نشریه ‪ آسیب شناسی، مشاوره و غنی سازی خانواده‬
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

The family the environment are the first and most effective on the development of a childrenchr('39')s personality and achievement motivation and self-esteem. This study aimed to investigate the effect of parenting styles on the childrenchr('39')s achievement motivation and self-esteem of 10 to 12 years. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a post-test pretest design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all male and female students aged 10 to 12 years in District 4 of Tehran as well as the parents of those students. In this study, a simple cluster sampling method was used. Thus, out of all primary schools in Tehranchr('39')s 4th district, two schools (Ehsan and Saba schools) were selected as a cluster, and 30 people (15 experiments and 15 control people) were randomly assigned to experimental groups and control groups. The experimental group received educational intervention in three 90-minute sessions over three months. The tool used in this study included a self-esteem scale by Pep et al. (1989) and a motivation for progress scale by Herman (1977). Data were analyzed and analyzed using covariance analysis. The results of the data analysis showed that the intervention effect of parenting styles had a significant effect on self-esteem with an effect size (0.78) more than motivation with the effect size (0.56). So, teaching parents parenting styles have a significant effect on the motivation of children to progress and self-esteem for 10 to 12 years at the same time.

Feelings of loneliness, excitement, and emotional ambiguity are some of the most common psychopathological complaints, which can have serious consequences for mental health. This study aimed to predict the feeling of loneliness based on the expression of emotion and emotional ambiguity. The method of the present study was a correlation. The statistical population of the present study included all elderly people living in Kahrizak sanatorium in Tehran. In this study, a simple random sampling method was used. Thus, among all elderly people living in Kahrizak sanatorium in Tehran, 197 people (107 men and 90 women) were randomly sampled. The questionnaires used in this study included the Single Feeling Questionnaire (Dehshiri et al, 2007), the Emotional Expression Scale (King and Emmons, 1990), and the Dualism Scale on Emotional Expression (King and Emmons, 1990). Data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that 72% of the variance of the total participantschr('39') sense of loneliness was expressed by 3 components of emotional expression (positive emotion intimacy and negative emotion) and 2 components of emotional ambivalence (ambivalence in expressing positive emotion and ambivalence in the expression). Entitlement is explained. The results showed that loneliness in the elderly can be predicted based on the styles of emotional expression and emotional expression, which indicates that loneliness in older men can be predicted with a higher degree of confidence than in female seniors.

Parents with children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder suffer from a lot of stress and stress and mental disorders due to the many problems of these children. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the social anxiety of mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research design was based on a semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test approach and control group. The research population included all the mothers of Children with ADHD (7-12 years old) in district 2 of Kerman City in 2018. A total number of 32 participants were selected as a research sample by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to an experimental group (16 participants) and a control group (16 participants). The cognitive-behavioral therapy was conducted on the experimental group for nine 90-minute sessions. The control group was in line for two months. The Najarian & Davoodi Social Anxiety Questionnaire (2001) used in two stages of pre-test and post-test for data collection. ANCOVA used for data analysis. Research findings showed that an investigation of the effect of the pre-test indicates a significant difference between the average scores of post-test social anxiety in the experimental group. Therefore, it can state that cognitive-behavioral therapy is influential in reducing the social anxiety of the mothers of children with ADHD (P<0.001, F= 158/19). Considering the research results, it is recommended that the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy are used in counseling and psychotherapy rehabilitation centers to present new horizons in clinical interventions of these mothers and their children.

Children and adolescents with psychological and behavioral disorders also face a variety of psychological traumas for their mothers. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion-focused group therapy on the self-efficacy and resilience of the mothers of children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). It was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest, and control group design. The statistical population of the present study included mothers of children with ODD in the academic year 2018-19. 30 mothers of the children with ODD were selected through a purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 mothers). 3 mothers from the experimental group and two from the control group withdrew from the study. The experimental group received ten ninety-minute sessions of self-compassion-focused group therapy twice a week for five weeks. The applied questionnaires included a self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer, Madddux, 1982) and resilience (Conner and Davidson, 2003). The data were analyzed through the ANCOVA method via SPSS-23 statistical software. The results of data analysis showed that self-compassion-focused group therapy has been effective on self-efficacy and resilience of the mothers of children with ODD (P<0.001). According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that self-compassion-focused group therapy can be applied as an efficient one to improve the self-efficacy and resilience of the mothers of children with ODD.

Marital conflicts cause psychological, emotional, and emotional damage to couples. According to this, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy on inefficient attitudes and the sense of coherence in the conflicted couples. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group design. The statistical population of the present study included the conflicted couples applying for divorce who were referred to consultation centers in Hamedan in the winter of 2018-19. 30 couples applying for divorce selected through a purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 couples). 3 couples were withdrawn from the experimental group and so were 2 couples from the control group. The experimental group received nine ninety-minute sessions of emotionally focused couple therapy for 5 weeks twice a week. The applied questionnaires in the current study included inefficient attitudes (Wiseman and Beck, 1978) and a sense of coherence (Antonski, 1993). The data analyzed through the ANCOVA method via SPSS23 software. The results of data analysis showed that emotionally focused couple therapy has been effective in inefficient attitudes and a sense of coherence in the conflicted couples (P<0.001). According to the findings of the present study, it concludes that emotionally focused couple therapy can use as an efficient therapy to decrease inefficient attitudes and decrease of sense of coherence in the couples

