نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 58، فروردین 1400)

The purpose of this study was a comparison of the effectiveness of paradoxical timetable and cognitive behavioral therapy on concern and rumination of individuals with social anxiety disorder. The population of the present study consisted of individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder in Tehran and Gorgan that of these, 45 were selected by available sampling method and were replaced in one control group and two experimental groups. The instruments used in the study included the Penn State Concern Questionnaire (Zeinberg & Barlow, 1990) and the Ruminant Response Scale (Nolen, 1989). Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of worry and rumination in the paradox timetable and cognitive-behavioral therapy group compared to the control group. Also, despite the paradoxical timetable relative superiority over cognitive-behavioral therapy, there was no significant difference in worry and rumination scores in the post-test and follow-up stages (p> 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the treatment of paradoxical timetables and cognitive-behavioral has reduced the symptoms of worry and rumination in individuals with social anxiety disorder.  

The purpose of this study was predicting of work-family conflict based on irrational beliefs and perceived social support. The statistical population of the study included all female teachers of first-grade high school in district 3 in Qom city in the academic year 2018-19 (N=1998). 322 Subjects were selected by multistage stratified sampling. In order to collect the data, the work-Family Conflict Questionnaire of Carlson et al. (2000), the Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire of Jones (1969), and the Social Support Questionnaire of Zimit (1988) were used. Stepwise regression analysis by SPSS-23 software was used to analyze the data. results showed all subscales of irrational beliefs (helplessness for change (b=41%), expectation of approval (b=23%), emotional irresponsibility (b=54%) and job avoidance (b=44%)) predict work-family conflict (b=-26%). among the components of irrational beliefs, the component of emotional irresponsibility had a greater share in explaining the work-family conflict (b=54%). among teachers' perceptions of social support (family, friends, and others) only the family support negatively predicts work-family conflict (b=-26%). According to the results of the study, by reducing irrational beliefs and increasing family social support, it can be expected that the rate of work-family conflict among female teachers will decrease. Therefore, it is suggested that training sessions and consultations be held among female teachers to identify irrational beliefs, as well as to inform families in order to become more familiar with social support resources, in order to moderate work-family conflict.

One of the most common mental disorders is anxiety disorders and depression. Therefore, recognizing the factors influencing their formation and continuity is very important. The present study aimed to predict symptoms of anxiety and depression according to satisfaction of basic psychological needs. 362 individuals (220 men, 142 women) selected from the University of Tehran using the convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale (BNSG-S, Gagne 2003) and the Stress Depression Anxiety Scale (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond 1995). The results indicate that satisfying the basic psychological needs had a negative correlation significantly with the symptoms of anxiety and depression (P<0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that satisfying psychological needs could predict 16% of the variance of the research variables. It can be concluded that satisfying psychological need is one of the determinants of psychological health, meanwhile playing a preventive role in a psychological disorder.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the differences in lifestyle and happiness between couples with white, traditional, and modern marriages. The method of the present study was descriptive and causal-comparative. The study population included all female patients referred to the Welfare Counseling Center of Ashtiani in 1397. The sample consisted of 45 women who had traditional, modern, and white marriages. Sampling was done purposefully so that 15 people were replaced in each group. The analysis was performed using SPSS-21 software using one-way and multi-way analysis of variance. Findings showed that there is a significant difference between the variables of a relaxed lifestyle, family functioning, and couples' sense of happiness. The study found that sedentary lifestyles were more common in traditional marriages than in modern marriages and white marriages. But there was no significant difference between modern marriage and white marriage in this index. It was also shown in the section on feelings of happiness that the level of feelings of happiness of couples in modern marriages is higher than the other two groups.

The aim of the present study was to predict empathy based on the Component's executive functions in children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder symptoms. The method of this study was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population included elementary school male students (ages 8 to 12 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Tabriz in the academic year of 2019-2020, 120 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were selected by cluster random sampling. Multi-stage was selected using the Child Behavior Rating Scale (Swanson, Nolan & Pelham,1980). Strop test (Raydli, 1995), continuous performance test (Razveld, et al, 1996), and children's cognitive and emotional empathy scale (Dadss, et al, 2008) were used to collect data. The results of path analysis showed that response inhibition and sustained attention have a significant role in predicting cognitive and emotional empathy (P<0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that deficits in executive functions can lead to a lack of empathy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of quality of life in school with academic self-concept, psychological well-being, and academic eagerness. This is a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of the study was all secondary high school students in Zehak. 323 students entered the study by stratified random sampling method. Data collection instruments were quality of life in school (Anderson & Bourke, 2000), academic self-concept (Yi-Hissn Chen, 2004), psychological well-being (Ryff, 1989), and academic Engagement (Schafeli, Salanova, Gonzalez-Roma & Baker, 2002) questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data. The finding showed that quality of life in school has a positive and significant relationship with academic self-concept, (r=0.71), psychological well-being (r=0.79), and academic eagerness (r=0.67). Also, quality of life in school has been able to predict 56%, 65%, and  47% of the variance of academic self-concept, psychological well-being, and academic eagerness, respectively. According to the results, School management should provide a safe and autonomous school environment for students by establishing clear and consistent educational rules and regulations, establishing positive friendships between teachers and students, providing opportunities for emotional support, so that students are involved in the learning process with appropriate psychological well-being, positive academic self-concept, and high academic enthusiasm.

