مجله یافته های نوین زمین شناسی کاربردی
پیاپی 28 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Kahriz Plain is located in the West Azarbaijan province along Urmia Lake and is part of the Urmia Lake catchment. Given the proximity of this plain to Urmia Lake and changes in groundwater level in this region, this study aimed to investigate the quality of groundwater from the results of 12 sampling stations during three dry periods (September) of 88-89, 91-92 and 95-94 was used for comparison. The results showed that the water type was Calcic-Magnesium-Chlorate in the first period and changed to Calcic-Carbonate-Chlorate type indicating the interaction of water-rock in the region. Groundwater quality for drinking and agriculture showed that due to high salinity and sodium content in all three periods, the northern part and areas leading to Urmia Lake were not of good quality and had limited use. The direction of groundwater flow in the region is from west to Urmia Lake, and thus the amount of electrical conductivity along with the total soluble solids increases from west to lake. The highest correlation was observed between electrical conductivity parameters and total soluble solids (p <0.05 and r = 0.9) and ions were highly correlated and had a common origin. Investigation of indices of sodium percent, sodium uptake ratio, permeability, magnesium risk and Kelly ratio indicate low to moderate limitations in groundwater use in irrigation systems. Groundwater quality based on geochemical ratios is one of the factors controlling the effect of evaporative minerals dissolution, extensive evaporation, and probability of saline water infiltration. In terms of electrical conductivity, 25% of the samples are in poor condition and show high to medium restriction for northern areas including Goltapeh and Jamalabad, Ghushchi and Qolghani areas. Therefore, different methods such as leaching and modification of the cropping pattern are needed.

The Bakharden-Quchan Faulted Zone is located in central part of trusted folding belts of Kopeh Dagh in NE-Iran with an array of active right lateral-strike slip faults by trending NW-SE. the most seismic activities have distributed around and along major fault systems of this zone. Because of neotectonic activities and ends bending of these faults in the Bakharden-Quchan Zone and mechanism changing faults to reverse accompanying with trusting vector have increased stress, shortening, seismicity and high density of earthquakes in their ends. This zone has constantly put unter affection neotectonic stresses convergence of Arabia-Eurasia plates since last phase of Alpine orogeny. In this paper by using of Zmap software and Box counting method were used to compute surface fractal dimension of faults distribution that is shown geometric disorder pattern of earthquakes and forming two cells with high fractal dimension along the Bakharden-Quchan Faulted Zone.

This study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal contamination and their origin in eastern Azna city in Lorestan province. For this purpose, heavy metals of surface soil samples 113 (5-15 m) were analyzed in the eastern Azna city by AAS flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Origin indices and degree of contamination including enrichment factor (Ef) and its percentage, Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf) were calculated to evaluate soil contamination. Based on the results, the mean concentrations of heavy metals including Zn, Y, V, Sn, Sr, Sc, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, B, Br were 86.9, 51, 161, 14.5, 160, 26, 32.6, 65.4, 34, 22.9, 0.7, 102, 393 mg/kg, respectively, which Br has the highest and Cd the least. Maximum and minimum enrichment factors are also Cd and Br, respectively. The results showed that the studied area is not heavily contaminated with heavy metals but the concentration of some metals is very high in some places and in the case of a natural source of contamination (rock and soil), these sites can be used as potential mining and resource sources.

The study area is located in the south of Markazi province, in Khomein city, in the Sanandaj- Sirjan zone and in the lead and zinc metal belt of Malayer-Isfahan. The research was conducted on 170 samples of 33 boreholes in Haft-Savaran area to identify Pb anomaly. Studies have shown that original and modified singularity models provide acceptable results for geochemical anomalies, but the results of the weighted singularity model were not significant in the two- and three-dimensional studies. Therefore, two-dimensional and three-dimensional integration of singularities are effective in separating the position and spreading the anomalies.Modified singularity model could provide better results than the original singularity method due to the separation of weak anomalies. Coefficient of areal association also indicated a high correlation between original and modified singularity models. Finally, it was found that Pb mineralization has a SW- NE trend in the region.

