فصلنامه مطالعات آموزشی و آموزشگاهی
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1399)

Objective of this survey is identification of effective factors on promotion of internship conducting quality and evaluation of the present situation in the Farhangian University. It uses applied method, compound type (qualitative and quantitative); and the statistical population includes all student-teachers and faculty members of Farhangian University of Mazandaran. In the qualitative section, snowball sampling was used and 12 internship teachers were selected including elites of curriculum design and individuals with long-term experiences in conducting internship courses in Farhangian University. In the quantitative section, using random stratified sampling plan and sample size determination table, 25 teachers and 290 students were selected as the sample size. Survey tools included semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaire with 6 main indexes namely Farhangian University, curriculum (content), student-teachers, internship teachers, supervisors, and schools with respectively 7, 15, 7, 11, 6 and 4 items. Qualitatively, content validity was achieved through long-term involvement, inquiry from the colleagues, and reviews of informed individuals; quantitatively, by the help of 10 internship teachers, the content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were analyzed and approved. Using Cronbach’s alpha, the reliability of the questionnaire was achieved 0.95; and its fitness was approved via confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results, curriculum (content), teacher-students, internship teachers, supervisors and schools were identified as the effective factors on quality of internship implementation in the Farhangian University; and the present situation of these factors which were effective on promotion of internship implementation quality were evaluated as good.

The subject of this research is "The content analysis of the chemistry book 2 for the senior secondary school in edition of 2017 based on the William Rummy views" which determined the extent to which the active method is used in the content of the chemistry book 2 of the students. The research method is descriptive in a type of content analysis. In order to achieve accurate and reliable results, the entire content of the book was examined and the research sample was consistent with the participants. In this research, William Rummy's model has been used as an analysis tool. To reach this purpose, the entire content of the book, including text, images, and questions, were encoded in certain categories and examined. The results of this study showed that the textbook conflict ratio in the first, second, third and the whole of the book is 0.31, 0.222, 0.204 and 0.254, which shows the text of all three chapters and the total book is designed to be inactive. The conflict ratio of the images in first, second, third chapters and the whole book is 0.75, 1.292, 0.587, and 0.862, respectively, which shows the images of all chapters and the whole book is designed in an active way. The conflict ratio of the questions in first, second , third chapters, and whole book is  8, 8, 2.909, and 5.648, respectively which shows that the questions of all chapters and the whole book involve student in learning  more than his/her ability to learn. So, it is designed to be inactive.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility the localization and Contextualization of curriculum in elementary schools of. The research method is descriptive of survey type. The statistical population consists of all teachers, managers and students of the fourth, fifth and sixth grade of Babol city, using a simple random sampling method based on Morgan's table, 289 teachers, 75 managers and 1108 students were selected as statistical sample. A researcher-made localization and Contextualization curriculum for managers, teachers and students was used to collect data. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Simple-sample symptomatic rank tests Wilcoxon, Yumann Whitney) were used. The results showed that from the point of view of teachers and managers of localization and Contextualization of the curriculum in all dimensions is possible. There is also a significant difference between the viewpoints of managers and teachers in the two aspects of the policy and teachers' awareness of their roles. But there is no significant difference in three dimensions (teachers' implementation and effort, content and learning activities, and challenges). Therefore, based on the results, the need to create opportunities for localization and Contextualization of curricula by Department of Education, especially in elementary schools, should be taken into consideration. Creating opportunities for localization and Contextualization can influence the learning and performance of students and help their academic achievement.