According to reports, marital conflicts have been on the rise during the Crisis of COVID-19 News. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting marital conflicts in the Crisis of COVID-19 News and to offer solutions to cut these conflicts. The present study is one of the qualitative studies that used Brown and Clark (2006) content analysis method to find and extract the components affecting marital conflicts in the Corona crisis as well as solutions to cut these conflicts. Participants in this study included 26 experts and subject matter experts in the field of the marital conflict who were selected by purposive sampling method and the reason for choosing this volume of the sample was the theoretical saturation rule. Data collected through open-ended interviews with experts. Corbin and Strauss (2014) coding method was used to analyze the data, which suggested three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The software used for analysis was MAXQDA 2018. Findings led to the identification of eleven factors affecting marital conflict and twelve strategies to cut marital conflict during the corona. The validity of the findings was assessed based on the content validity component (CVI) and reliability of the findings assessed based on the kappa coefficient test. According to the research findings, it is suggested to pay attention to the factors identified in this study to cut marital conflicts during the corona.

Resilience and problem-solving is part of ingredient leads to persistence of their marriage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Satir Communication Family Therapy on Couples Resilience and Problem Solving. The study used a quasi-experimental design and it is based on the pretest, post-test with a control group. Statistical society includes the couples who applied to the Mashhad Ferdowsi psychology and counseling specialty polyclinic. The number of couples referring to participate in the study was 30 couples, of which sixteen couples were selected and divided into two control (8 couples) and an experimental group (8couples). Couples are between 25 and 45 years old and their education ranges from diploma to doctorate Both groups completed the resilience questionnaire of Coner and Davidson (Cd. Ris) and the problem-solving questionnaire of Hepner(psi). To analyze the data, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were utilized, by 24 spss software. The outcomes indicate that the group therapy based on Satir communication approach on couple resilience and problem-solving had significant effects in the post-test (P≤0/001). This treatment was able to increase the resilience and problem-solving of couples (F=64/60, 60/89).

The marital commitment of couples has a very essential role in the stability of the system and the foundation of the family and is one of its basic elements, so the study of its influential and reinforcing components has high importance, The research design was descriptive correlational to investigate the mediating role of coupleschr('39') communication patterns in the relationship between love styles and marital commitment. The statistical population of the study included couples in Kermanshah in 1398 that 190 couples of them who were in 5 urban areas (1, 3, 5, 6 &7) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research tools used in this study included the Marital Commitment Questionnaire (Adams and Jones, 1997), the Triangular Love Scale (Sternberg, 1986), and the Couples Communication Patterns Questionnaire (Christensen and Salawi, 1984). Data were analyzed by multiple regression and Baron and Kenny test (1986). The results of data analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship(r=0.43& p <0.01) between lovemaking styles and marital commitment. Also, only a positive relationship between the subscales of the reciprocal constructive pattern among the couplechr('39')s interactive patterns with marital commitment (r= 0.19 and p<0.01) and lovemaking styles (r = 0.12 and p <0.01). It was meaningful. The mediating role of the constructive interaction model in the relationship between lovemaking styles and marital commitment was also confirmed. Therefore, by using the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that love styles by increasing the use of constructive communication model reinforcement and increases commitment in marital relationships, which results having a dynamic and stable family.

Intimate marital relationships are often recognized as a basic psychological need and one of the key features of marital relationships that affect marital adjustment. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching intimate behavior on the reduction of the tendency toward triangular relationships. The study has a quasi-experimental, pre-test/post-test design and involves a control group. 30 subjects were selected from among approximately 200 clients suffering from triangular relationship syndrome who had visited Sina Consultation Center in Hamedan, Iran, from March to September 2018. The subjects were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Data were collected through a questionnaire developed by the researchers to measure the desire for a triangular relationship. First, pre-test data were collected from both groups. Next, the experimental group received a 12-session course on intimate behavior while the control group underwent no treatment. Finally, post-test data were collected from all subjects. ANCOVA analysis of the data indicates that teaching intimate behavior to married women could reduce their tendency toward triangular relationships. Also, it could reduce intimate conversations with others, the tendency toward self-disclosure, desire for spending time with others, and going out with a third person.

One of the achievements of family developments is conflicts in relations between couples. The results of these conflicts can be seen in creating psychological problems and reducing the mental health of family members. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy on correcting irrational beliefs and increasing the mental health of couples suffering from marital conflicts. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population of the study included all couples suffering from marital conflicts referring to 3 counseling centers and family clinics (88 people) in Tehran in the first six months of 2019. Thirty-two of them were selected by targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental (16) and control (16) groups. The experimental group received cognitive-behavioral couple therapy for 12 sessions of 120 minutes 2 sessions per week; The control group was placed on the waiting list. Jones (1978) and Goldbergchr('39')s General Health (1972) General Health Questionnaires were used to gathering information. A covariance analysis test was used to analyze the data. Findings from the analysis of research data showed that by controlling the effect of pretest, there was a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of individuals in experimental and control groups in the variables of irrational beliefs (F=50/13) and mental health (F=46/87) (P<0/001). Overall, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy was effective as an effective intervention in correcting irrational beliefs and increasing the mental health of couples with marital conflicts.