Positive psychotherapy has some efficiencies in the treatment of depression but its effectiveness can be increased through technical and theoretical integration. The aim of the present study is to develop an integrative treatment model and comparing its effectiveness with positive psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. The research design is quasi-experimental. The population consists of all individuals with major depression in the city of Mashhad. One hundred twenty participants with major depression were included in the present study. They were allocated in four groups of integrative positive psychotherapy, positive psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and control group. All participants responded to the dysfunctional attitudes scale (Beck & Weissman 1978), Beck Depression Inventory (1979), and Values In Action-Inventory of Strengths (Petrerson & Seligman 2004). The data were analyzed through covariance analysis. No significant difference was found between the three intervention groups in the post-test. However, all intervention groups demonstrated significant differences with the control group in the post-test.In follow-up, integrative positive psychotherapy demonstrated higher effectiveness in relapse prevention in comparison to other treatments. findings of the present study demonstrated that clinical application of some character strengths can improve the effectiveness of treatment in relapse prevention.

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and Autism are neurodevelopmental disorder that creates many problems for parents and families in term of parenting and parent's mental health. The purpose of this study was to compare the parental stress and anger self-regulation skill in parents of children with ADHD and autism. The research method of the present study was descriptive-causal comparative. 60 parents (30 parents of children with ADHD and 30 parents of children with autism) were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Data were collected by Parenting Stress Questionnaire (Abidin, 1983) and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (Spilberger, 1999). Data were analyzed by t-test. Findings indicated that the scores of parenting stress and anger self-regulation skill were significantly higher in parents of children with Autism than those with ADHD (P<0/05). According to the findings of this study can be concluded that parents of children with Autism compared with parents of children with ADHD have more parenting stress and parents of children with ADHD compared with parents of children with Autism have less anger self-regulation skill which may be caused by the special needs of these children. In this way, planning and implementing appropriate psychological and educational interventions for the parents of these children can be very helpful.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of emotional self-awareness, referral thinking, and mental vitality in predicting relapse in women using drugs. This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was women who used drugs referring to harm reduction centers and night shelters in Tehran, District 12. Among them, 60 people who were on withdrawal for a maximum of two weeks were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools included the Addiction Return Prediction Questionnaire (Wright, 1993), Emotional Self-Awareness (Grant et al., 2002), Reference Thinking (Ering, 2010), and Mental Vitality (Ryan and Frederick, 1997). Pearson correlation test and simultaneous linear regression were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that returning to addiction had a positive and significant relationship with referral thinking (repetitive negative thoughts, perceived dysfunction, and mental capacity capture) and a negative and significant relationship with emotional self-awareness (recognition, identification, communication, problem-solving, environmentalism) and mental vitality (P <0.05). Regression results also showed that recognition (-0.38), communication (-0.20), problem solving (-0.26), repetitive negative thoughts (0.22), perceived inefficiency (0.40), mental capacity capture (0.31) and mental vitality (-0.38) predict a return to addiction. Given the role of emotional self-awareness, referral thinking, and mental vitality in predicting a return to addiction in women drug users, it is necessary to conduct workshops based on these concepts to people who are quitting drugs.

