فهرست مطالب

Anthropogenic Pollution Journal
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/02/26
  • تعداد عناوین: 15
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  • Hojjat Nazari, Sadegh Zibakalam *, MohammadReza Parvin Pages 1-9

    The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental advertising related to green marketing by organization. In other words, the researcher seeks to find the success rate of environmental advertising in reducing environmental pollution. The type of goal is an application that has been done by descriptive-survey method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical populations of the study were consumers of environmental friendly goods in Tehran. Confirmatory factor analysis method and SPSS, Version21 and AMOS (2016) software were used for data analysis. The results showed that the models for measuring the research variables are appropriate models. Because the value of χ2 and the value of RMSEA are low and also the values of AGFI, GFI and NFI are greater than 0.9 and the significance level of factor loads is less than 5%, which indicates the significance of the relationship defined in the measurement models. Also, the effect of communication stimuli on the cognitive and emotional response of consumers and then the effect of content stimuli on the cognitive and emotional response of users in this study has the highest influence. However, neither content nor communication stimuli have influenced consumer attitudes.

    Keywords: Effectiveness evaluation, Green marketing, environmental advertising, reduction of environmental pollution
  • Jalal Valiallahi * Pages 10-15
    The theory of “truth centrism in environmental ethics” is a new theory that discusses the human needs and protection of life and nature. This theory holds that all beings have a right in the system of existence. So the attitude and consequences of human morality and behavior with their environment and other beings must be oriented according to the type and proportion of the right position of each of them and the position of human himself. Numerous theories have been proposed in the field of environmental ethics, however, each has its shortcomings and has provoked much criticism about itself. Along these theories, a new theory has been described which, from the theorist's point of view, is a holistic view that encompasses the scope of moral consideration of all universes and creations, including living and non-living. Also, its holistic look is realistic and practical. This theory was proposed in 2014 and in 2020 it received a lot of attention. In this article, this theory is explained and developed so that it can be exposed to the judgment and critical view of experts in order to become more comprehensive.
    Keywords: Environmental ethics opinions, New Theory, Truth centrism, Environmental ethics
  • Atefeh Mahdi, Dariush Karimi *, Parvin Farshchi, Mostafa Panahi Pages 16-30
    Sensitive coastal areas are one of the most valuable habitats in the world. The purpose of this study is to zoning of wastewater pollution in Boujagh International Wetland. This research has been done by field method. At first, in order to facilitate the research work, using the networking technique, the whole study area was divided into 33 cells or 500 hectare assessment units (2.2 × 2.2 km networks). Then each criterion was quantified through scoring method (weighing). Quantifying the criteria was done by numeral weighing with restricted domains. Scoring criterion was done in six-step domains from at least 0 to at least 5. The ArcView software was used to draw maps. The research findings indicate that the study area is ecologically sensitive. Of course, the degree of ecological sensitivities varies in different places. The results show that only 3 parameters of nitrite (1.2 mg/l), Potassium (8.1 mg/l) and Co (0.8 μg/l) are in the standard range and the rest of the measured parameters are higher than the allowable limit. Also, the amount of TDS (450 mg/l) and nitrate (0.9 mg/l) was evaluated as average compared to the standard. In order to control the entry of sewage pollution into the wetland and its surrounding votes, it is necessary to take legal and administrative measures immediately.
    Keywords: Waste water pollution, zoning, sensitive coastal-marine, Boujagh
  • Mahsa Javadi Nodeh, Azadeh Shahcheraghi *, Alireza Andalib Pages 31-40
    Vernacular architecture is the product of environmental, social, and economic innovations.In fact, this type of architecture seeks to make buildings compatible with the environment via the use of local knowledge and experiences.Bearing in mind the issue of energy efficiency,attending to the sustainable elements of local housing and its ecological aspects is of paramount importance since buildings are one of the structures that cause the highest level of damage to the environment. Therefore,the purpose of this study was to first recognize the ecological components derived from vernacular architecture and then propose indigenous solutions to encounter climatic and environmental problems.In this descriptive analytical study,all these factors were analyzed in 3 traditional houses built in 3 different eras in Ardabil.To collect the needed data, documentary studies were checked and various interviews, observations,and field investigations were conducted. In these houses,the architectural features that were derived from ecological components were recognized and investigated via the analysis of various aspects including design and construction techniques,type of plan,orientation,and innovative solutions used to make the spatial layout more appropriate for the comfort and welfare of the residents.The results revealed that in the construction of walls and roofs of these buildings, insulating materials and techniques have been used based on the traditional technology of that time.In addition,paying attention to the size of window openings,use of triple-pane windows, use of greenhouse effect in main spaces, separation of winter and summer living spaces,existence of connection joints,etc. are other ecological solutions that have been derived from the vernacular architecture of this region
    Keywords: vernacular architecture, Ecological Solutions, Energy efficiency, Traditional Houses, Ardabil City
  • Ebrahim Safizadeh *, Dariush Karimi, HamidReza Gahfarzadeh, Seyed Abbas Pourhashemi Pages 41-48