Procrastination has a significant negative effect on social and academic performance of students. The purpose of the present study was to investigate The Prevalence of Procrastination and its Relationship with Demographic Characteristics and figurative Social networks among girl students in Tehran, Iran. The present study was a surveys and Correlation study. The statistical population was all High School Girls and Conservatory School Students in Region of 3, 4, 5, 15, and 11 of Tehran during the academic year of 2018-19, According to Krejcie and Morgan Table and Stratified sampling, 398 students were selected who completed a questionnaire on demographic variables, and Academic Procrastination Orientation Questionnaire & Questionnaire use figurative Social networks. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (chi-square test, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient). Data showed that 31.7% of students with high Procrastination and 26.6% had very high Procrastination and there was a significant difference between the level of education, age and the mean score for procrastination (P≤0.05). The results also showed that there is a significant positive correlation between Procrastination and figurative Social networks (P≤0.001). This study shows that the prevalence Procrastination is significantly high among girl students in Tehran and it and the amount of use of Virtual social networks is related it. Therefore, the use of virtual networks should be managed in such a way that its impact on increasing procrastination is reduced.

Environmental education, as a lifelong process, an important part of which takes place in the school environment, has an undeniable role in improving environmental problems. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the environmental education needs of second grade elementary students. The purpose of the research was applied and based on the data collection method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population included male students in the second grade of elementary school in the 16th district of Tehran. Statistical sample Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 154 people were selected by cluster sampling method. The measuring instrument was a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that students have a relatively good knowledge about the need to maintain vegetation, the dangers of improper waste disposal, the need to preserve animal species, the need to care for trees, the dangers of noise pollution; But their educational needs are about the scarcity of resources, the benefits of trees in reducing noise pollution, and the need for biodiversity, which they do not know enough about. 27.9% have not seen the recycling mark and do not have a good knowledge about recyclable materials. 76% do not see the ozone-friendly mark on the products and do not pay attention to its necessity. In general, the education system has been able to provide students with lessons on some environmental issues, and educational planners should consider measures in this regard.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the performance of fourth grade girl and boy students in solving mathematical word problems based on the Newman error analysis model. The research method is descriptive survey. The statistical population is the fourth grade students of Tehran's 12th district that 339 students were selected by using cluster sampling. The instrument is a researcher-made test consisting of four descriptive questions whose face and content validity was confirmed by several professors and experts in mathematics education. The reliability of the instrument was obtained according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.8, which was at a desirable level. According to the results, there is a significant difference in the performance of girls and boys in solving word math problems and in general, boys had less difficulties in solving these types of problems. The results showed that students' excessive reliance on their procedural knowledge and shallowness of their conceptual knowledge can be one of the reasons for their weakness in solving word problems. Also, the small number of word problems presented in the mathematics textbooks of the first to fourth grades of elementary school and as a result of insufficient education in this regard are other negative factors affecting students' ability to solve word problems.

This research was carried out with the aim of feasibility studying the deployment and implementation of virtual education system in the eastern province of Guilan province. The present research is purposeful and applied in terms of type, descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study is the educators of the eastern province of Guilan, whose number is 1536 people. 306 people were studied as an example. The sampling method is random, stratified, and relative. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information and research data, including 25 phrases. This questionnaire is graded with a Likert range of 4 options and includes three areas with the components of the conditions and the ability to deploy and use the virtual education system, the application areas of the possibility of deploying and deploying a virtual education system, facilitating factors for the possibility of deployment Virtual education system. The research questionnaire has content validity content and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. The research data were descriptively described using frequency, mean and standard deviation. The inferential level was tested using one-sample t-test. The results of the research showed that the possibility of deployment and implementation of virtual education system in the east of Guilan Province is desirable. Also, in terms of conditions and capabilities, applied fields, facilitators facilitating the virtual education system in the education of East of Guilan province is a desirable situation.

