نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Patients with multiple sclerosis face a variety of physical and psychological stressors that reduce their quality of life. Considering the relationship between cognitive regulation of emotion and existential anxiety and diseases of the central nervous system, one of the methods that can help rehabilitate patients with multiple sclerosis is acceptance and commitment-based therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on cognitive regulation of emotion and existential anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The research design method is quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and a control group. The sample consisted of 26 patients with multiple sclerosis in Rasht in 2019 who were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. To collect data, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (|Garnowski et al., 2001) and the Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (Good and Good, 1974) were used in the pre- and post-treatment stages. The experimental group was treated for 8 sessions based on acceptance and commitment, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Research data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance.

The results of univariate analysis of covariance showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment has an effect on improving cognitive regulation of emotion and existential anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis (p <0.001). 

Discussion and conclusion

According to the results of this study, acceptance and commitment-based therapy can be effective in improving the cognitive and emotional symptoms of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Vaginismus is one of the sexual dysfunctions that can have an unpleasant effect on the mental health of women and their marital relationships. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Schematic Therapy on reducing anxiety and depression and improving the sexual function of women with Vaginismus in Kerman.

The present study was a descriptive semi-experimental studyThe statistical population of this study included women referring to Kerman health centers with vaginismus disorder, 30 subjects were selected as an available sample and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups [each group included 15 subjects]. The experimental group consisted of 10 sessions of 2-hour weekly in a schematic-based group. Cattle Anxiety Inventory [1973], Beck Depression [1988], and Sexual Function [Rosen et al., 2000] were performed in two stages of pretest and post-test on two groups. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis and repeated measure.

The results indicated that the schema therapy caused a significant decrease in the mean scores of anxiety and depression and a significant increase in the mean of sexual performance of the experimental group compared to the control group [P <0.001]. The level of anxiety and depression in the experimental group compared to the control group at the post-test and follow-up stage of 12 months was significantly lower than the pre-test [P <0.001], as well as the sexual activity in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-injection phase The 12-month follow-up and follow-up were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test P <0.001.

Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that the effectiveness of the Schematic Therapy on reducing anxiety and depression and improving the sexual function of the patients are effective in counseling centers.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of maternal factors (attachment, parenting stress, maternal caregiving quality and parenting practices) in the development of behavioral problems in children.

The study was the type of descriptive research and conducted in the framework of a correlation design. The sample was consisted of 290 mothers of children 3 to 6 years old in Jiroft city that were selected through cluster sampling. Mothers completed a set of questionnaires containing Five Fact Mindfulness questionere (FFMQ), State Adult Attachment Scale (SAAS), preschool & kindergarten behavior Scales, Maternal Caregiving Quality Scale (MCQS), Parenting Scale (PS) and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). In order to evaluate the relationships between variables in the proposed model, structural equation modeling was used.

The results indicated that the final model has a good fit after eliminating nonsignificant pathway of parenting practices to the child's behavioral problems. Thus, maternal factors could explain 51% of the variance of child behavioral problems.

The results support the role of maternal factors in the development of children's behavioral problems. The implications of findings of final model in parenting training discussed in detail

The attribution process is one of the most fundamental psychological phenomena that produces negative thoughts and emotions in academic failure settings, whereby may manifest academic maladaptive behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of attributional retraining intervention (AR) in the college student’s term probation.

In an additive experimental design, 110 student’s term probation of University of Tehran in the first semester of 98-97 were recalled. After preliminary screening based on last term probation and low score on Perry's Perceived Academic Control Scale (2001), 30 participants were assigned to 3 groups including 2 attributional training groups (ABCDE AR and ABCDE + video AR) and a waiting list control group. Two experimental groups participated in 9 sessions of AR intervention (each sessions120 minutes) for five weeks. The ABCDE group received AR intervention including group discussion and writing tasks and the second experimental group received AR intervention including watching 3 video-taped, group discussion and writing tasks. Participants completed the perceived control scale, life satisfaction scale (Cantril, 1965) and positive and negative affect scales (Mroczek and Kolarz ,1998) before and after the intervention and two months later. Student’s previous semester grade point average and current semester grade point average obtained from educational services office.