Torrance creativity tests are widely and continuously used in educational settings and are among the most popular tests of divergent thinking. This study was conducted to determine the originality score for the answers of Figural Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking on Iranian students. For this purpose, this test was performed on 585 primary school students in Sabzevar. After excluding the sheets that did not meet the scoring requirements, 542 test sheets were analyzed. The answers of all students were collected in each picture, then the frequency and percentage of each answer were obtained. The originality score of each answer was calculated according to the Torrance method for scoring originality. For each answer in the image subtest, the originality score was considered from zero to five. In the subtest of completing the images, the range of originality scores from zero to two was determined. In the parallel lines subtest, the answers were scored from zero to three. Then, according to the type and frequency of the subjects' answers, a table related to each test item is compiled for the use of testers. Now, according to the results of this research, different types of answers of Iranian students can be scored more accurately in the figural form A of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking in terms of the degree of originality.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality-based worry exposure therapy on the severity of symptoms and cognitive avoidance in patients with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. This study was conducted in the framework of a single-subject experimental design using multiple baselines with a 6-week follow-up. Three women with GAD were selected through a structured clinical interview based on the criteria of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5 (DSM5) by Convenience Sampling among those who referred to the Counseling centers in Tabriz. The protocol of this study followed the manual by Becker and Margraf (2002) which describes imaginal exposure for GAD applied in 15 sessions. The only difference was that in this research exposure to virtual reality replaced with imagination. In this study, three 360-degree films were made by the researcher used for the exposure. The content made in the form of 360-degree videos and displayed to patients through virtual reality tools. The scales to assess changes in Gad symptoms and cognitive avoidance include the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire by Spitz, Kroenke, Williams, Lowe (2006) and the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire by sexton and Dugas (2009). Data analyzed with visuals inspection, improvement percentage, and reliable change index strategies. Results showed that virtual reality-based worry exposure therapy has significant efficiency in the reduction of GAD symptoms and cognitive avoidance clinically and statistically (p<0.05). virtual reality-based worry exposure therapy has appropriate efficacy in reducing GAD symptoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles, family cohesion, and perceived gender discrimination in predicting psychological hardiness in women with the reverse age of marriage. This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was women with the reverse age of marriage who referred to family counseling centers affiliated with welfare in district 10 of Tehran. Among them, 60 people were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools included the Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire (Kubasa, 1979), Attachment Styles (Collins Reed, 1990), Family Cohesion (Samani, 2002), and Gender Discriminatory Events (Klonoff and Landrin, 1995). Pearson correlation test and simultaneous linear regression were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that psychological hardiness had a positive and significant relationship with close (secure) attachment style and family cohesion and a negative and significant relationship with dependent (avoidance) and anxiety (ambivalent) styles and perceived gender discrimination (P <0.05). Regression results also showed that the styles of closeness (0.21), dependence (-0.26), anxiety (-0.41), family cohesion (0.44), and perceived gender discrimination (-0.36) Predict psychological hardship. Considering the role of attachment styles, family cohesion and perceived gender discrimination in predicting psychological hardiness in women with the reverse age of marriage, Conducting workshops based on these concepts is essential for couples in premarital counseling.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional-social skills training on emotional/social competence and psychological well-being in single-parent girls. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all single-parent female high school students in Sarab city in 2019, from which 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental (15 people) and control group (15 people). The experimental group received 10 75- minute sessions of emotional-social skills training. In order to collect data, the social competency questionnaire (Parandin, 2005) and the psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1980) were used. Data analysis was performed by univariate analysis of variance. Findings showed that emotional-social skills training had a significant effect on improving emotional/social competence (F= 112.83, P<0.01) and psychological well-being (F =102.63, P<0.01) in single-parent girls. These results indicate that teaching these skills to single-parent students can help increase their social and psychological functioning.

This study aimed to compare the dimensions of time perspective in students with and without existential anxiety. The research method was causal-comparative. the statistical population included all students of Ardabil Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2020-2021. The research sample consisted of 80 students (40 students with existential anxiety and 40 students without existential anxiety) who were selected by the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Existence Anxiety Questionnaire (Masoudi Sani et al., 2015) and the Time Perspective Questionnaire (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the students with and without existence anxiety in terms of the past-negative, hedonistic present, and fatalistic present perspectives (P <0.01). the mean scores of students with existential anxiety in these three variables were higher than students without existential anxiety. But there was no significant difference between the positive past, future, and transcendent future perspectives in students with and without existential anxiety. Therefore, the obtained results can indicate the great importance of negative past, hedonistic present, and fatalistic time perspectives in distinguishing students with existential anxiety from normal students.

The diary research method is one of the types of qualitative research that is different in context and over time due to its capacity to record the desired phenomena on a regular basis. This method, like other qualitative methods, is flexible and can be tailored to different research questions. The tendency of contemporary research is to study the feeling and perceptions of popular culture and the discourse of the humanities, which are overlap with the perspectives of diary studies. Now with the growth of new media and digital technology and the explosion of online attention to people's lives, this method is expanding. This paper will introduce the method of diary method, its background, and methods of data collection, goals, data analysis, and ethical considerations in order to provide a basis for using this method.

The uncontrollable and unpredictable nature of a chronic illness, in addition to experience of fear, anger, uncertainty about future and sorrow makes a person to perceive the disease as a dangerous factor. During the 20th century the theories of coping has aroused from two traditions including psychodynamic thought and cognitive psychology. Over time, three concepts of a search for meaning in the experience; an attempt to gain a sense of control or mastery over the illness; and an effort to restore self-esteem were considered as effective factors in adjustment to chronic illness. In later studies, researches gradually became interested in the structure of coping, and contextually-based models of coping and so the sociological model, integrative, biopsychosocial model, and interactive model were presented. With increasing knowledge and understanding of the consequences of chronic disease, personal resources such as demographic characteristics, intellectual ability and personality characteristics as well as health-related factors such as disease severity, location and type of disability, health-care environment and treatment procedures were added to previous factors of psychological models. Recently acute stressor or critical events such as initial diagnosis, change in prognosis, progression, and/or disability were also considered in presenting a model of psychologica Sourcel adjustment to chronic illnesses. Further progress on the issue of psychological adjustment to chronic illness was the understanding the role of stress on the immune system. In this way stressor ultimately impact on disease/ syndrome activity, which in turn influences physical adjustment outcomes, via interactions between psychosocial variables that influence neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms.