نشریه پژوهش نامه حقوق بشری
پیاپی 23 (بهار 1400)

The purpose of this study is to provide a legal model for the protection of the urban environment against development projects. This research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in nature. First, an in-depth list of sustainable urban development indicators was compiled through in-depth study. Then, the factors affecting urban environmental management were investigated. In the next step, the initial conceptual model was formed. In the final step, the validity and reliability of the model were determined through Delphi technique and factor analysis method. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, the adequacy of the measurement model in modeling structural equations was examined from three main aspects. According to the objectives, measurement scale and research method, descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the quantitative data of this research using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings indicate that the four dimensions of sustainable urban development are: Economic, social, environmental and organizational structure. Also, 22 indicators were extracted. Factors affecting the management of the urban environment fall into two categories: structural and content. In the field of structural factors, the highest averages are related to the item “organizational structure for urban environmental management” (6.18), followed by the item “reference and specialized institution for urban environmental management” (5.58) and finally, “ Good governance and a structure for public participation” (5/28). Also, in the discussion of content factors, the highest average is related to the items “Enforcement Guarantee of Laws” (7.29) and “Inspection and Monitoring of Periods of Law and Supervision of Enforcement” (6.47) and then, the item “Comprehensiveness of Laws and “Regulations” (5.33) and “up-to-datedness of laws” (4.41) and finally, “public education and public participation” (3.23). Also; numerous obstacles and injuries were identified in this regard.

Marriage’s duties and rights are the responsibility of the couple. These tasks, with both material and immaterial types, create the ground for joint efforts and stability of life. One of the examples of these duties is the obedience of the wife and the payment of alimony by the husband. In Islamic jurisprudence and civil law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, these rights and duties are mentioned and taken into consideration in times of marital disputes. Of course, according to the no-harm rule, the possibility of disobedience is due to religious excuses such as fear, loss of life and property, i’tikaaf, puerperium, obligatory fasting, etc. This article tries to explore one of these topics, aspects of the issue of wife obedience from the perspective of Islamic human rights, and answer the question that what are the examples of special obedience of the wife and what are the religious obstacles to a woman’s disobedience?

Citizenship is a strategic issue in democratic political systems and in the last decade it has been widely reflected in international charters and documents of international law. For this reason, in order to gain international legitimacy, different countries have prepared documents and centers for citizenship rights. Citizenship rights have been introduced in Western literature and international law, but they have a much longer history than the legal documents of international organizations; because the history of Islam is full of rulings based on human rights and the divine teachings emphasize the all-encompassing rights of individuals. Given the differences of opinion and interpretation on citizenship rights in different political systems, this article tries to examine the rights of citizens from the perspective of an Iranian judicial official who has played an important role in the institutionalization and development of the judiciary in the field of civil rights regulations in Iran. Ayatollah Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi while working in the highest judicial position in Iran, he has had numerous thoughts and speeches about civil and human rights which can help to better understand what citizenship rights are in the laws of the Islamic Republic. Therefore, using library studies and analyticaldescriptive method, we try to answer the question that: what is the meaning ,examples and requirements of citizenship rights in the Islamic government based on the political and legal ideas of Ayatollah Hashemi Shahroud? The hypothesis of the article is that Citizenship rights are one of the strategic and fundamental rights in the Islamic government, which according to the divine teachings and commands of Islam is necessary for the excellence of society. Avoiding the components and examples of human rights, accompanies the society with many internal and external problems and damages.

In the last century, the world has witnessed the fulfillment of binding international principles and rules to guarantee human rights and international humanitarian law. One of these fundamental guarantees is the prohibition of extrajudicial killings (targeted killings); But in recent decades, the United States and the Zionist regime, in violation of their international obligations, have repeatedly committed targeted killings in various forms, one of the new examples of which is the martyrdom of General Soleimani and Mr. Fakhrizadeh (a researcher in nuclear sciences). The present paper seeks to analyze the foundations on which this extrajudicial approach is based theoretically and practically. Given that the school of classical political realism allows the pursuit of profit within the framework of power in any form, it has not adhered to international obligations. The present paper seeks to analyze the foundations on which this extrajudicial approach is based theoretically and practically. Considering that the school of classical political realism considers the pursuit of profit within the framework of power in any form, it does not adhere to international obligations and practically despise international law. Therefore, by observing the authenticity and unity of ideas (gaining power) between them, it can be said that targeted killings in terms of persuasion and legitimacy is the basis of this school and from a practical point of view, it is one of its ugly manifestations. So that in the contemporary world as a powerful excuse to fulfill the scripts of the followers of this school, it has an objective appearance.