The Results of mixed variance analysis indicated that the AR intervention significantly enhanced the perceived academic control in the student’s term probation, improved academic performance and subjective well-being relative to the control group. Also, adding film to the induction of attribution training had some positive effects, although it did not reach a statistically significant level.

Correcting maladaptive causal attributions appears to enhance the sense of control and strategic effort of the failed individuals, and which in turn leads to positive academic outcomes.

Introduce: The purpose of the present study was to develop and test a model for explaining marital conflict based on basic needs in choice theory through the mediating role of spirituality.

The present study was correlational with a structural equation method. 72 married participants (131 women, 41 men) were selected by a combined sampling method including cluster sampling and in each cluster by purposeful sampling. Each participant completed Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ), Basic Needs Questionnaire and Spirituality Questionnaire.

The results indicated that the spirituality had a positive significant correlation with all five basic needs, whereas spirituality had a negative significant correlation with all five basic needs. Significant negative relationships were found between marital conflicts and love and belonging and fun needs. Also all five basic needs had positive significant correlation with each other.

spirituality played a mediating role in the relation between marital conflicts and survival, freedom and power needs but not for belonging/ love need and fun need. Furthermore, 5 percent of marital conflict variances and 23 percent of spirituality variances are explain by Glaser's basic needs.

The present research carried out by the purpose of examining the effectiveness of self-management and emotion management training (a series of symbol packages) for mothers of Teen Girls of Tehran city, on aggression and Resiliency.

A quasi-experimental design was used in this research, using Pre-test and Post-test with control group and quarterly follow up. The statistical population consisted of all mothers of teen girls of Tehran city during the 1397-98 school year, whose daughters had high aggressiveness and low resilience. For the purpose of the research, a screening was carried out on 500 students who completed the Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire and the Connor and Davidson resiliency questionnaire and from among them 45 individuals with high aggressiveness and low resiliency were selected, then randomly divided into three groups (two experimental and one control groups). The experimental self-management group received self-management training during 10 sessions of 90 minutes and the experimental emotional management group received their training during 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The research tools were also included Buss & Perry`s (1992) aggression questionnaire and Connor and Davidson`s (2003) resiliency questionnaire. The data was also analyzed throughout the repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that there is a significant difference in aggression, resiliency, between three phases of pre-test, post-test and follow-up (p < 0/01), and in two experiment and control groups (p < 0/05).  In follow-up phase, the effectiveness of performing self-management and emotion management training packages continued for aggression and resiliency variables.

Therefore, implementation of self-management and emotion management training packages for mothers of Teen Girls can have a significant impact on reducing aggression and increasing resiliency of their children.

Epilepsy is a neurological and chronic disorder that affects the central nervous system. This disorder has negative effects on cognitive abilities. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive flexibility and memory span in patients suffering from epilepsy in the temporal lobe. The present study had a semi-experimental design including a pre and post-test, and performed in two experimental and control groups. The sample consists of 30 patients with epilepsy who referred for treatment to private health centers in Urmia. Cognitive abilities were measured via Cognitive Flexibility questionnaire and Wechsler Numerical Memory Scale. After the pretest, 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 15 subjects were placed in the control group. Patients in the experimental group were given transcranial direct current stimulation for 10 sessions in which a current with 1.5 mA and for 20 minutes. Anode electrode was placed in the F3 region and cathode electrode in F4. Then posttest was conducted for both groups and data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis. Results showed that there were significant differences between groups in terms of cognitive flexibility and memory span. This means that transcranial direct current stimulation can improve cognitive flexibility and memory span in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The results demonstrated that transcranial direct current stimulation could be used as an effective intervention to improve cognitive flexibility and working memory for patients with epilepsy so physicians and psychologists who are active in this field can use this method, along with other interventions to solve cognitive problems of these patients.

according to the high prevalence of social anxiety disorder, the purpose of this study was to determine the structural relationships between social anxiety, in which the role of factors such as the sensitivity of the behavioral inhibition system, self-focused attention, negative self-perception, emotion dysregulation, and Anxiety sensitivity in a structural model was studied.

The present study was correlational with a path analysis approach. The variables studied using the Watson Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms, Beck Self-Concept Test, woody Focus Point inventory, Difficulties in emotion regulation scale, and the Floyd Anxiety Sensitivity Scale. The sample included 408 (208 girls and 200 boys) students of the University of Tabriz.

The results of path analysis indicated that there is a positive relationship between high sensitivity of behavioral inhibition system, self-focused attention, negative self-perception, emotion dysregulation, anxiety sensitivity and social anxiety. On the other hand, negative self-perception, Self-focused attention, emotion dysregulation and anxiety sensitivity as intermediary variables play a significant role in this model. The optimal fit of the observed model with the theoretical model suggests that these factors can significantly predict and explain social anxiety directly and indirectly.

Based on this, it can be concluded that reducing the social anxiety risk factor of psychological element and ignorance of biological and personality factors are Simplistic; therefore, it is logical in the processes of etiology and treatment, comprehensive approached should be determined.

Considering the role of early experiences with parents in development of identity in adulthood, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of object relations in development of identity status and also the mediating and moderating role of ego strength in this relationship.

This was a correlational study. The sample of this study consisted of 200 students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran- south branch in academic year of 1397-1398 who were selected by accessible method. They responded to the Bell Object Relation Inventory, the Revised Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status and the Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strength.

Data analyses using regression method showed that object relations and ego strength predict identity status significantly. Furthermore, results of hierarchical regression analyses supported the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between object relations and successful identity. In addition, the moderating role of ego strength in the relationship between ego centricity of object relations and postponed identity was confirmed.

These findings can be used for enrichment of mediating models and better understanding of the role of childhood relationships in development of identity in adulthood.

Self-esteem refers to a personchrs mental evaluation of his or her value as a human being and can be likened to a conscious immune system that protects the child against many psychological disorders. Therefore, it is very important to build the foundations of self-estee in childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of storytelling and play therapy package on improving childrenchrs self-esteem.

The research design was semi-experimental, pre-test-post-test with control group. Stories and plays whose content validity was confirmed by experts were used as a therapeutic package to measure their effectiveness on children. The population of this study consisted of children aged 6 to 9 years in Isfahan, 30 of whom were selected as available and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of research variable (P <0.05) and the story and play therapy package significantly increased childrenchrs self-esteem.

According to the findings of the study, the effectiveness of storytelling and play therapy packages on childrenchrs self-esteem has been confirmed and is proposed as an effective intervention to improve childrenchrs self-esteem.

Complete state model of mental health using two medical model and abilities model evaluates mental health based on the severity of symptoms and signs of well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the short form of complete mental health and provided empirical evidence for using the whole scale score.

This study was a descriptive-analytical study of validation type. The sample consisted of 600 teacher’s students from Tehran who were selected by available sampling method and completed the Complete Mental Health Scale, Psychological Well-being Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II.

The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed the existence of three factors that explained 61/781% of  total variance scale. Confirmatory factor analysis results in addition to confirming the results of exploratory factor analysis showed among competing models, the bi-factor model represents the scale factor structure better than other models and the bi-factor model was suggested as an experimental witness for using the total score scale. The reliability of the scale was obtained by Cronbach's alpha and retesting methods of 0.84 and 0.82, respectively.