Undoubtedly, physical activity is one of the important indicators of individual and social health and neglecting it has adverse effects on productivity. On the other hand, the restriction of physical activity due to cultural and religious teachings is more pronounced in women. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of physical activity among students of Farhangian University throughout Iran and the effect of gender differences among them was investigated. The present study was an applied research that was conducted by survey method and was cross-sectional in terms of time. The present study was a cross-sectional study. The research population was the students of Farhangian University of the whole country who were first considered as a census. In order to conduct research, the health record system was first designed and implemented in 98 Branch. Of Farhangian University and educational centers across the country. In this regard, the variables were measured in two parts and recorded in the system. The registered information of 29115 students was studied in the student health record system. Only 15% of students were physically active seven days a week (at least 30 minutes at a time), as recommended by the World Health Organization. Male students were significantly more active than female students. There was a significant difference in this ratio between girls and boys.11% of girls and 7% of boys did not engage in any physical activity during the week. Based on the findings, the level of physical activity among students of Farhangian University is estimated to be unfavorable. The situation was worse in the girl population.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of new teaching methods on interactive communication between teacher and students. In the traditional educational system, teaching and learning methods are based on listening, verbal expression and memorization of educational content and the emphasis is on passive methods. Consequently, students' motivation and interest in learning is lost, which leads to academic failure.This descriptive research is conducted via mixed method. The research community was made up of knowledgeable and expert in the field of research with at least 5 years of experience in teaching and educating students as well as a master's degree. 40 people were selected out of the community through judgment and data saturation criteria. Collected data from semi-structured interviews were coded using content analysis method. In addition, Semi-structured interview tools were used in the qualitative section. A quantitative section questionnaire was prepared based on the variables identified in the qualitative section, including new teaching methods, traditional teaching methods, barriers to new teaching methods and teacher-students interactive communication, and distributed among primary school teachers using the available method.In total, 247 compete questionnaires were returned. Quantitative data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient test. The results showed that traditional teaching methods do not play a role in teacher-student interactive communication, but new teaching methods as well as the barriers play a role in interactive communication between teacher and students.

Since English is the language of science and lack of familiarity with it will lead to problems, learning this language is a necessity. Therefore, learning English has become a major concern among most Iranian families. Because students spend countless opportunities in English language classes, they do not reach a favorable level of ability. The present researcher aimed to evaluate the degree of success or failure of the ministery of education in teaching English languge to the students. Therefore, while the present resrarcher evaluated the English textbooks of high schools of this country, he, based on the grounded theory, invited 174 Iranian English language teachers to two semistructures interviews. MAXQDA was used for data analysis. The results showed that some factors as extreme Iranianization of English textbooks, the lack of follow-up evaluation on determined educational goals, delayed start of education, the lack of attention to the bilingualism phenomenon, the lack of English language teachers competencies, the allocation of little time to teach English in schools, the lack of richmess and sufficiency of in-service training courses are considered to be the main causes of the inefficiency of schools in teaching English language. The results of this study are very useful for English languguage teachers and in particular for English language planners and administrators.

Creating a suitable environment for the growth and prosperity of students has always been one of the most important concerns of educational administrators. The aim of this study was to investigate the age differences with the color preference approach in primary school students in Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces by gender. The research design of the present study is descriptive and the type of research was survey. For this purpose, 607 children participated in the present study. The data were collected using colored cards. Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance and showed that the effect of gender and grade on all colors is significant in Tehran province but in Khorasan Razavi province these differences were observed only at the level of gender (p < 0/05). In both provinces, boys chose blue and girls yellow as the main color, and boys chose green and girls pink as the sub-colors. One of the limitations of the present study is the inability to study the color living environment of children as well as everyday issues that can play an important role in color preference. It is suggested that future research pay attention to these variables.

The present study investigates the process of implementing the practicum program at Farhangian University in Mazandaran province in order to find its strengths and weaknesses. This research is looking for solutions to improve the status of the practicum program to present them to the authorities and decision makers of this program. This research is written in mix-method and after deep interview with experts and proficient in practicum, the interviews were encoded with NVIVO software. Its narration was done through the method of pluralism and through the long-term conflict of the researcher with the research space and trust with the subjects of the research; the research space was also monitored by an external judge. To achieve the reliability of the codes, two other coders were used and an agreement was reached between the coders. Then a questionnaire was designed and presented to those students of Farhangian University of Mazandaran, who passed at least two terms of practicum course. The qualitative statistical society in this study included 5 experts and 20 knowledgeable authorities in practicum curriculum that were selected through snowball sampling method. The statistical population of this study was 550 people and the sample was 226 people based on Cochran formula that responded to the questionnaires with ratio stratified random sampling. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a number of interns and its reliability was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the result was 0.954. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and finally, the results were presented as a model. The results of the study showed that most of the weaknesses were in the school part and inappropriate physical environment of schools for the implementation of practicum activities and the greatest strengths were related to guidance by tutors and their supervision and evaluation of students' performance. In the end, after finding the weaknesses, there were some suggestions for improving the status of practicum program at Farhangian University of Mazandaran.

