International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain prevention
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter 2021

Backpacking has become a habit among people from preschool to college and even beyond. But unfortunately, the appearance of the bags is more important than their efficiency.The motor activities of children and adolescents are of special importance because they go through the period of physical development with greater speed and adaptation. In the meantime, carrying a backpack should be given special attention due to its prevalence and prevalence, because various studies indicate its negative consequences.

Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the problems that affects many people throughout their life. It has been argued that many individuals with LBP suffered from disability. Due to the high prevalence of LBP, this study was performed to explore the relationship between LBP and disability among a referees to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS).

Method and Materials: 

This study was performed on eligible referees to the teaching hospitals of ZUMS. The Oswestry Lumbar Disability Questionnaire were used to to assess the disabilities during daily activities and the questionnaire of Van Korf et al. was used to measure pain intensity through Numerical Pain Rating (NPR) scale. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 26 and analyzed.

Totally 238 individuals including 159 female with mean age of (35.56± 16.12) and 79 male with mean age of (40.06± 13.22) took part in the study and completed the questionnaires. The results of this study showed there was significant relationship between pain severity and disability (p<0.05). Furthermore, the findings of the present study showed that female suffered from pain severity and disability more than male significantly (p<0.05).

According the findings of this study, designing proper interventions to decrease LBP in order to decrease disability consequently. However, doing more researches in future to verify the results of this study is strongly recommended.

Concerning the high prevalence of chronic pain and the remarkable role of psychological empowerment in chronic pain management, identifying factors influencing psychological empowerment in chronic pain management is of high importance. Hence, the current study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of using psychological empowerment in chronic pain management from health care providers and patients’ viewpoints.

Method and Materials:

 The grounded theory approach was applied using semi-structured interviews and observation of participants as the main methods for data collection. Fifteen members of the health care providers had a greater relationship with the psychotic dimensions of chronic pain management and 6 patients with chronic pain participated with purposive and theoretical sampling methods in Ahvaz city. Sampling was continued until data saturation and data analysis were performed concurrently with data gathering based on Corbin and Strauss’s proposed method. Data validity was confirmed via Lincoln and Guba’s approach.

Two themes of “emotional dysregulation” and “negative attitude towards pain”, were identified as barriers to psychological empowerment. Emotional dysregulation consisted of two subsets of the emotional synergy of pain and the inefficiency of symptomatic therapies. Negative.attitudes toward pain also consisted of subsets of false assumptions about pain and lack of self- efficacy. Two themes of “pain acceptance” and “finding the meaning of pain” were also identified as facilitators of psychological empowerment. In this regard, the content of pain acceptance consisted of subcategories of increasing awareness, reality acceptance, and a positive attitude toward pain. Two subcategories of values and pain love also created pain meaning themes.

To evaluate and properly manage chronic pain, consideration of the psychological dimensions of the pain, including barriers and facilitators of the psychological empowerment process, can be beneficial in designing a comprehensive care program to improve chronic management

This study aimed to  investigate the effect of two weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation on some indices of Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) after  eccentric exercise.

Method and Materials:

 In this semi experimental study, 20 nonathletic male collegiate students (19.75±1.29 years) participated in the study voluntarily and were divided randomly into two groups of experimental (n=11) and placebo (n=9). The experimental group consumed vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) containing 50000 IU while the placebo group took apparently similar capsules containing starch like, two capsules for two weeks. To induce DOMS, participants performed a step protocol that included four sets (5 minutes for each set), with a 1-minute of rest interval between each set using a 46 cm-step. Range of Motion (ROM) of low extremity joints and circumferences, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS were measured before, immediately after (Time 0), and 24 hours (Time 1) and 48 hours (Time 2) after eccentric exercises.

This study showed that thigh Thigh circumference increased following eccentric exercise in the placebo group, while it did not change significantly in the experimental group (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two study groups regarding other variables (P>0.05). Vitamin D3 supplementation with the dosage and duration used in the present study reduced the limited symptoms of DOMS. Future studies of longer duration or higher dosage of vitamin D supplementation are recommended.  

According to the finding of this study, vitamin D3 supplementation could not reduce the limited symptoms significantly. However, future studies are suggested to evaluate the effect of higher dose or longer duration of vitamin D supplementation on DOMS.

A backpack is considered as one of the most common cases of carrying things to schools. It is argued that improper carrying can lead to musculoskeletal pain in students. Health education through peers can play an important role in promoting proper backpack carrying behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate peer education on how to carry backpacks in female high school students.

Method and Materials:

 This quasi-Intervention study was conducted on 92 female high school students in Bahnemir, Iran using multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data regarding knowledge, attitude and backpack carrying behavior were collected through a valied questionnaire before and six months after the intervention. Just intervention group received an educational program in four sessions by peers. The data were analyzed by SPSS
version 21 .

92 students with a mean age of 13.90 ± 0.71participated in Intervention and control groups (n= 46 in each group). The variables of knowledge, attitude and backpack carrying behavior improved after intervention (respectively (P <0.001).

According to the results of this study, it is suggested to consider these findings in the design, implementation and evaluation of educational interventions to improve carrying behavior of backpacks among this vulnerable target group.

The lifetime prevalence of Low Back Pain (LBP) in children and adolescents increases significantly between 12 and 18 years old. It is argued that spinal healthy behavior could prevent from this problem.  This study aimed to assess the effective of an training program on spinal care behaviors of female students.

Method and Materials: 

The present study is a clinical trial study that was performed on 104 fifth grade female students in district 22 of Tehran. Participants entered into the study after learning about the objectives and procedures of the study and were divided into two groups of intervention and control (52 students in each group). Just intervention group were trained regarding skills of backpack carrying. Data were collected at 4 time points of before, immediately, three and six months after training in both groups and analyzed using SPSS software version 24 .

This study showed that there was significant difference in terms of backpack carrying skill in intervention group compared to other group (p < 0.00). Furthermore, a positive change in back-related behavior was found for the intervention group from pre-test to post test and all follow-up assessments (p<0.001, ηp2=0.25). By contrast, participants of the control group did not experience significant improvement in this regards.

The present study revealed that carrying skill can be improved by skill training of students regarding how to carry backpack correctly. However, it is strongly recommended these kind of researches should be done in future to be able to design more effective studies.