The results of this study showed that this scale has appropriate psychometric properties in the non-clinical group and the total score can be used. Keywords: Well-being, Positive Mental Health, Mental Health Continuum Model, Reliability, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The Zuckerman-kuhlman- Aluja Personality inventory is a self- report tool for measuring personality traits and characteristics, which is based on the five main characters of the character. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Zuckerman-kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire Shortened from (ZKA-PQ/SF). This study was a psychometric study. The sample size consisted of 1699 students (733 boys and 966 girls) from the students who were members of the telegram groups and channels related to university in the fall of 1397. They were selected using virtual snowball sampling. The participants answered Zuckerman-kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire Short from and the NEO Personality Questionnaire Short from. Cronbach alpha coefficient, content validity (NEO Personality Questionnaire), and construct validity were considered in an attempt to investigate the psychometric properties of the inventory. To determine the construct validity, main component analysis with varimax rotation by SPSS-25 was used. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that this questionnaire had 5 factors, which in total, explained 65.59% of the variance. The results also showed that Cronbach's alpha's reliability was 0.81 for the whole questionnaire, 0.77 for Aggressiveness, 0.70 for Activity, 0.91 for Extraversion, 0.86 for Neuroticism, and 0.65 for Sensation Seeking. There was a meaningful relationship between the components of NEO's personality and the components of Zuckerman personality.

Experiencing negative sexual emotions can have devastating effects on sexual responses and threaten people's communication health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to prepare the sexual boredom scale to measure the part of the negative sexual feelings.

The present study method is a descriptive survey. The statistical population included all Men and Women referring to counseling centers affiliated with the Mashhad Family Court, of which 245 people (157 women and 88 men) were selected by available sampling method and answered the questionnaires of Hulbert’s sexual desire index, boredom proneness scale and sexual boredom scale. The psychometric properties of the sexual boredom scale were analyzed through the analysis of the principal component analysis, Pearson correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in spss software.

Using the factor analysis test, three underlying factors (sexual variety seeking, monotony and Stimulation Seeking) of sexual boredom scale were extracted. In the convergent and divergent validity test, the overall score of sexual boredom and the two dimensions of variety seeking and monotony were positively correlated with boredom proneness and negatively correlated with sexual desire. Also, sexual stimulation seeking was negatively correlated with boredom proneness. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the sexual boredom scale was 0.79 and for its dimensions was 0.68 to 0.82.

The findings indicate structural validity and acceptable reliability of the sexual boredom scale, and the multidimensional structure of this scale can help couples therapists to better diagnose, intervene, and understand the sexual and communication problems.

Existential thinking is defined as the tendency to explore the fundamental question of existence and is the candidate for inclusion as a ninth intelligence in the classification of Gardner's multiple intelligences, Due to the lack of a valid tools for measuring the structure of existential thinking in Iranian society, this study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the existential thinking scale.

a total of 250 subjects were selected from students in Al-Zahra and Shahed Universities in the academic year 2016-2017, using convenience sampling method. All participants completed the existential thinking scale (SET), death anxiety scale (DAS), existential anxiety questionnaire and spiritual intelligence self-report inventory (SISRI-24). Data analysis were performed by factor analysis, Pearson correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in SPSS V.23.

Factor structure was assessed using the exploratory factor analysis. one factor was obtained for SET. The reliability of the scale was assessed using Cronbach alpha and test re-test reliability coefficient. The Cronbach alpha value was 0.88 and the test re-test coefficient was 0.75. Morever, using the Pearson correlation coefficien, significant relationship were found between the score of SET and scores of existential anxiety questionnaire and all subscales of spritual intelligence, indicating the convergent and divergent validity of the inventory.

SET enjoys acceptable psychometric properties regarding the ease of administration, scoring, and interpretation, as well as the suitable validity and reliability of the scale. thus, researcher can safely use it in their studies.

Research in psychological sciences have been recently tied methodological rethinking and achievement. At this stand, Single-Case Experimental Designs (SCEDs) or N of 1 designs have been redeveloped. One of the biggest practical challenges of them is data analysis. This challenge may discourage classical and novice researchers in psychology from applying them. The Main purpose of this paper is to introduce the importance, theoretical terms and conditions of SCEDs and describe the visual and statistical analysis of data in numerical examples. Within and between condition analysis can be calculated and interpreted  using many statistical and visual methods. In this paper, these methods have been clearly described along with the interpretable criteria for all of them.