فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 45، بهار 1400)

This study was done to compare communication patterns, emotion expression styles and intimacy among betrayed and normal women (non-betrayed).
The research method was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of all betrayed and normal women of Tehran in 2018. Among the betrayed women, 65 subjects and among the normal women, also 65 subjects were selected by purposive sampling..Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ), Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ), Ambiguity over Emotional Expression Questionnaire (AEEQ) and Marital Intimacy Scale (MIS) were used for gathering data. The data were analyzed by MANOVA and SPSS-22 software.
The findings showed that there was a significant difference between betrayed and normal women in communication patterns, some of emotion expression styles and intimacy. Accordingly, it can be concluded that betrayed women mainly use dysfunctional communication patterns in their marriage, positive emotions expression are not addressed properly and that the intimacy in their marriage is weak.
The results of this study can be used in psycho-education and marital counseling.

One of the important dimensions in the field of women's dissatisfaction with social decisions is the social attitudes towards them. Despite the importance of this issue, the lack of appropriate measurement tools is one of the main obstacles.  In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a valid and credible tool for measuring attitudes toward women among students.

According to the purpose, the present research is of "research and development". Research population includes all undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students of Islamic Azad, Payame Noor, basic sciences, medical and national universities in four groups of humanities, medical sciences, basic sciences, engineering and art in Zanjan, who have registered for the second semester of the 2015-2016 academic year.

The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed five underlying factors: occupational, occupational, family, social, emotional-sexual, and leadership and management factors for attitudes toward women. These five factors are measured by a total of 28 questions and 60/70% of the variance explains the total questions.

By identifying these underlying factors, the tools of this research can be used in research related to women for more knowledge and effective training and planning.

Happiness is also one of the most essential innate desires and psychological needs of man and marital adjustment as one of the most important factors affecting family functioning. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between marital adjustment and happiness of married women in the fourth district of Tabriz. Research methods, survey and data collection tools were standard questionnaires. The statistical population was married women living in Tabriz that 205 samples were selected by systematic random sampling. The collected data showed that the average rate of marital adjustment was 57.04% and the average level of happiness was 59.17%. Significant tests showed that there is a significant direct relationship between marital adjustment (and its four dimensions) and happiness of married women in the fourth district of Tabriz. The greater the happiness, the greater the marital adjustment. Happiness is a ground for the psychological and social development of the couple and the improvement of marital relations and coping with psychological and social pressures.

The present study was carried out with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the structural couple therapy and the re-decision one on the psychological welfare of the infertile couples at Sanandaj city. The research method was among applicable researches in terms of objective and among semi-experimental plans of pre-test and post-test types with two experimental groups (Minuchin structural and re-decision) and one control group in terms of methodology. The statistical society included all infertile couples referring to the center of infertility of Besat hospital at Sanandaj city in which 90 people were assigned to three groups as sample volume through convenience sampling method. The evaluation tool of the applied questionnaire was conceptual psychological multi-component welfare scale (Riff, 1989).

In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as average, standard deviation and inferential statistics tests such as one-way and multi-ways covariance analyses were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software. Results of the findings represented that there is a significant relation between the average of psychological welfare scores of the pretest and that of the post-test. The difference between the average of Minuchin structural couple therapy and that of re-decision couple therapy is significant at P<0.01 level.

The difference between the average of re-decision couple therapy and that of control couple therapy is significant at P<0.01 level. The difference between the averages of the Minuchin structural couple therapy group and that of control group is also significant at P<0.01 level. Also, the results obtained from multi-variable covariance analysis represented that there is a significant difference between the three groups in the components of self-government (F(2,26)= 338.88), dominance on environment (F(2,26)= 229.15), personal growth (F(2,26)= 187.98), positive relations (F(2,26)= 303.76), purposeful life (F(2,26)= 50.26), and acceptance (F(2,26)= 323.16) at the level of 0.001 (P<0.01).

In general, the results represent the further effectiveness of Minuchin structural couple therapy on the increase of psychological welfare than that of re-decision couple therapy

One of the important and negative effects of divorce is its psychological effects on divorced women and mothers. It is necessary to pay attention to the mental health of these people. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction, anxiety, cognitive flexibility and resilience in divorced women and mothers.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all divorced mothers who live in Mashhad, 27 of whom were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The protocol MBSR were applied in 8 sessions which lasts 120-minute and performed for the experimental group only and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data which collected through the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, the cognitive flexibility inventory, and the Connor and Davidson resilience Questionnaire, were assessed by Spss25 and using univariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction leading to reduced manifest anxiety and on the other hand, it improved cognitive flexibility and resiliency. But it was not effective in reducing latent anxiety people.

Therefore, according to the results of the study, it can be stated that attention to psychological problems of divorced women is necessary and mindfulness-based stress reduction can be used as an effective intervention in improving the problems of divorced women and mothers.

