peak discharge values increased. The highest increase in discharge occurred in the S6 sub-basin with 24.88% and the S8 sub-basin with 22.44% in 2015 compared to 2000. Examination of the basin outlet hydrograph showed that the peak discharge rate in 2015 increased by 12.2% in the total basin. One of the effective factors is land use changes and subsequent changes in the basin CN values during the 15 years under study. The results of the sensitivity analysis of the WinTR-55 model showed that the CN parameter is very important and causes high sensitivity. The results of verification and calculation of the estimated error of the model in the return period of 2 to 100 years showed that the percentage of flow estimation error by the model in the 100-year return period has the lowest value.

    Conclusion

     Land use changes in the watershed were influenced by factors such as the suitability of rainfall in 2000-2008 and the tendency of some farmers regarding dry farmland to increase the extent of their agricultural land to increase their income. The population of the city has increased by 7.5% from 2005 to 2015 and the development of urbanization has made agricultural areas around the city become residential areas. Droughts in recent years have also destroyed some grassland species, reduced soil moisture, and increased runoff. The velocity and flow rate were the peaks. Output hydrograph survey of the basin showed that the peak discharge in 2015 increased by 12.2% in the whole basin. In general, the effective factors in increasing the discharge in the Songhor watershed are the land use changes followed by changes in the CN values ​​over the 15 years studied. The results of WinTR-55 sensitivity analysis showed that the CN parameter was an important parameter in the model. It showed that the model a has high ability to estimate the maximum flood discharge for this type of condition in the Songhor watershed and indicated the high accuracy and efficiency of the model in investigating hydrological fluctuations

    Keywords: Hydrograph, Win TR-55 Model, CN, R2­, RMSE
  • Mehran Maghsoudi *, Fatemeh Geravand, Bay Ram-Ali Abdinejad, Parisa Pirani Pages 131-148
    Introduction

    Aeolian sand transport is a complex process influenced by many variables including wind conditions (Lancaster, 1985; Anderson & Haff, 1988; Gillette et al., 2001; Zou et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2005), grain size and sand surface moisture (Jackson, 1998; Wiggs et al., 2004), surface crusting (Leys & Eldridge, 1991), topography (Iversen & Rasmussen 1994; Hesp et al., 2005), and vegetation cover (Buckley, 1987; Kuriyama et al., 2005). The importance of sand dunes studies is due to their impacts on water and soil resources, flora and fauna, human infrastructure, and roads. Sand drifting can lead to losing agricultural lands, burying residential buildings, railways, highways, and other infrastructures in many areas of the desert (Zhu et al., 1980; Lei et al., 2003; Dong, 2004). Bagnlod (1981) has done the first study on the movement of sand dunes. In recent years, many studies have been done on the cognition of sand dune processes, which include the study of the winds and sands migration in different dunes. Needless to say that significant signs of progress have been obtained. In this regard, there is no doubt that the remote sensing technique and its capabilities, as well as the optimal time sequence of satellite imagery in mapping erg areas, have fundamental performances. Using these images, a substantial area of sand dunes can be examined in a short period of time, and then we can talk about the identification of active dunes, their expansion, and relocation.

    Methodology

    To study the changes and migration of sand dunes, this study was conducted in two stages. At the first stage, to evaluate changes in the range of sand dunes in the study area, Landsat images were used for the years 2001 and 2019. Moreover, to detect the changes in the Zahak Erg range the ENVI software was used. The results of this section can be important in the overall assessment of the area. Additionally, in order to detect the trend of changes in those parts where significant shifting occurred, we used either Landsat or the Google Earth images with different time intervals. It worth mentioning that for geo-referencing the Google Earth images of recent years (2006-2018) the Stitch Map Software was used. Moreover, to draw the sand rose, the Sand Rose software was used. Sand rose is the Graph of Portable sand by wind energy, which was used by Fryberger and Dean (1979) for the first time. In order to draw this Graph, winds that were faster than the erosion velocity threshold were developed into vector units as sand drift potential.

    Discussion

    Mobility is the most important characteristic of sand dunes. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the importance of wind in changing the sand dunes morphology. In addition, studies of sand dunes migration provide basic knowledge about wind processes and sand transfer values. In this study, monitoring and detection of the sand dunes relocation rate have been considered based on the use of Landsat images (for the years 2001-2019). At the first stage, the regions that have been faced changes were identified using the change detection technique for the entire range of Erg. Based on the output map, marked areas with the red color experienced the maximum changes, and also, in this section, sand dunes have been more developed. The differences between the two images within the sand dunes area were estimated at about 23 km2. However, the pattern of sand dunes migration represents relocation from the Northwest to the Southeast. At the next stage of the study, to understand the change rate and relocation trend, Google Earth images were used (years 2006 and 2018). Furthermore, the region with significant changes has been selected for a closer look. Moreover, using Stitch Map software, the georeferenced images were extracted. It worth mentioning that, from the five selected zones on the Erg surface, a total of 368 cases of sand dunes were quantitatively analyzed. According to the results, the greatest amount of migration was found for zone 3 with the amount of 24.72 m, in contrast, the lowest value was calculated at about 14.16 m for zone 5. In addition, the migration average rate for a period of 12 years was calculated. Here, the maximum migration belonged to zone 3 which is 2.06 meters per year. While the minimum one allocated to zone 5 was 1.18 meters per year.

    Conclusion

    In this study, the authors monitored changes in sand dunes using satellite imagery data and wind data of meteorological stations of Zahak Erg. In this regard, the sand dunes activity rate, dunes migration pattern, and also factors affecting their intensity and patterns were identified. The results of the 368 studied sand dunes in different parts of the erg surface indicated displacement with a northwest-southeast trend, which is consistent with the results of data analysis for wind pattern. But the average amount of displacement of 1.53 meters per year for a period of 12 years (2006 to 2018) with the results of data from Zabol wind station showed the amount of sand carrying more than 300 tons per meter for a year. The changes in wind speed at this station were inconsistent and it was shown that the maximum value obtained was before the stabilization of the active sand dunes. In addition, smooth sands move on the surface of the earth, independent of sand dunes, which cannot be measured by images.

    Keywords: Sand Dunes, Remote Sensing, wind data, Wind Erosion, Zahak Erg