In recent years, recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from coal reserves as by products, in many countries has helped to alleviate the current raw material crisis. Due to the variety of research done in this field and the lack of a review article, doing this research is necessary. The purpose of this article is to review the geochemical distribution of rare earth elements in coal with an overview on Iranian coal. The results of this research show that the amount of heavy rare earth elements is usually higher than light coal rare earth elements than shales and chondrites. The proportion of Ce/Yb ratio in conventional shales is 4 to 6 and in coal and coal shales is about 7 to 8. Four sources for this enrichment have been proposed: 1. Organic origin, 2. Surface absorption by clay minerals in coal basins, 3. Mineral origin and 4. Sedimentation with organic matter during coal formation. Studies have also shown that the concentration of elements on the ash from coal combustion is much higher than coal itself. Extraction of these elements from the ash is easier than coal mining, which significantly reduces the environmental problems caused by the resulting ashes by combustion. The study of Alborz coal (Karmzad, Loshan, and Shahrood) and Central Iran (Tabas, Heshuni, Pabdana, Pudnee Springs, Hajdak) has shown that the grade of rare earth elements in Iranian coal is higher than the average grade of these elements in the upper crust and coal of the world such as China and America.

Tahlab ophiolite is located at the Southeastern of Taftan volcano and the Sistan suture zone. This ophiolite (Upper Cretaceous) exposed in the Flysch zone (Eocene). Harzburgites and gabbro's rocks are main part of this ophiolite that studied in this article. Ultramafic rocks have olivine and pyroxene minerals.  Mafic rocks have plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine minerals. Serpentine and chlorite have secondary minerals. They are dominant granular, ophitic and sub-ophitic textures. All of REE elements in spider diagrams compared to enrichment mantle have low depletion in HREE and low enrichment to LREE, relatively flat slope, and more similar to E-MORB. Transition elements diagrams (V, Co, Cr, Ni) in against to La / Ce ratio show that differentiation of olivine mineral. High Mg number in the samples (42.91 to 86.02) shows that magma resulted from partial melting from mantle. Also (La/Sm) N in the samples are between 1.37 to 0.34 that show they are mantle source.  Tectonomagmatic diagrams shows Tahlab ophiolite has belonging to extensional oceanic intraplate, so it seems this ophiolite formed by subduction of Neothytean oceanic during Cretaceous between Lut and Afghan blocks.

Clayey soil can cause problems such as swelling and significant settlements during the geotechnical projects. In this regard, improving and reinforcing methods of weak soils can be classified into mechanical, chemical, and physical procedures. Nowadays, the use of available and waste materials is considered to prevent environmental pollution for soil stabilization. One of these materials is cement kiln dust, which is a by-product of Portland cement. In the present study, the possibility of stabilizing two types of bentonite and kaolin clayey soils is evaluated using cement kiln dust (CKD). For this purpose, cement kiln dust was mixed with clayey soils at 10, 20, 25, and 30% and then processed for 7, 14, and 28 days. To investigate the geotechnical behavior of stabilized soil, laboratory tests such as Atterberg limits, compaction, uniaxial compressive strength, direct shear test, and consolidation were carried out. The results show that the optimal amount of CKD is 30% during the processing time of 28 days, which are the most effective on bentonite. The results of bentonite stabilization show a 65%, 58%, and 75% of reduction in the plasticity index, compression index, and swelling potential, respectively. On the other hand, maximum dry unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, and shear strength increased by 8.7%, 3 times, and 9.4%, respectively, compared to the unstabilized state.

Sepidar anticline in southwest of the Zagros, located in a tectonically active area, is delineated by the Sepidar, Sabzpoushan, Khafr and other active faults. This anticline has lost its cover of soft Miocene and Pliocene sediment and is now developed solely in the Asmari resistant limestone. Fractal dimensions of drainage pattern, fractures and earthquake in the Sepidar anticline show different values which varied in the NW-SE direction. Based on these variations, the northwestern parts of the fold have more tectonic activity than the southeastern parts. The transition between these parts correlated with saddle in the fold crest, which has undergone less uplift than the surroundings parts of the fold. Asymmetric forked drainage pattern, sinuosity drainage, and dry valley in the Sepidar flanks are geomorphological evidences of lateral propagation of folds. These geomorphological evidences and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) maps of fractal variations demonstrate the Sepidar anticline as a sub-cylindrical fold resulted from linear linkage with a saddle at the location where the two initial folds linked.

