فهرست مطالب

پژوهش های زبان شناختی قرآن - سال نهم شماره 2 (Autumn-Winter 2020)

نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناختی قرآن
سال نهم شماره 2 (Autumn-Winter 2020)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/07/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
|
  • محمدعلی همتی*، محمدکاظم شاکر، مهدی عبداللهی پور صفحات 1-11
  • مائده خیوه، محمدرضا ستوده نیا* صفحات 21-30
  • اصغر مهری، سجاد فرخی پور*، سید مصطفی سجادی دهخوارقانی صفحات 31-36
  • فاطمه قربانی لاکتراشانی، زینب السادات حسینی* صفحات 37-52
    استعاره که به عنوان بخشی از ارتباطات گفتاری و کلامی انسان بوده است، به طور طبیعی در زبان دین نیز کاربرد دارد. استعاره های جهتی بر مبنای جهات اصلی به عنوان حوزه مبدا شکل گرفته و با مفاهیمی که نشان دهنده جهت و موقعیت مکانی است، در ارتباط است. در استعاره های جهتی، به مفاهیم صورتی مکانی بخشیده و بدین شکل بر مبنای تجربه های حسی و فرهنگی بشر، به انتقال معنا می پردازد. این مقاله، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی زبان شناختی استعاره جهتی واژه «قرب» در قرآن پرداخته و این مفهوم متافیزیکی را در ذهن بشر، بر اساس پیش زمینه های تجربی و فیزیکی قابل درک می نماید. جهت های فضایی یا مکانی و نیز تصویرسازی های هندسی برای انسان درکی جدید می آفرینند. اگرچه قرآن در کاربردهای استعاره های جهتی از واژگان و عبارات متعددی برای انتقال مفهوم بهره برده است، اما پژوهش حاضر به بررسی این کاربرد از ماده «قرب» خواهد پرداخت. در پایان این نتیجه حاصل گردیده است که استعاره های جهتی مورد کاربرد از این ماده شامل: پشت و جلو، بالا و پایین، مرکز و حاشیه، درون و بیرون می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: قرآن کریم، استعاره جهتی، ماده قرب، نزدیکی
  • افشین رضایی*، محمدرضا محمودی، ایوب امرایی، زینب عزیزی صفحات 53-62
  • محمود کریمی*، محمدحسن شیرزاد، محمدحسین شیرزاد صفحات 79-90

    "«إشفاق» در زمره پرکاربردترین واژه‏های متعلق به حوزه معنایی ترس در قرآن کریم قرار دارد. با این حال، مرور بر منابع لغوی و تفسیری گویای آن است که هنوز آگاهی چندانی از مولفه‏های معنایی این واژه و تفاوت‏های آن با واژه‏های قریب‏المعنا چون خوف و خشیت وجود ندارد. برای جبران اینذسفقشزفخلا مطالعاتی، در پژوهش حاضر کوشش شده است تا با بهره‏گیری از روش معناشناسی تاریخی، قدیم‏ترین سابقه ماده «ش ف ق» در زبان‏های سامی پیجویی شود، سیر تحولات معنایی این ماده تا عربی قرآنی به بحث گذاشته شود و مولفه‏های معنایی آن در قرآن کریم بازشناخته شود. این مطالعه نشان می‏دهد که گرچه برخی از لغویان مسلمان اعتقاد به اشتراک معنوی میان واژه‏های «شفق» (روشنی وقت غروب) و «إشفاق» (ترسیدن) دارند و آن دو را برساخته از ریشه‏ای واحد می‏پندارند، اما هیچ ارتباط ریشه‏ای میان واژه‏های یادشده برقرار نیست و هر کدام از آنها ساخت تاریخی متفاوتی را پشت سر گذاشته است. إشفاق دربردارنده دو مولفه معنایی مهم، یعنی «ترس» و «کمبود» است و اشاره به نوعی از هراس دارد که ناشی از کمبود منابع آبی، غذایی، مالی و امثال آنهاست.