The aim of this study was to draw a model for predicting job belonging based on the variables of psychological capital, emotional intelligence, and organizational support. The research method is practical, according to the purpose, that was done with a quantitative approach and non labratory-correlational method. The statistical population of the study was 2953 faculty members of Azad University in Tehran in which 340 participants were selected using the adequacy of the sample in modeling structural equations. For data collection, Schuafeli and Salanova (2001) job belonging questionnaire, Lothian et al (2004) psychological capital questionnaires (PCQ), Mayer and Salovey (1990) emotional intelligence questionnaire, Eisenberger et al (1986) Organizational support questionnaire were used in current study. The reliability and validity of research instruments were reviewed and confirmed. Data analysis method was performed in two parts: descriptive and inferential. In the inferential section, to answer the research questions, Pierson correlation tests, one sample t-test and structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that the variables of psychological capital, emotional intelligence and organizational support have an effect on work affiliation.

The aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative study of the development-oriented approach of the two upstream education documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey through the content analysis research method. For this purpose, the two documents of "2023 National Education" of Turkey and "Fundamental Transformation of Education" of Iran were reviewed. To do so, first each activity of the document was coded in open and pivotal technique and commonalities and differences of the documents were extracted. Reliability of this study was verified through researcher recoding and recoding by another coder. The results showed that the important differences in the development-oriented approach of the document of the educational system are ideological and religious matters as well as the religiousness of the concepts with the orientation of Iranian Islamic culture in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the most important difference in the development-oriented approach of the documents of the Turkish education system is the philosophical approach with the national orientation also it seems that Turkish education document is closer to the global approaches while the view of the Iranian documents is closer to the thoughts and approaches of the Islamic world, and the global and Western view has been less considered. Some important elements in the development-oriented approach of the Turkish education system document, such as drawing a school development model, human-centered philosophical model, preparation for a competitive world, added value, more global values ​​with Western perspectives and components and on the other side the concepts in education document of the Islamic Republic of Iran such as Pure Life, Mahdavi Justice Society, Basij, spiritual and divine values, the life pattern of the Imams (AS), observance of the norms and standards and frameworks of Islamic law and cooperation with seminaries, etc. are in line with the views of the Islamic world.

Teacher is one of the important elements of the educational system and has a persistent role and effective duty in the process of education. The guiding role of the teacher is one of the most important ones among them. In the modern world, the role of the teacher is comprehended within two approaches of "teacher as the transmitter of knowledge" and "teacher as the seller of knowledge". In Islamic thought, the idea of "teacher as the seller of knowledge" is not accepted since according to Quraʼn, every God-given blessing brings a responsibility and knowledge power are among those blessings which bring about responsibility and duty. Knowledge is sacred and known as "light", therefore, the idea of "teacher as the seller of knowledge" is refused. The second idea which considers teacher as "the transmitter of knowledge" is not accepted entirely, since according to Islamic education, being teacher is the occupation of prophets and the teacher is considered as an educator and role model who have an active and effective role in guiding and educating the students in addition to imparting knowledge to them. The main purpose of this research is to answer the question -based on Islamic education- that whether the teacher is also a guiding agent -in addition to his/her role in imparting concepts and contents? By supposing the answer as positive, some verses of the holy Quraʼn have been cited to prove this answer. The result of the discussion -which has been done using qualitative and descriptive-analytical method-, is that the teacher has a guiding role and duty in educating students which cannot be dismissed.