Circular diamond sawblades and diamond wire saw have extensive applications in the processing of natural stones. The cutting performance is affected by the rock properties, sawing characteristics and working conditions. So far, many researchers focused on modeling and estimating the sawing performance. Performance prediction of sawing machine have important role in the cost estimation. The aim of present study is to develop nonlinear models for estimating cutting force in circular diamond sawblades using Imperialist Commutative Algorithm (ICA) optimization techniques and compare the results obtained from literature models. For this purposes, the conducted tests on the granitic rocks were used in the case study and the proposed models based on those data have been evaluated. The peripheral speed, traverse speed, cut depth and flow rate of cooling fluid are used to predict the cutting force. According to the calculated statistical error between the forecasted and real measured values of cutting force, ICA-based model has the lowest values of MAPE, VARE, MEDAE and RMSE, while it has the highest value of VAF, in comparison to the other models.  It is concluded that this ACII-based model is superior to others.

In this study, geotechnical properties and the relationship between cohesion (C) and internal friction angle (ϕ) with SPT number is investigated in 120 boreholes in sedimentary basins of Kerman. Also, the effect of hydrated lime on petrography and mechanical properties of CL soil was investigated. The correlation between C and SPT (R2 =0.72) is stronger than that of ϕ and SPT (R2 =0.62) which shows the effect of C on the shear strength of fine-grained soils is higher than the effect of friction angle on the strength of these soils. Based on the results of the ANN model the correlation coefficients of ϕ and c with SPT are 0.84 and 0.90, respectively. Based on the R2 and RMSE, ANN showed higher accuracy than simple regression for prediction of ϕ and c parameters. It is proved that, the SPT could be used for estimating cohesion and friction angle of clays (CL) especially at the preliminary stage of projects with acceptable accuracy. To study the effect of lime on strength and compaction properties of clay soil, a set of samples were prepared by adding different contents of lime. Next, the standard Proctor test and uniaxial compressive strength test at the optimum moisture content were performed. SEM analysis showed substantial changes in the soil structure after the addition of additives. Also, an increase in the hydrated lime content results in a decrease in their maximum dry unit weight and increase in the optimum moisture content. Furthermore, it was found that an increase in hydrated lime content results in the increase of compressive strength and optimum moisture content. The maximum compressive strength is achieved at 7% hydrated lime.

Mining restoration operations follow the goals including reduction of the hazards from mining operations, restoring affected lands and consumed water resources, reducing the impacts raised from mining operations, ensuring environmental resources conservation, stabilizing the socioeconomic environment of the area after mining activities, and creating new mining opportunities. This paper aims to provide an appropriate recommendation for the reconstruction of Sarbisheh bentonite mine considering natural and cultural criteria using fuzzy TOPSIS linguistic variables. The mine under study is located 50 km southeast of Birjand and 15 km northeast of Sarbisheh. Recently, different scenarios have been proposed for the refurbishment of the mining area among which are the forestry and wildlife, tourist attractions, agriculture, housing, educational, commercial and industrial establishments. Criteria like topography, slope, elevation, drainage, descents, rock coverage, agricultural and engineering are considered as natural criteria and location, accessibility, site size and shape, conditions of the mine, ownership, type, and intensity of use, behavior of indigenous peoples, regulatory constraints, and the way corporations use them are considered as the cultural criteria for evaluating mining reconstruction scenarios. This study aims at selecting the best mine reconstruction method by considering all effective criteria and comments from mining experts regarding the parameters’ weight and the performance of each parameter against each criterion and also with the purpose of environmental protection. Based on the fuzzy TOPSIS method and considering the natural and cultural criteria, first agriculture and then tourist attraction were suggested as the preferred alternatives for the reconstruction of this mine.

The Bidakhavid mine is located on the western margin of the Shirkouh Batholith in the Central Iran and as a part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. This mine is the result of alteration of quaternary alluvial deposits. The main unit of the Bidakhavid mine is the iron oxide cement-semi-hardened alluvial-abrasive sediments with main minerals, including quartz, biotite, K- feldspar, altered plagioclase and clay minerals. Significant geological aspects are the emission of sulfur gases and the deposition of natural sulfur in surface of Quaternary alluvial deposits. The presence of efflorsence minerals such as halotrichite, confirm a fumarole region and the release of volcanic sulfid gases associated with young volcanism in the Dehshir fault zone. Iron sulfate efflorsence minerals are produced by pyrite oxidation and the formation of acidic environments on the surface of the groundwater table. The occurrence of this highly acidic environment has led to the occurrence of alteration minerals such as pyrite, sericite, rectorite, illite and jarosite.