    کلیدواژگان: مفردات قرآن، ترس، معناشناسی تاریخی، ریشه‏ شناسی، زبان‏ شناسی سامی
  • پیمان صالحی، طاهره افشار*، الهام ثباتی صفحات 91-100
  • بیتا جعفری، مهدی مطیع* صفحات 101-114
    قانون جذب به عنوان یکی از قوانین ارایه شده توسط نویسندگان غیر متخصص در زمینه علوم آکادمیک در جامعه امروز جهانی به ورت گسترده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. شکل گیری این دیدگاه به نویسندگان جنبش اندیشه نو نسبت داده شده است. از این رو بررسی این قانون از نگاه قرآنی بر اساس معناشناسی کمک می کند تا مشخص شود این قانون تا چه اندازه با سنت های حاکم در جهان از نگاه اسلامی همخوانی دارد، از این رو سنت عطای عمومی برای این مهم در این نوشتار مشخص گردد و با بررسی معناشناختی این سنت و تطبیق آن با قانون جذب مشخص شد . قانون جذب در میدان عمل برخی حقیقتا به آنچه از خواسته های دنیوی است می رسند اما این به مشیت الهی است و برخی تنها به گوشه ای از خواسته های خود دست میابند و گروه سوم نیز به خواسته های دنیوی خود به هیچ روی نایل نمی شوند از این رو در مقام عمل قانون جذب از نظر تکوینی تنها برای گروهی خاص کارساز است
    کلیدواژگان: قانون جذب، سنت عطای عمومی، معناشناسی، قرآن
  • محمود افروز* صفحات 115-126
    هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی فرضیه بازترجمه با تمرکز بر اصطلاحات فرهنگ-محور متون مقدس است. ترجمه های انگلیسی قرآن کریم به قلم سیل (1734)، محمدعلی (1917)، پیکتال (1930)، آربری (1955)، ایروینگ (1985)، نیک آیین (2000)، استارکوفسکی (2005)، ادیپ یوکسل و دیگران (2007) و گروه موحد (2012) مطالعه شد. در گام نخست، اصطلاحات فرهنگ-محور قرآنی و معادل انگلیسی آنها استخراج و راهکار ترجمه آنها بر اساس الگوی دیویس (2003) مشخص شد. سپس مترجمان بر اساس بازه زمانی انتشار ترجمه شان در سه گروه دسته بندی شدند. در نهایت، «تاثیر محتمل گذر زمان بر اتخاذ راهبردهای ویژه توسط مترجمان» و «تایید یا رد فرضیه بازترجمه در خصوص متون مقدس» بررسی گردید. بر اساس یافته ها، مترجمان پیشین، در قیاس با مترجمان متاخر، به ارایه نکات و توضیحات شفاف ساز برای خوانندگان ترجمه گرایش بیشتری نشان داده اند. یافته ها همچنین حاکی از تمایل بیشتر مترجمان قرن بیستم و بیست و یکم به انتخاب معادل های عمومی و خنثی است؛ به این معنا که مترجمان متاخر بیشتر تلاش کرده اند تا متن مبدا را به شیوه ای ساده تر و قابل فهم تر برای مخاطب امروزی ارایه دهند. در نهایت مشخص شد که فرضیه بازترجمه در خصوص قرآن کریم، مردود است.
    کلیدواژگان: قرآن کریم، فرضیه بازترجمه، الگوی دیویس (2003)، متون مقدس
|
  • Mohammadali Hemati *, Mohammadkazem Shaker, Mehdi Abdollahipour Pages 1-11
  • Mohsen Rafiei * Pages 13-20
    The effect of language on culture has been an interesting issue in applied linguistics. One of the main critical domains of culture-related language issues is pronunciation. The importance of pronunciation in some cultures is doubled when its importance goes beyond the daily use of language. Many illiterate Muslims in non-Arab countries must perform their religious duties in accurate Arabic pronunciation.  Since illiterate learners can not be treated with regular and traditional educational intervention to complete this incumbent religious task, the current research has employed dynamic intervention, an approach adopted from the socio-cultural theory of Vygotsky (1978), for instructing a sample of these people in Iran. First, the main pronunciation problems of these participants were identified. Then using a native speaker’s judgment, the effect of this educational intervention was calculated in a pretest-posttest design. A paired t-test was used to interpret the collected data. The findings showed that dynamic intervention has a meaningful effect on the improvement of pronunciation in the Iranian illiterate participants of the study. This study could have implications for language teachers, language learners, and researchers in different fields of sociolinguistics and applied linguistics.
