Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Winter 2021

Food security comprises all circumstances of food including its availability, access, sufficiency nutritiousness, and healthiness for the well-being of human race in day to day activity of life. Food insecurity is a cumulative result of multi factors that can affect the economy, health, and livelihood of human beings of a nation or specific area. Among the factors human population pressure, well-being of the environment, feeding practices of people, educational background, and livestock rearing practices are the main contributing factors in the nation as well as in east Gojjam. The state of food insecurity and specific contributing factor of food and nutritional quality and security with its food diversity in east Gojjam has vital importance to know the problems and mitigate the challenges. The aim of this review is to identify and discuss the current status of food insecurity and its consequences, the role of livestock products in food/nutrition security, and future prospects of livestock production in eastern Gojjam. Among the Amhara region, East Gojjam is the one that has the highest prevalence of food insecurity ranging from 59.2% to 65.3%. Similarly, the overall agrospatial prevalence of food insecurity is 65.3%. Another study on Choke Mountain Watersheds in east Gojjam reported that Food insecurity across podoconiosis patients and the non-podoconiosis households were found 83.7% and 53% respectively. Food insecurity is highly associated with household malnutrition. Regarding this stunting are main indicator of malnutrition. The prevalence of stunting in eastern Gojjam ranges from 37.5 to 52.5%. out of the stunted children 48.5% and 47.7% boys and girls respectively. Similarly, another indicator of malnutrition is underweight and wasting. The prevalence of underweight and wasting also ranges from 15.3% to 24.3% and 10% to 17.1% respectively. Inadequate education, socio-economic status, and low household income have an impact on feeding habits and food diversity. Therefore, sufficient intake of Animal source food increases fat stores and provides nutrients that are essential for growth and micronutrients that support the immune system. The zone is highly endowed with diverse livestock species and breeds. Therefore the prospects of livestock production in the zone is considered as an economic driver for job, draft power for food and nutrition security

This experiment was carried out to identify the effects of the inclusion of different levels of phytase enzyme in laying hen’s diets, on performance and egg quality. Hundred commercial layer hens (Lohmann) breeds at 32 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four dietary treatment groups of twenty-five hens each. The treatments included 250, 500, and 750 gm phytase enzyme/ton feed respectively. Each treatment was divided into 5 replicates of 5 birds each. The replicate in the study was represented by battery cage (length 47cm, width 40cm, and height 47cm). All experimental diets were formulated according to the guidelines given in the manual provided by the breeder company. The performance and egg quality parameters were recorded. Results revealed that all performance parameters were significantly affected by dietary treatments except egg weight which was not influenced by treatments. No significant differences were observed in egg quality of all treatment groups, except for (shape index, albumin weight, yolk diameter, and Haugh unit). It is concluded that adding phytase enzyme at 750 g ⁄ ton, in diets of layer hens can improve feed intake, egg production, and feed conversion ratio.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of roasting and method of oil extraction on the chemical composition, Metabolizable energy (ME), and in vitrogas production of soybean seed cake: from un-roasted or roasted (at 164.5 °C for 10 minutes) soybean seeds oil was extracted mechanically or by solvent (hexane). A complete randomized design was used with 2×2 factorial arrangements (un-roasted × mechanical extraction, un-roasted × solvent extraction, roasted × mechanical extraction, and roasted × solvent extraction). The results revealed that although roasting had no significant effect on the chemical composition of the seed cake, it resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total gas production throughout the different incubation periods. More oil was retained in mechanically extracted soybean cake (24.51%) compared with solvent extracted cake (5%). The high oil content of mechanically extracted soybean cake was reflected in high ME content (14.1 MJ/kg DM) compared with solvent extracted cake (11.2 MJ/kg DM). Crude protein content was higher in solvent extracted cake (48.8%) compared with mechanically extracted cake (35.1%). The study concluded that the heat or roasting reduced the fermentation process resulting in less in vitrogas production, and the same trend was observed for mechanically extracted cake. Solvent extraction increased crude protein content and enhanced the fermentation process.

This study was carried out to compare and analyze how spacing influenced the performance of Becium grandiflorum bee forage plant in Remeda site intending to find the most appropriate spacing for optimum flower production. The effect of four spacing viz: 0.1m×1m, 1m×1m, 1.5m×1m, and 2m×1m was evaluated. The experiment was laid out with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were taken on four parameters viz: plant height, branch number, flower number, and canopy cover. The result shows that spacing has a greateffect on the performance of Becium grandiflorum. Spacing (S1), (2×1m) gave the highest flower number (510±30.39 cm), branch number (23±2.27cm), and canopy cover (201.3±8.17cm). There was a significant difference in the canopy cover per plant between spacing (S1) with the mean value of (201.3±8.17cm)and spacing (S4) with the mean value of (128.3±1.02cm). Based on the findings of the study, the 2x1m spacing was recommended for local farmers for maximum flora production.

