نشریه پژوهش های ادبی
پیاپی 69 (پاییز 1399)

There has been a growing tendency among contemporary Iranian authors to draw upon local customs and traditions as well as the geographic features of a specific area so that the audience would discover the setting of the fiction without much effort when reading it. Many studies have so far examined the ecological, and particularly rural, characteristics of northern Iran, southern Iran, Azerbaijan, Khorasan, and Kermanshah as manifested in contemporary literary works whereas the province of Kordestan and its writers have been largely neglected. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study first discusses the notion of ecological fiction and describes Ebrahim Younesi’s works of fiction. Then it attempts to analyze the ecological and local features of his works which are mainly represented by Kurdish vocabulary, using sentences in his native language, folkloric songs and proverbs, local place names, references to the historical events of the region, and the traditional beliefs and customs of Kordestan.

The purpose of this study is examining the writing skills in AMZA test in comparison with the two tests of the British National Curriculum Assessment (NCA) and National Curriculum assessment (NAEP) and analyzing the writing skills assessment and providing a model for evaluating writing skill and sub-skills. Comparison of these three tests showed that more sub-skills were considered in NAEP than the other two tests in the UK and Iran. The statistical sample is 270 high school graduates of Tehran. Their Manuscripts were corrected and analyzed based on a researcher-made evaluation table including 6 sub-skills and 17 micro-skills based on highlighting written sub-skills. Findings show that girlschr('39') writing skills were better than boys and experimental science graduates were better than the other two fieldchr('39')s graduates. The manuscripts of humanities graduates are better in terms of "content". The manuscripts of experimental graduates are better in terms of "coherence" and mathematics graduates in terms of "grammar". The Inaccuracies of "grammar" in the manuscripts of humanities students, and "content" and "form" in mathematical and experimental sciences are also significant. These results show that proper writing training is essential.  Standard assessments should be performed every year at all ages and levels of education. The results should be used to modify and complete the "writing" curriculum.

The purpose of this study was to interpret the moral Motif of the novel “The nation Of Love” in an analytical and descriptive way based on the authorchr('39')s expression. Shafak reminds the necessity of turning to morality and spirituality in life by borrowing from the thoughts of Shams and Rumi and by creative and innovative re-reading of love in two parallel narratives and focusing on the forty laws of Shams. Although the novel is narrated in two different times and places that are significantly different, but they are similar to each other because they both have the same Motif. One of the reasons for Shafakchr('39')s growing success is the combination of tradition and modernity and the invisible connection between the two stories. However, the main reason for the readerschr('39') interest in this novel can be the second narrative and the familiarity and relationship between Shams and Rumi. The magnetism of the mysterious relationship between Shams and Rumi, which made the first narration impossible, has caused the spiritual transformation of the readers of this novel.The research findings indicated that the author has focused on spiritual issues in this novel in two direct and indirect ways and has diligently tried to instill moral values. In the direct method, the author has used communing (questioning and answering), arguing, and short sentences by relying on news propositions. In the indirect method, the author has explained moral bottleneck through description, the use of symbols and similes, the performance of the fictional character, as well as ironic tricks and provided the ground for cultivating moral understanding in the audience through illustration and detail. Finally, the readers of this novel could strengthen their moral senses with the help of simulation, empathy, and imagination.

The main question of this article is whether myth can have an unconscious presence in the process of forming a literary form; to answer this question, first, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the two layers of mythological beliefs about the relationship between water and rain, fertility and blessing with the kingchr('39')s main function in a political-cultural system are explained. The findings of this article show that the belief in the relationship between the king and the set of beliefs related to water and rain has been an important and effective source in the subconscious formation of the most common and frequent system in Persian poetry. This article also examines the relationship between myth and literature and examines the corresponding relationship between the concept of the king and water and rain and fertility and analyzes the characteristics of the mythical king, examines the dimensions of the development of a recurring image stereotype.

In Persian poetry, in admiring the praised, in addition to the person, his instruments are praised. Accordingly, the praised building and its characteristics are expressed in the eulogy works. One of these characteristics is the elements of nature. This study aims to reveal the elements and context of nature in the praised building. On the other hand, it aims to investigate the reflection of these elements in the word of eulogists. According to related studies that are referred in this study, the nature is demonstrated in the praised building by two elements. The plants are developed in the decorative motifs in the form of garden and meadow in the building. Water is demonstrated in the praised building by streams, penstocks, and fords. Freshness and visual and auditory beauties are the signs of joyness that are main goals of using nature in the building. The freshness and greenery of the praised building is indirectly referred using the words such as “heaven” and some descriptive features such as “melodious”. This characteristic is directly described using the phenomenon such as garden, stream, penstock, and ford. In both forms, the message is conveyed using literary devices, especially exaggeration.

The purpose of this article is to reach a definition of humor as a kind of literature based on contemporary literary theories, especially reader-centered theories In order to recognize the humor of a literary text based on it. "Humor is a literary text whose action is to create a contrast between the readerchr('39')s perceptual concepts of the text and the readerchr('39')s mental patterns." Based on this, examples of satires in various texts (Quran, Shahnameh, Khayyam quatrains, poems by Shamloo and Shafichr('39')i Kadkani) have been analyzed and shown some examples that have been introduced as humor in various books or articles are not examples of humor as a kind of literary expression.