The concept of obesity is the image that a person has of his body as obese and thin. In today's society, culturally and socially, there is a lot of emphasis on attractiveness and physical fitness. Social comparison and socio-cultural pressure to reach women and well-being in men have led to an increase in the perception of obesity and dissatisfaction among individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between socio-cultural pressure and social comparison with the concept of obesity. The research is a cross-sectional study and the research method of this study is survey and its statistical population consists of men and women aged 64-20 years in Tabriz. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size is estimated to be 400 people. Sampling method is multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings of research show that the variables of social comparison and social pressure are directly related to imagination. Also, the results of multivariate regression show that the variables of social comparison, socio-cultural pressure and gender can explain 38.5% of the imaginary variance. For Conclusion, Social and cultural factors affect the type of perception of people from their body and can affect their perception of their appearance.

This study aimed to explain the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation for maladaptive schemas and positive affects in girls of Marvdasht Azad University. The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all female students of Marvdasht Azad University who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. Participants in the study were 299 female students of different faculties of Marvdasht Azad University who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnowski et al. (2001), Watson et al. (1988) and Young's maladaptive schemas (1998), which confirmed the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data analysis was performed using 24spss software at both descriptive and inferential levels. To investigate the studied hypotheses, Baron and Kenny method and multiple regression in inter manner and hierachical regression were used to study hypothesis. The findings of the research showed that positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation has a mediating role in relationship between maladaptive schemas and positive emotions.

All of those who want to get married and start a family are looking for a happy, successful and long-term cohabitation and expect a fair relationship with equal rewards and costs. Current study's aim is comparison the effect of group counseling based on Gottman method couple therapy and systemic-behavioral on relational ethics of married women in Tehran.
The research is an experimental one with repeated measurement and with pre-test, post-test and follow up with two experimental groups and one control group and to collect data from the Relational Ethics Questionnaire (RES) were used. Multivariate analysis of covariance was performed using SPSS software version 23 on the data. The statistical population Included 100 married women who voluntarily referred to Mahmid and Frazahn Counseling Centers in Tehran in 2019. From this population, 36 people who received the lowest scores of the Relational Ethics Questionnaire were selected and randomly divided into three groups of 12 each. Experimental and control groups were selected randomly for the implementation of Gottman's couple therapy and systemic-behavioral. Pre-test was performed on all three groups and after 14 sessions of group couple therapy, post-test was taken and one month later, follow-up test was performed on the groups.
  The findings showed that: Gottman method couple therapy and systemic-behavioral on relational ethics and its components has been effective and that this effect had remained constant in the follow-up phase but there was no significant difference between these two methods in terms of effectiveness on relational ethics (p= 0/531).
Considering the effectiveness of the researched approaches, it is suggested to use these approaches in order to resolve marital conflicts and increase relationshinal ethics.

Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important occupational health problems and one of the most common and costly occupational injuries, as they account for one-third of work-related injuries each year. The aim of this study was to investigate the musculoskeletal problems of women and its relationship with burnout in working women.

The applied study method was causal-comparative or post-event. The statistical population consisted of 118 women working in education in Kermanshah province. Data collection tools were the standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire (1987) and the standard Mezlach Burnout Questionnaire (1981). Data were obtained using Pearson correlation coefficient, logistics, chi-square test

The relationship between burnout and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, back, buttocks or thighs, shoulders, elbows and wrists is significant (P <0.05). There was no significant relationship in other musculoskeletal areas of the body (waist and knees) (P <0.05).

It seems that in order to improve the education necessary to prevent these disorders in women and people with more than 5 years of work experience, it should be followed more seriously. It is necessary to take the necessary measures to reduce employee burnout (conduct ergonomic intervention programs in the workplace), especially those with high burnout

Social competence is defined as the ability to build positive social relationships and to behave effectively in social contexts in all situations and times. Given the importance of promoting social competence for children and youth, having useful tools for assessing social competence is essential. The present study aimed to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Perceived Social Competence Scale II (PSCSII) among Iranian students.
In this study, 518 high school female students were selected using cluster sampling method and completed the PSCSII. To assess the validity of the scale, the confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent validity, and to assess the reliability, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, were used.
Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed one-factor structure of the scale. The correlation coefficient of the perceived social competence with emotional competence and peer support were positive and statistically significant. These results show the convergent validity of the scale. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was in a satisfactory level for total score of the scale.
The findings suggest that the perceived social competence scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing social competence of Iranian high school female students and can be used as a suitable instrument in psychological research.

The aim of this study was to survey of the mediating role of time management in the relationship between individual characteristic and productivity among women accountants working in Shiraz.
The methodology of this study was descriptive/correlational research and opinion poll that in terms of time, is a cross-sectional study. The population of this research is female accountants in Shiraz. The statistical sample consisted of 384 subjects were selected using Cochran formula. Masihiaei’s Time management questionnaire, Niehoff and Moorman’s organizational justice inventory and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-PI-R) was used to collect data. Research hypothesis were evaluated using path analysis by SPSS-22 and Smart PLS statistical software.
The results showed that individual characteristic (extrovert and conscientiousness) has not a direct impact on productivity features women accountants, but the impact on productivity through the mediation of time management.
According to the study, individual characteristic and time management can be considered as one of the requirements of productivity of individuals and organizations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of learner characteristics through mediating the usefulness of ICT tools on risky attitudes and entrepreneurial intention.