    The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of downstream water of Aras river dams. Sampling was performed from early 2018-2019 in selected stations. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrate, nitrite and total dissolved solids concentrations were also measured by spectrophotometer. Concentrations of Ca, Na and K were measured with a Flame Photometer and the rest were measured with specialized devices. The results showed that the lowest electrical conductivity in the measured samples was 0.789 and the highest was 4.346 µs/cm, which basically indicates the high limit of soil and water for irrigation of plants. On the other hand, total solids with 1211 ppm indicate a moderate limit for salinity. Also; regarding pH, the average recorded for the study area is 8.17, which is within the national permissible and standard range of the world health organization. Nitrate and nitrite are both above the permissible and standard range. Potassium is within the permitted and standard range. Calcium, according to the average obtained in the study area (64 ppm) can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range. In the case of lead (0.09 ppb), it can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range. In the case of cadmium (0.8 ppb), it can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range, 3 parameters nitrate, nitrite and TDS have an average higher than the national standard.

    Keywords: Physicochemical, Heavy metals, Pollution load, Aras River
  • MohammadReza Sadegh Ali, Ali Zare *, Mansour Pournouri Pages 49-61

    The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of discharge and discharge of wastewater from rural communities on biodiversity in the Dena Protected Area in the Central Zagros. This research is an applied grandson that has been done by library and field method. GIS tools and Landsat satellite have been used to extract and draw maps. In order to develop a comprehensive management plan and determine objectives and operational plans, the approach (SMART + P) and factor analysis method were used. For this purpose, the general principles of water resources management related to rural areas were extracted from global guidelines. In the next step, through library studies and questionnaires, the key stakeholders of water resources management in the study area were identified and the factor burden of each was determined, the highest factor weight belongs to the Ministry of Energy and rural water and sewage companies (16.50), followed by the General Department of Environmental Protection (15.30) and finally, local and rural communities have the lowest weight (10.43). Most of the rural wastewater in Dena protected area belongs to agricultural wastewater (53%), followed by domestic wastewater (28%) and finally, industrial wastewater (11%). The results of the good fit evaluation of the model show that GFI is equal to 0.977 and considering that it is more than 0.9, so it is acceptable in the region. Finally, the proposed model was designed to prepare a plan to assess the effects of rural wastewater on biodiversity in the region in 5 steps.