    Keywords: Dynamic Intervention, Illiterate Learners, Pronunciation, Socio-Cultural Theory
  • Maedeh Khiweh, Mohammad Reza Sotudenia * Pages 21-30

    The “Story-Based Language Teaching (SBLT)” is one of the most effective approaches in language pedagogy that addresses various elements and parameters in different texts. The aim of this study is to locate SBLT elements in one of the popular Holy Quran’s stories; namely, Abraham`s story known as a pedagogical text, based on Javadi Amoli (2006) and Farhadian’s (2011) Quranic pedagogical frameworks. To this end, the corpus of 130 verses containing the Abraham narration from various surahs was scrutinized and analyzed to extract their precious methods and strategies. To do that, the coding system was utilized to account for the frequency of the predominant method. Upon completion of the coding procedure, the inter-rater (coder) reliability was estimated and the results were confirmed by 81% reliability. The results illustrated that most of the Quranic pedagogical methods proposed by Javadi Amoli (2006) and Farhadian (2011) are manifested in Abraham`s story and some other methods were found by the present researcher through further analysis. The above-mentioned methods from the most repeated to the least ones are Storytelling, Repetition, Precise look, Wisdom, Encouragement, Socratic method, excellent examples, Sympathy, Metaphor, Parable method, Prayer, punishment, Discussion, Debate, Simile, Observation, Experience, Legislation, Holistic view, and Exemplification, respectively. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the dominant instructional methods in this story were inductive and explicit. The findings contribute to Quranic courses syllabus design and teaching pedagogy.

    Keywords: The Holy Quran, Teaching Methods, Story-Based Language Teaching (SBLT), content analysis, Abraham`s story, Education
  • Asghar Mehri, Sajjad Farokhipour *, Seyyid Mostafa Sajjadi Dehkharghani Pages 31-36
    Despite the huge bulk of research conducted on translation quality assessment, the literature on the translation of the Holy Quran is in its infancy. Since jurists, commentators, and Quranic interpreters analyze individual Quranic verses as a whole discourse and in relation to other verses and Surahs, it is deemed necessary for translators to follow the same procedure and consider the wholeness of the text in their translation of individual verses. Coherence is among linguistic properties that contribute to the wholeness of the Quran as a unique discourse. A literature review shows that coherence has a direct effect on the quality of translations. Thus, this research intended to investigate the effect of coherence on the translation quality of some famous translations of the Holy Quran from an instructional viewpoint. To this aim, a mixed-methods study was employed in which the effect of coherence on reading comprehension of 12 Ph.D. candidates enrolled in an ESP course was studied. In the qualitative phase, utilizing linguistic markers, samples of coherent translations were extracted from the 30th chapter of the Quran. Then, two reading comprehension tests were developed from the coherent samples and the corpus without coherent markers. In the next step, these tests were administered to participants. The data were analyzed through a t-test. Findings showed that coherent translations enjoy post-posed/pre-posed concessive, sense continuity, backgrounding, explicitation, and addition as coherence markers. Also, quantitative findings showed a significant difference between the tests taken by the participants at two different times (t (11) = 4.204 and p = 0.001) proving the meaningful effect of coherence on translation comprehension.
    Keywords: Coherence, The Holy Quran, Translation, linguistic analysis, Mixed Method
  • Fateme Qorbani, Zeinabossadat Hosseini * Pages 37-52
    Metaphor, as a part of humans’ verbal communication, is naturally used in the language of religion. Directional metaphors are formed based on the main directions as the original domain and are related to the concepts that indicate the direction and spatial location. Directional metaphors allocate spatial meanings to concepts and thus convey meaning based on humans’ sensory and cultural experiences. The present article employs a descriptive-analytical method to investigate the linguistic aspects of the directional metaphor of the word “qurb” (nearness to Allah) in the Quran, and makes this metaphysical concept understandable in the human mind through referring to its empirical and physical backgrounds. Spatial or local directions, as well as geometric illustrations, create a new understanding for humans. Although the Quran has used several words and phrases to convey the meaning in the application of the directional metaphors, the present study examines the directional metaphors of the word “qurb” (nearness to Allah). In the end, it is concluded that the directional metaphors used for this word are behind and in front, up and down, center and margin, as well as inside and outside.
