فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال هجدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 64، پاییز 1399)

The value priorities of individuals are influenced by a variety of factors that affect individuals' social behaviors and actions. The present study was conducted to investigate gender differences in students' value system, Engagement, social competence, and cognitive styles. The statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students of the University of Tehran in the academic year 1397-98. The research sample was 150 male and female students of Tehran University who were selected by stratified random sampling. The value system questionnaire, the engagement of students’ scale belongs to Gunuc & Kuzu, Hart's competence perception, and the carton cognitive styles questionnaire were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that male students scored higher on material values, cognitive competence, social competence, and physical competence. In using educational strategies and teaching methods, education professionals need to consider the gender and individual disparities of students based on physical, psychological, cultural, and spiritual aspects.

The present study aims to measure the social happiness of Isfahan women based on their socioeconomic status. Research is based on a quantitative approach and the data gathering tool is a two-part questionnaire consisting of demographic information and social happiness scale. For measuring social happiness, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was used. The research sample is 395 citizens aged 15 to 65 years in 15 Isfahan urban areas in 2019-2020, which were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. The results indicate that the level of social happiness in women is significantly below the average (p < 0.05). The results of the analysis of variance show that mean differences of some social happiness factors such as satisfaction with life, sociability/empathy, positive outlook, well-being, and self-esteem are significant based on socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). Furthermore, social satisfaction varies between the classes such that the lower average is related to the lower class, and the upper class is correlated with the highest. Moreover, among the classes, social happiness varies such that the lowest average is linked to the lower class, and the upper class is related to the highest average. Overall, we find that the socioeconomic status and age of women in Isfahan have the power to predict social happiness.

Marital satisfaction is an important concept with a multidimensional structure that has a significant role in maintaining and strengthening the family foundation. The purpose of this study is to predict marital satisfaction based on assertiveness and emotional expressiveness concerning the mediating role of quality of life in female athletes and non-athletes. The study is a descriptive-correlational one. The statistical population of the study included all athletes and non-athletes married women living in Tehran, of whom 200 of them (100 individuals in each group) were selected using a convenient sampling method. Data collection tools included Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), The Quality of Life of the World Health Organization (1996), Gambrill and Ritchie Assertiveness (1975), and the Emotional Expressiveness of King and Emmons (1990). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS-22 and AMOS software. Path analysis results found that the proposed model has a good fit and the quality of life mediates the relationship of assertiveness and emotional expression with marital satisfaction. The marital satisfaction of female athletes was significantly higher than the marital satisfaction of non-athletes. The findings of the current study show the importance of variables related to marital satisfaction and the effects of sports activities on women’s marital relationships.

Although mothering is widely believed to be a biological and natural stage of women's lives, feminism tells us that not all women have the same experience of mothering. They perceive and act upon it, depending on different cultural contexts. In this research, which includes my reflexive narrative of maternal experience, I attempted to challenge the involvement of dominant ideologies of mothering by narrating the cultural aspects of my own maternal experience. I related this personal story, which challenged my situation alongside others in a social context, to the maternal experience of a marginalized mother. In this regard, I attempted to link our story, which included two small local narratives, to the main body of society by writing a motivational and testimonial text. The story of each of us is full of considerations related to the intersection of gender, ethnicity, social class, language, and other domination systems that determine our privileges, inequalities, and proximity to power. In other words, when the linguistic nature of the word "mother" is replaced by its historical and social reality, it leads to the reproduction of social inequality and marginalizes the maternal experiences of many women.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric adequacy of the Cyber-Victimization Scale among 326 girl students of Tehran that were selected with the use of virtual snowball sampling. In this correlational study, they completed the Cyber-Victimization Scale (Buelga et al., 2019), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Purcell, 2007), and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (Joseph & Stockton, 2018). The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods and internal consistency were used to compute the CYBVICS's factorial validity and reliability, respectively. To examine the construct validity of the CYBVICS, correlations between different dimensions of CYBVICS with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale were computed. The results of principal component analysis (PC) and varimax rotation replicated 2-factor structures: direct cyber-victimization and indirect cyber-victimization in the Iranian sample. The goodness of fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis with the use of AMOS confirmed the 2 extracted factors. Correlational analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale's factors provided initial evidence for the CYBVICS convergent validity & correlational analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale's factors provided initial evidence for the CYBVICS discriminant validity. Internal consistency for the CYBVICS's factors was desirable (a=0.93). In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the CYBVICS as an instrument to assess the Cyber-Victimization among Iranian girl students.

Social entrepreneurship is one of the issues in scientific circles that have been considered along with organizational and economic entrepreneurship. The development of social entrepreneurship is considered as one of the ways to solve social problems and harms. The category of social entrepreneurship can help accelerate the progress of the country. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the mediating role of the antecedents of entrepreneurial intent concerning previous experiences of social problems and entrepreneurial intention. The present study is a descriptive survey research. Data were collected using a 19-item standard questionnaire by Hookerts (2017). The statistical population of the study was 120 female managers and activists of social entrepreneurship and the sample size was calculated to be 92 people using the Morgan table. To select the sample, a stratified random sampling method was used. Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling and LISREL software. The results showed that at the 95% confidence level of the structural model of the research, it has a good fit. Previous social problems affect the moral commitment and self-efficacy of social entrepreneurship, but the effect of previous experience of social problems on entrepreneurial intent was rejected and finally, the positive role of two mediating variables was confirmed. Thus, moral commitment, social entrepreneurship self-efficacy affects the intention of social entrepreneurship.