The research method was descriptive-correlational (causal type) and the statistical population was 913 female high school students in Abadeh and 210 students in a single sample using Power G sampling software and single-stage cluster random sampling. It was. Data collection tools in this study were Entrepreneurial Learning Questionnaire, by Tang et al. (2010), ICT, by Agostinho (2002), Entrepreneurial Venture Risk, by Iverson (2004), Entrepreneurial Development, by Hisrich(1988) and Entrepreneurial Goals, by Scott and et al. (2003) confirmed that its content validity and reliability through Cronbach's alpha were estimated to be 0.705, 0.721, 0.704, 0.821, and 0.813, respectively. SPSS 26 software was used to test the hypotheses in inferential statistics using structural equation modeling with Smart PLS3 software.

The findings showed that learner entrepreneurial characteristics, on entrepreneurial intention (P <0.01), on ICT tool usefulness (P <0.001). Through the usefulness of ICT tools, it positively influenced risky attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurship project development centers (P <0.001). Also, the usefulness of ICT tools on risky attitudes (P <0.001) had a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention through risky attitudes (P <0.05). Furthermore, risky attitudes had a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention (P <0.001). Also, understanding of empirical interactions with Entrepreneurship Project Development Centers had positive effects on risky attitudes and on entrepreneurial intention through risky attitudes (P <0.001). But the usefulness of the ICT tool did not affect entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial intention as well as understanding of empirical interactions with entrepreneurship project development centers (P >0.05).

It seems that entrepreneurship development, through the initiative and creativity in entrepreneurial projects, as well as encouraging students to change their attitude towards entrepreneurship and creative work, is achieved through more entrepreneurship education.

Family as the first bio-social institution in recent decades, despite some problems that result from the interaction of internal factors and conditions with external influences, has experienced great changes and developments. But despite these changes, this institution is still stable and performs its functions.

This research is applied research in terms of purpose, and is descriptive and exploratory. Data collection technique is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married men and women in the 4th, 16th and 22th regions of Tehran who referred to counseling centers in these areas in the second half of 1396, with a total of 1134 people. In order to determine the sample size, Cochran formula was used in this study and 420 subjects were sampled.

The results showed that all the research hypotheses were confirmed, meaning that the highest number of respondents (163 people and 38.8%) have a high tendency to emotional divorce, also 108 respondents (25.7%) have a lower tendency to emotional divorce.

It seems that interacting and talking about life's problems instead of leaving home, violence and fights can prevent emotional divorce.

Jihad is a critical concept which Islamic fundamentalists are interperate it in fatal ways. Jihad is defined in classic Islamic texts precisely that Shia and Sunni are not challenged about it. Women have not had main role in Jihad before emergence of ISIS in Middle East.
The methodology considered in the paper is qualitative and the method used to analyze jihad is a comparative-historical method. As the specificity of the women's presence in jihad in the Islamic world is significant in the study, relying on traditional totalitarian historical interpretations does not clarify the aspects of the phenomenon, and we used the genealogical method to examine it.
By studying the classical texts on jihad, we discovered the women's status as a starting point or zero in genealogical analysis, which is childbearing and marriage, and finally a trip to the house of God based on the historical documents of female jihad.  Mohammad Khair heikal's book was a breakpoint in women jihad discourse that is accelerate women participations in Jihad.
In this paper, we have shown the selective form of narrations and history in line with today's goals by jihadi theorists to involve women in jihad to some extent. Feminists are argued about women recruitment in ISIS that is made resistance point in Jihad discourse. Although most Jihadist ideologists are insisted in unparticipating women in Jihad.

The purpose of this article is to study the dimensions of identity and individual independence as well as the lack of identity due to submission and domination in contemporary Iranian women based on contemporary women's literary works (a case study of Simin Behbahani's poems) based on Eric Fromm's theory. According to Fromm, turning to communicating with others and gaining an identity or lack of communication with society leads to a better understanding of one's identity. In Simin Behbahani's poems, the idea of ​​defending national identity and fighting against its lack is reflected. As a woman, she expresses this feeling with a cry of patriotism, dependence and the extent of her belonging to her motherland, in order to call national identity a manifestation of her true self.

The research method is analytical-descriptive. In this research, Simin Behbahani's poems have been selected as an example of the works of contemporary women poets, based on the theoretical framework of the forum.

Findings show that Behbahani portrays Behbahani as a contemporary Iranian woman in her poems in defense of national identity and struggle against identitylessness due to human submission to the domination of the power seekers of society (Pahlavi government). Also, in most of his poems, she has not lost his true identity and in practice has maintained her independence.