    Keywords: sewage, rural communities, Environmental Management, Dena protected area
  • Ling Hsiang Chang, Hooman Bahmanpour *, Ali Fahiminejad Pages 62-71

    The purpose of this study is to measure the sound level in bodybuilding clubs in Mashhad with the approach of maintaining the health of athletes. The metropolis of Mashhad, the capital of Khorasan Razavi province, is located in northeastern Iran. Fifteen bodybuilding clubs were randomly selected by networking method. The sound level in the clubs was measured in level A and as an equivalent level by the portable device and software Decibel X version 2019 and was compared with the sound standard (OSHA-90 dBA). Measurements were made in the morning and evening. The parameters of sound pressure level (SPL), mean sound level (LP) ̅continuous sound equivalent level (Leq) and individual daily dose of LAEp, d were calculated. The lowest sound pressure level in the morning was 76.5 decibels and the highest pressure level in the evening was 99.4 decibels. There was a direct relationship between sound pressure level and athletes' time in the club. The average sound level in sports clubs is equal to 87.6 dB and the level is equal to 90.61 and the daily individual dose of LEp, d athlete in the club is equal to 84.58 dB. The permissible duration of exposure to noise for athletes was estimated at 1 hour and 40 minutes. In the gymnasiums of Mashhad, athletes are exposed to high noise pollution and the possibility of physical and mental injuries is high.

    Keywords: Sound pollution, Equivalent sound level, Athletes' health, Bodybuilding clubs, Mashhad
  • Shaghayegh Sadr, Amir Ershad Langroudi *, Arezoo Nejaei, Ahmad Rabiee, Nabiollah Mansouri Pages 72-80

    Water is an essential component in the world. The presence of heavy metals in water has dramatic effects on health and ecological process in the environment. Heavy metal pollution in water bodies is an existing and developing problem in the world. There are several methods for removing these pollutions in water. A photocatalytic degradation is a useful approach to removal a variety of heavy metals from contaminated water. In this study, we summarized different types of methods for the removal of heavy metals especially arsenic and lead from water. Studies include different nano-photocatalyst and methods such as the use of TiO2 substrates, TiO2 nanotubes, and nanocrystals, organic and inorganic nanoparticles based on silica, a variety of nanomaterial-based polymers, magnetic nanoparticles such as zero-valent iron and zinc oxide, or using two or more of these nanomaterials at the same time as an adsorbent or oxidizer of pollutants, all under visible or ultraviolet light. Each method has some limitations and advantages and based on different research that scientists presented, the efficiency of each technique is depended on some conditions such as pH, adsorption time, solvent type, and UV light, so we still can’t introduce the best method. Nowadays researchers are trying to find a method with high efficiency, low cost, least risk for the environment, and without secondary contamination. Hopefully, researchers find many promising methods that can be used with high efficiency in the future by continuing the research.

    Keywords: Adsorption, Heavy metals, Photocatalytic, pollution, Water
  • Seyed Ali Jozi *, Ghodratollah Siahpour, Neda Orak, Hossein Fathian, Solmaz Dashti Pages 81-97
    Due to the difficulty of estimating the pollutant gas concentration in power plants, this study aimed to estimate the concentration of the air pollutants in a thermal power plant using the support vector machine model (SVM). The concentration of environmental pollutants in the thermal power plant, Shazand, Iran, at different distances from the chimney was estimated using SVM. The effective input variables in the SVM model were selected using the Partial Mutual Information (PMI) algorithm. The modeling period was weekly from December 2018 to December 2019.The PMI algorithm showed that the effective input variables for estimating the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NOX) pollutants at different distances are the same gas’ concentration at the power plant chimney. Among air pollutants, the maximum concentration is related to Co2 (2811.63 µg/m3), occurring at a distance of 5 km from the power plant chimney and the lowest concentration is related to Co (5.5 µg/m3, occurring at a distance of 20 km from the power plant chimney. The polynomial kernel function is the best kernel function of the SVM model for estimating SO2 and NOX concentrations at different distances and the best kernel function in the SVM model for estimating CO2 and CO concentrations.The SVM model has good accuracy and performance in estimating the pollutant concentrations, and selecting effective input variables in the SVM model with the PMI algorithm increases the model accuracy.
    Keywords: Concentration of gaseous pollutants, Chimney, Hampel test, SVM model
  • Allahbakhsh Kavoosi * Pages 98-104
    The developments of industry and technology caused by Industrial Revolution increased the consumption and demand of fossil fuels to sustain economic life. As energy consumption continued to increase in the world, its effects emerged for the first time in the 1970s, necessitating the need for access and planning for the supply of world energy consumption that was put on the agenda of economic development planning worldwide. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is an attempt to access renewable resources in support of the earth taking into account the increasing energy consumption and use of limited fossil energy resources in the world and the consequences of their use in the future. The results show that considering the increasing demand and supply of energy and a variety of factors such as the limitation of fossil energy resources and the environmental constraints resulting from their consumption and considering the capabilities available in Iran, wind energy can be considered as a renewable energy and a good alternative
    Keywords: energy, wind, consumption, new energy, Iran
  • Semet Çelik, Meral Oltulu, Mehdi Jafarian Barough *, Ramin Mohammadi Aloucheh Pages 105-111

