نشریه پدافند غیر عامل و امنیت
پیاپی 33 (زمستان 1399)

The missile defense program is the overriding part of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)’s defense strategy to counter foreign threats. Despite the lack of an international legal ban on the development of Iran’s missile defense program, the United States has consistently sought to securitize and portray it as a threat to international peace and security in order to restore the lost consensus on sanctions against Iran. In the Copenhagen School, securitization is equivalent to threatization, a phenomenon that is not necessarily a real danger, but the creation of a common belief that the phenomenon is a threat and it is needed to be countered. The securitization actor (US), representing an issue (Iran’s missile defense program) as an existential threat, justifies immediate and exceptional measure for mitigation. Based on the research hypothesis, the US strategy to implement this approach is based on the two pillars of “range capability” and “warhead carrying” of Iranian missiles. In the same vein, the United States highlights the range of Iran’s missiles to introduce it as a measure for expanding the range of the missiles for acquisition of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). On the other hand, it emphasizes the warhead capability to display the missiles as ballistic missiles carrying a nuclear warhead. The method used in this research is analytical-explanatory by means of library tools, documents, electronic resources and websites and statements of relevant authorities to collect data.

Today, the use of harsh sanctions against Iran as the main strategy to threaten the national security has replaced and complemented the military option. Therefore, soft threats due to their low cost, impact on software part of the national authority, non-use of violent methods, etc. are more than before considered by the enemies of the Islamic Revolution. Research has shown that sanctions and trade bans have a significant impact on the national security. In fact, sanctions have harshly affected Iran’s exports and imports in recent years. Therefore, in addition to preventing Iran from entering trade markets, sanctions have posed a threat to Iran’s security in the current situation; however, it has led to self-reliance and resistive economy. As the greatest impact of the current “transformed economy” on “national security” includes the right to comment and accountability, political stability, control of corruption, the rule of law, the quality of bureaucracy and the effectiveness of government, this type of economy fundamentally changes the shape and dimensions of the national security which, if not taken into consideration, it bears loads of destructive impacts, including the intensification of class strife, the bipolarization of society and the threat to social security given the unplanned access to information and communication technologies and the threat to societal values and the allocation of capital out of regarding the popular needs. In sum, economic sanction has led to economic problems, but it has brought up non-dependence for Iran in some spheres.

The statement of the second step of the Revolution could be considered a comprehensive and complete program in line with the ideals and goals of the Islamic Revolution on the eve of the 5th decade of the revolution by the supreme leader (PH). Following, the main purpose of this study is to explain the role and position of revolutionary drivers based on the statement of the second step of the Revolution in order to achieve justice and prevent/manage crisis based on the statement of the mentioned step. The type of this research is fundamental and applied in terms of subject matter that, given the exploratory nature of the research, the hypothesis is not proposed and the data collection tool includes the use of library studies (search for documents and articles). In the end, the research findings show that maintaining and promoting the principles of justice and its indices will progress the Iranian society, while its failure could gradually break the national solidarity mosaic, which could create a security crisis in the long run.

The term geopolitics, having seen many ups and downs, is used by politicians in international literature and discourse for a little over a century to reflect views in the field of international relations. In Iran, after the rise of Islamic Revolution, the slogan “neither East nor West” signified the adoption of an independent defense policy by the founder of the Revolution (RA) which was rooted in the divine goals of Islamic school; therefore, thinkers of military strategies were inspired to more deeply consider geopolitics and its sub-disciplines in order to develop the national defense policies. In the same vein, the purpose of this study is to delve into “the impact of geopolitical factors in Pakistan on Iran’s defense policies (a case study of military factors) in the type of an applied research and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of method. The population of this study is 60 people and the outcome indicates that “defense policies, security and development of military capabilities; military power and quantitative and qualitative capability of the armed forces; military facilities and industries and contracts and defense agreements forged by Pakistan” have affected Iran’s defense policies

After the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the emergence of new phenomena of globalization and cyberspace, in some societies, ethnic and local identities gradually face each other which this challenges social security. This situation leads to a fundamental change in the concept of security and closely connects it with national identity. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the factors affecting the stability and convergence of land that greatly contributes to national security, specially in societies full of biodiversity and varied cultures. Considering the importance of the issue as a research foundation in this field, which is a gap in the current works, it takes a high significance to be entered and studied. As human identity is crystallized in the context of geography, there exists an undeniable relationship between geography and identity. This relationship takes shape in the geographical context in which the phenomenon of national identity is framed, and its study requires methodological contexts based on understanding and awareness. Accordingly, in this study, using qualitative analysis methods, we investigated the relationship between geography and national identity. Geographical space, which is the arena of maneuver for the relationship between man and the environment, donates a unique meaning to human being in its own place, that “being in Heidegger’s world” is crystallized as spatial identity. Spatial identity in the territorial context, by creating a conceptual border, inspires the synthesis of different narratives within the territorial context, the one of which is the geographical narrative that takes place in the form of national identity.

Security and its sustainably fulfillment for the citizens in every society is one of the most basic and primary duties and responsibilities of any government which requires all essential mechanisms to be met. One of the multifaceted dimensions of security is the environmental security, which may be taken for granted by governments specially in third world countries in comparison to other dimensions of the security, particularly the military one, while the threats arising from this dimension could inflict irreparable damage to the national interests and national security. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting the national environmental security that, in the first step, it counts 44 factors affecting the environmental security; in the second step, by forming an expert panel, it combines similar factors and identifies 20 factors. Then, using Friedman Model, it determines 10 important and effective factors and at the end, using Mikomak Futures Research Software and by means of Cross-matrix Analysis Method, it defines 3 key factors affecting the national environmental security in the 1408 horizon.