Ethiopia takes first place in the cattle herd population from Africa. However, the production and productivity and quality of milk are low due to various factors such as genetic makeup of the breeds, inadequate and poor quality feed and water resources, and lack of knowledge for appropriate hygienic practices in milk production. Cow milk is recognized as complete human food as it constitutes principal nutritionally important components such as water (87.2%), protein (3.5%), fat (3.7%), milk sugar or lactose (4.9%), ash (0.7%), and dry matter (12.8%). This, on the other hand, makes milk a suitable medium for the growth and multiplication of a variety of pathogenic and spoilage microflora. Research reports of microbial and physicochemical qualities of cow milk published in different Journals have been reviewed in this paper. Studies show that a total bacterial load range of 4.57 and 9.82 log CFU ml-1 has been reported in Hawassa City and Gurage Zone in Southern Ethiopia, respectively as a minimum and maximum values. Whereas, a total coliform count of 6.19 log CFU ml-1 was reported in Yabello, Borena Zone as maximum contamination. The minimum value was recorded in Gurage Zone being 4.03 log CFU ml-1. Yeast and mold contamination was also widely studied and reports showed that the highest load of 7.24 log CFU ml-1was recorded in Abuna Gindeberet District of West Showa Zone. A count as low as 0.622 log CFU ml-1 was reported in the Dawa Chefa District of Amhara Region. As major chemical constituents of cow milk, fat (4.19-6.02 %), protein (3.20-3.98 %), lactose (3.79-5.39 %), SNF (7.60-9.77 %), ash (0.68-0.80 %), total solids (12.02-15.47 %) and a titratable acidity (0.16-0.38 %) were reported in different parts of the country. Moreover, physical parameters of pH and specific gravity ranges of 6.30-6.48 and 1.022-1.06 gm/cm3 were recorded from milk samples studied in parts of Ethiopia. From most of the studies, it could be observed that most of the milk samples are of substandard quality in terms of microbial load according to standards set by different Organizations rendering them unsafe and hazardous for raw consumption and unsuitable for further processing. This indicates the high prevalence of inadequate hygienic practices among the dairy producers which in turn necessitates the delivery of training on the general pre and post-production management of cow milk.

A cross sectional investigation was conducted from May 2018 to June 2019 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, potential associated risk factors for the incidence of mastitis in lactating cows and to isolate the major bovine mastitis causative agents in West Harrerghe, Zone Oromia Ethiopia. A total of 151 lactating dairy cows were examined clinically to quantify the incidence of clinical mastitis. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was detected by using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The overall prevalence of mastitis at cow and quarter level was 36.5% and 23.4%, respectively. In the study the incidence rate sub clinical mastitis was higher (36.5%) while clinical mastitis accounts only 9.3% of the overall prevalence. Out of 604 examined quarters, 3.9%of them were clinically affected, 2.2% quarters were blind and 19.5% were positive to CMT test. The prevalence of mastitis was statistically significant (P<0.05) with associated risk factors, previous mastitis history, Teat lesion stage of lactation and parity. The result shows that Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus species and Echerichia coli were the major bacteria genera causes of bovine mastitis in the study area, with percentages of 51.7, 20.9 and 20.3, respectively. The present study showed that mastitis is a major problem of dairy animals in the study area and it hinders the development of national dairy sector. Contagious bacteria were the dominant cause for the disease called mastitis. Therefore strict implementation of hygienic production, practices, cow therapy and awareness creation among dairy cow owners about the disease and its treatment could undertook to reduce mastitis incidence and its risk on dairy sector.

This study was conducted to evaluate growth performance between F1 and F2generations of Horro, Potchefstroom Koekoek, and Bovan Brown crosses under intensive management at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM), Southwest Ethiopia. Totally 450 F1 chickswere produced by crossing Horro with Potchefstroom Koekoek (HPK), Horro with Bovan Brown (HB) and Bovan Brown with Potchefstroom Koekoek (BPK) and 150from each genotype. When F1 generation was matured and started laying eggs, fertile eggs were collected from them and again a total 450 F2 chicks(150 from each genotype) were produced. Both generations were managed on a phased basis and each genotype group was randomly assigned to three replications. Data were recorded on a phased basis for both generations. Dressing percentages of cockerels were taken at 16-week age for both generations. Data collected was analyzed using SAS 9.3 and SPSS. As indicated current investigation, the mean day-old chick body weight of F1 was significantly heavier in all genotypes than F2. In contrast to the brooding phase, only one genotype (HPK cockerels) showed significant difference (p<0.05) that F1 (1969.33g) being heavier than F2 (1818.95g) during the growing phase. Similarly, in this phase, the average body weight of pullets showed significance (p<0.05) for one genotype (HB) only which was F1 (1262.00g) being heavier than F2 (1204.11g). Reverse to the first two phases, the average mature body weight of F2 was significantly heavier (p<0.05) than F1 generation for both sexes during layer. The average mature body weight of BPKF1 cocks attained 2967g was heavier than obtained 2520g for BPKF2 cocks. The average mature body weight of BPKF1 and HPKF1 hens (1962.2g and 2075.6g) washeavier than the average mature body weight of BPKF2 and HPKF2 hens (1723g and 1915.44g), respectively. The result of body weight gain between F1 and F2 indicated no significant difference (P>0.05).Feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) during the grower phase for pullets that HB genotype F2 being better than F1. Live body weight and dressing percentage of cockerels showed no significance (p>0.05) between generations. The mortality rate during all phases for both F1 and F2 was low and significantly different between generations except BPK had no mortality during the growing phase for both generations. From present results, it was seen that crosses of these breeds up to F2 generations showed good growth performance at on-station management. Therefore, it is important to produce crosses of these chicken breeds up to F2 generation and recommended also to produce F3 to investigate again with F1 and F2 generations.