    Nanotechnology will lead to dramatic changes in the use of natural resources, energy, and water, and will reduce wastewater and pollution. One widely-used technique for improving the engineering properties is the use of different additives, and it is worth noting that in the past, these additives included bitumen, lime, fly ash, etc. Among the newest of these additives, one can point to nanoparticles that cause an improvement in physical, mechanical, and in general, geotechnical properties. The aim of this research is to study the effect of two types of nanoparticles, namely, nano silica and nano aluminum oxide, on the compressive strength of poorly graded sand. To this end, different proportions of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 percent of the dry cement weight for each nanoparticle, homogenized with cement slurries with water to cement ratios of 1, 1/4, and 1/8, were injected into poorly graded sand with a relative density of 70 percent and a pressure of 2 bar. Based on the compressive strength in 7-day and 28-day samples, it can be understood that the samples’ compressive strength increases with increasing the nanoparticles up to a certain point, and is stopped or reduced after this particular point. Furthermore, the effect of water to cement ratio on the samples’ compressive strength is more than the effect of nanoparticles.

    Keywords: Cement Injection, environment, Nano alumina, Nano silica
  • Rogayeh Elmi, Amir Farshi *, Arezoo Nejaei, MohammadEbrahim Ramazani, Ebrahim Alaie Pages 112-127

    Caustic soda is a substance used for sweetening hydrocarbon products in oil refinery, gas and petrochemical units. The caustic soda-generated salts are increasingly formed during the process of removing impurities like mercaptans, sulfides and nitrates, which finally leave process system through spent caustic discharge. Spent caustic discharge into environment is prohibited due to the presence of compounds like organic and toxic substances, sulfide salts, mercaptans as well as high chemical oxygen demand (COD), emphasizing the need to treat such effluents. The present study aimed to apply catalytic wet air oxidation method for treatment of spent caustic effluent from Bandar Abbas oil refinery and to optimize related parameters. Experimental processes were performed in a 500-ml batch reactor. Catalyst concentration, residence time and stoichiometric air flow parameters were optimized by Box-Behnken design. Based on the results, optimal conditions for this process were the catalyst concentration of 123 ppm, the residence time of 3 h and the stoichiometric air flow of 4.1 l/h, with a maximum reduction of spent caustic COD of 42.2%. The results of optimization experiments were analyzed by Design Expert 11 software, the results of which documented that the three mentioned parameters had the greatest effect on reducing spent caustic COD. Prolonging residence time had no significant effect on COD removal. Polynomial equation based on the three mentioned variables was presented to predict the spent caustic COD changes. In this treatment method, in addition to a significant reduction in COD, the available toxic substances also reached less than 1 ppm.