    Keywords: Holy Quran, Directional metaphors, Word “Qurb, nearness
  • Afsheen Rezai *, Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudi, Ayub Amraei, Zeinab Azizi Pages 53-62
    Arabic, as the only medium of performing religious rituals, is a widely used language in Islamic communities. Amongst uses of Arabic, reading and recitation of the Holy Qur’an enjoy a critical position. Accordingly, many religious schools have invested in teaching Qur’an and its required skills. Research findings have shown that Qur’anic teaching follows a traditional procedure in theory and practice. Considering the importance of conducting applied linguistics studies on teaching Qur’anic reading, the current research was an attempt to investigate the effect of semantic-structural elaboration of Qur’anic reading efficiency, encompassing reading reaction time, fluency, and comprehension. To this aim, an intact group of intermediate Qur’anic learners was selected through non-random convenience sampling and an experimental (pretest/intervention/posttest) design was employed in which the group underwent three different experiments. After raising awareness on five frequent Qur’anic roots and their derivations that occurred in different Qur’anic verses, tests were administered and parametric data were collected and analyzed through SPSS. Research findings revealed that intervention adversely affected reaction time by a significant increase (t (24) = -12.067, p < 0.000.) while promoting reading fluency and reading comprehension (t (24) = -9.643, p < 0.000, and t (24) = -6.914, p < 0.000, respectively). It was suggested that, though semantic-structural elaboration significantly increases learners’ knowledge of semantic, syntax, and morphology and promotes language skills, form-focused instruction is cognitively demanding and must be done with due caution. These findings could have implications for Qur’anic teachers, learners, and applied linguists in general.
    Keywords: Qur’anic Roots, Qur’anic Semantics, Qur’anic Reading, Fluency, Comprehension
  • Ali Saeeidi, Amir Ahmadnezhad * Pages 63-78
    Jihad as one of the central words of the Qur'an, meaning praiseworthy and condemned war and enduring hardship in the field of semantics has a close semantic relationship with the words "Qatl (murder), Harb (war), Jadal (dispute), Qalz (severity), Nafar (go forth), Sabr (patience)" in the form of synonyms. This semantic model, which considers the conceptual range of the word "Jihad" to consist of smaller components called syntagmatic semantic components, by analyzing the semantic components, expresses similarities and differences of the word Jihad with its synonymous terms. And it also plays a crucial role in explaining synonymy. Based on this vital point, the author in the present article tries to use this semantic hypothesis to examine the semantic coordinates of "Jihad" with words that have a possible synonymy; represents the semantic similarities and differences of each of them and explains the role of these elements in determining the specific situation and differentiating the context (Siyaq) and linguistic context of the mentioned words. Therefore, each context requires a combination of specific syntagmatic components that is the unit of word differentiation in different contexts. Hence, it is not possible to replace the word "Jihad" with words that have a relative synonymy; because this leads to a deviation from the intended meaning in "Jihad" and the terms that have a synonymy with Jihad.
    Keywords: Jihad, Synonyms, Quran, Syntagmatic Relation, Component Analysis
  • Mahmoud Karimi *, Muhammad Hassan Shirzad, Muhammad Hussein Shirzad Pages 79-90

    "Ishfāq" is among the highest frequency words belonging to the semantic field of "fear" in the holy Quran. Nevertheless, a study of lexicographical and exegetical sources indicates that there is not enough knowledge concerning the semantic components of this term, and its differences with such words as Khawf and Khashiyyah considered close in meaning with the former. The present research is an attempt to trace the oldest history of the root "sh-f-q" in Semitic languages, making use of historical semantics methodology. Studying the semantic changes of this root towards the Quranic Arabic, this study seeks to reexamine its semantic components in the holy Quran. Although some Muslim lexicographers hold that there is a polysemy between the words "shafaq" meaning the redness of the horizon after sunset, and "Ishfāq", meaning fear, considering both from the same etymon, this study concludes that there is no etymological relation between the above-mentioned words, each having its own distinctive historical origin. "Ishfāq" involves two significant semantic components, i.e. fear and scarcity. It thus signifies a kind of fear emanating from scarcity of water, food, money, etc.