Information on indigenous chickens breeding practices, breeding objectives and farmers’ trait preferences require for designing, planning, implementing and sustainable genetic improvement programme of indigenous chickens. Doing this, it is possible to improve the livelihoods of small scale farmers and rural developments as whole. Therefore, research results and facts of local chicken breeding were reviewed with the aim of delivering relevant information on breeding objectives and trait preferences of farmers in local chicken ecotype in Ethiopia. According to the review, breeding objectives of the farmers were egg production, cultural/religious reasons, sale incomes, and meat. Overall farmers preferred traits are comb type, plumage color, body weight, breeding ability, body conformation, egg number and size, adaptive trait and mothering ability. In generally, these traits are considered as important for selecting chicken in a market for meat and egg for consumption and for the breeding purpose in Ethiopia. Therefore, these preference traits and breeding objectives of farmers are important to improve the genetic part of chickens in the Ethiopia.

This study evaluated the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of processed Bambara Bambara nut in broiler chicks. Two hundred and forty (240) one-day-old Abor Acre plus-strain birds were fed a commercial broiler starter diet for 15 days. On day 16, the birds were randomly distributed into 4 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds each in a randomized complete block design. Diet 1 was a Nitrogen Free Diet (NFD); Diet 2 was a Highly Digestible Protein (HDP); while Diets 3 and 4 comprisedroasted Bambara Bambara nut (RBN) and soaked + roasted Bambara Bambara nut (SRBN) as the sole sources of protein. On day 21, birds were sacrificedand digesta was collected from the terminal ileum. The Endogenous Amino Acid Losses (EAAL), Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility (AIAAD), Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility (SIAAD) were estimated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at α0.05.Amino acid with the highest flow was lysine and aspartic acid for nitrogen-free diet, while ileal endogenous alanine was higher in HDP. Overall, the apparent digestibilityof soaked + roasted Bambara Bambara nut was significantly lower than birds fed roasted Bambara nut, except for arginine, methionine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and glycine which did not differ statistically. Birds fed with roasted Bambara nut diet had the highest amino acid digestibility values after standardization except for tryptophan. In conclusion, birds on roasted Bambara nut diet maintained the highest digestibility values after standardization irrespective of the method (NFD or HDP) used for estimating endogenous ileal amino acid losses.

The study was conducted three districts of South Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia with the objective of identifying production objectives, breeding practice and farmer’s trait preference of indigenous goat. The zone was stratified into highland, midland and lowland agro-ecology and then selected one district from each agro-ecology. Data were collected from 171 households through semi structured and structured questionnaires, focal group discussions and secondary sources. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and SAS version 9.3 (2014). Mixed crop-livestock production system which accounted for 98.8% was the main agricultural production system in the study area. Results revealed that source of income generation (0.48) was the primary production objectives of framers in the study area followed by meat for home consumption (0.34), saving (0.10), ceremony (0.05) and manure (0.03). Body conformation was the most preferable trait in all agro-ecology of the study area followed by reproduction rate and adaptability in highland, while coat color and reproduction rate for midland and lowland. Most (72.22%) of the farmers in the study area were used uncontrolled mating system. About 32.35% of farmers in the study area had their own breeding buck while 67.65% of farmers shared breeding bucks with their neighbors. The inbreeding coefficient of indigenous goat in private and communal grazing system of the study area was 0.14 and 0.10, respectively. In general, from the current study, it could be concluding that trait preference and breeding practice of farmers in the study area was traditional, and inbreedingcoefficient of indigenous goat in the private and communal grazing system was high comparable with the maximum acceptable level of 0.063 (Armstrong, 2006). Therefor further investigation should be undertaken to minimize inbreeding coefficient of indigenous goat.