    Keywords: Box-Behnken design, Catalytic oxidation, Spent caustic, Treatment
  • Maryam Chehrehei *, Seyed Alireza Mirzahosseini, Nabiollah Mansouri, MohammadHassan Behzadi, Youssef Rashidi Pages 128-137

    Volatile organic compounds including benzene that are produced in industrial activities, especially those emitted from gas stations, can have undesirable effects on the environment and human health. TANKS 4.09 d software was used to calculate benzene emissions from gasoline storage tanks in gas stations throughout the 22 Districts in Tehran. Benzene emissions 1.5 m above the ground was modeled for a 12-month statistical period (2018) using AERMOD. Based on the results of emissions, the maps of benzene dispersion and comparison with the number of loading, storage capacity and numbers of storage tanks and active nozzles, In this study, it was identified that benzene emissions have increased due to lack of proportionality between gasoline storage capacity and demand for it and the concentration of gas stations at specific sites without observance of the suitable distance between them. The highest concentration of benzene emissions was recorded in Districts 4,2,15 and 1 (0.143, 0.128, 0.121, 0.118 gr/s respectively) and the lowest in Districts 17 and 14 (0.008, 0.03 gr/s respectively).In heavy traffic Districts, the number of loading and hence benzene emissions have increased due to the high demand for gasoline, the disproportionality between storage capacity and consumer demand for gasoline, and the small number of gas stations. In light traffic Districts, benzene emissions have increased because of the low demand for gasoline, the lack of proportionality between storage capacity and demand for gasoline, and the large number of gas stations that leads to gasoline storage in excess of the demand for it.

    Keywords: Benzene Emission, Modeling, gas station, Tehran’ s 22 Districts
  • Atousa Abbasi, Lobat Taghavi *, Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Pages 138-149
    Microbiological and chemical sampling of drinking water wells in Mohammad Shahr, Meshkin Dasht and Mahdasht of Karaj was carried out. Water quality parameters were analyzed using GIS software. The results showed that the reason for the increase of sulfate could be attribution of acidic atmospheric precipitation and sulfate fertilizers. The level of magnesium in groundwater is less than the standard level. It is predicted that the reason for the relative increase of its concentration in parts of the region is related to the geological structure of that area. The unexpected rise of chloride in some wells has been observed due to geo-electric studies carried out in the region due to the presence of evaporate sediments and the influence of urban and rural post-water pollution and fossil waters. The results of measurement of nitrate and fluoride in the wells showed that the nitrate content is less than the standard values. The highest and lowest nitrate levels were found to be 35 mg / L and 4 mg / L, respectively. It was also observed that nitrate content in the measured seasons did not change much. This is due to the provision of drinking water from the groundwater resources, which are almost in constant quality. In the case of fluoride, the highest and lowest amount was 0.79 and 0.0 mg / L. Therefore, it is essential for the Alborz province water and wastewater company to install Fluorination machines on the distribution system.
    Keywords: origin, qualitative zoning, Geographic Information System (GIS), Water Pollution, Water quality parameters
  • MohammadReza Jangjoo * Pages 150-159

    Environmental impact assessment is an integrated, operational and implemental approach for sustainable development. An attitude is considered in which as an integrated system, everything is got into sustainability in the environment and with the environment, as well. Environmental assessment is a tool that has been developed to prevent environmental degradation caused by human activities. Environmental impact assessment is an approach to evaluate the environmental impacts of a project before and during the project implementation. Therefore, we need to develop a practical and quantitative method to provide a precise planning in order to estimate the effects of a dam and ultimately, to make a decision on the implementation or non- implementation of the project if knowing the impact of all activities on environmental factors. Therefore, we introduced a generalized mathematical model of ICOLD matrix and multi-criteria decision making method (method of analytic hierarchy process) as a quantitative model to analyze the project’s impacts on the environment. For this purpose, the environmental impact assessment information of the Zaraj-Abad dam, as the study area, was used to demonstrate the validity of the model. Results show that unlike the main implemented method in the dam Zaraj-Abad, who gives the “implement the Dam project” option, this method shows negative effects (45%) of the implementation of the dam on the environment and gives the option of non- implementation.

    Keywords: ICOLD matrix, Multi criteria decision making method, environmental impact assessment, Quantification of criteria, Zaraj-Abad dam, Iran