    Keywords: Quranic vocabulary, fear, historical semantics, Etymology, Semitic linguistics
  • Payman Salehi, Tahereh Afshar *, Elham Sobati Pages 91-100
    It is not possible to get the desired thought of the text without considering the discourses of social actors. Using sociological-semantic categories, Van Leeuwen's discourse-oriented theory (2008) can explore the hidden layers of language in oral and written texts by stressing the importance of social actors of discourse. Hence, this theory can reveal the underlying relationships of each discourse. Due to the mysterious and discourse-oriented structures of the Holy Qur’an, one can find that the hidden ideology behind them is approximately the same. Therefore, discourse analysis can find a special status in Qur’anic studies. This study has examined the discourse system of the narrative of Prophet Solomon (AS) in Surah An-Naml with descriptive-analytical and statistical approaches using Van Leeuwen’s discourse-oriented model. The findings suggest that the inclusion components (134 cases) have a much higher frequency compared to the exclusion components (38 cases). On one hand, this means that God pays the most attention to the meaning, but on the other hand, in stylistic creativity, He introduces the audience, the names of individuals, groups, places, and times in which social actors play an active role. Besides, the components of reference allocation (98 cases), role allocation (20 cases), and type allocation (16 cases) have the most representation in all types of social actors included in this narrative, respectively.
    Keywords: The Holy Qur’an, Surah An-Naml, Solomon (AS), Van Leeuwen, Discourse Analysis, Narrative
  • Bita Jafari, Mahdi Motia * Pages 101-114
    The law of attraction is widely considered one of the laws presented by non-specialist writers in academic sciences in today's global community. The formation of this view has been attributed to the authors of the New Thought movement. Examining this law from a Quranic point of view based on semantics helps determine to what extent this law is consistent with the prevailing traditions in the world from an Islamic point of view. For this purpose, the public bestowal tradition in this article was considered. Then, by examining the semantics of this tradition and its comparison with the law of attraction, it was found that some people achieve their worldly desires, but it depends on divine providence, and some achieve only a part of their desires, and the last group does not achieve their worldly desires in any way. Thus, in practice, the law of attraction is only effective for a specific group of people in terms of development.
    Keywords: Law of Attraction, Tradition of General Bestowal, Semantics, Quran
  • Mahmoud Afrouz * Pages 115-126
    The present study aims at examining the Retranslation Hypothesis in the context of sacred texts by concentrating on their culture-specific terms (CSTs). The Holy Qur’an and its 9 English translations by Sale, Muhammad-Ali, Pickthall, Arberry, Irving, Nikayin, Starkovsky, Edip Yuksel et al, and the Monotheist Group were studied. As the initial step, Qur’anic CSTs and their equivalents were specified and the procedures being opted for in rendering them were identified based on Davies’s (2003) model. Then, the translators were grouped into three categories based on the time their translations had been presented. Finally, it was examined ‘whether the passage of time affected the kind of procedures adopted by translators’ and ‘whether the Re-translation Hypothesis (RH) is confirmed or disproved in the context of sacred texts’. According to the findings, earlier translators were more inclined to provide clarifying notes and explanations for their target text (TT) readers than the recent ones. Findings also revealed the 20th and 21st-century translators’ stronger inclination towards selecting general-neutral equivalents which may imply that later translators have strived more to make the source text simpler and more comprehensible for the modern TT audience. Finally, it was realized that, as far as The Holy Qur’an is concerned, the RH is disproved.
    Keywords: The Holy Qur’an, Re-translation Hypothesis, Davies’s (2003) model, Sacred-texts