نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 57 (بهار 1400)

In this research, the presence of actors during the formation of meaning is investigated using the analytical approach of sign-semantics in order to show the conditions of production and reception of meaning in discourse. Also, the semantic relations in the story, which in addition to narrative signs, also discourse signs, play a role in directing the meaning of the story. Therefore, in this research, we will examine the "Sea Locust" movie based on the story of "Fish" written by Houshang Moradi Kermani from "Majid Story" and directed by Kiomars Poorahmad. This story revolves around Majid's character and his actions in his surroundings; In fact, the actor experiences crises throughout the story that leave the previous situation and deny it to reach a new situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sign-semantics chains of discourse, the grimace semantic square, the stress process of meaning, with the purpose of sign-semantics and the semantic relationships in the story in addition to narrative signs, discourse signs also play a role in the semantic direction of the story.

Mohammad Khorramshahi is one of the contemporary poets and writers and one of the satirists in the field of humor who during his ninety years of activity, has written more than ninety pseudonyms in this field, to the point that he has become one of the record holders of pseudonym in the Iranian press; But by all this activity, it has been overlooked by researchers. Since the task of humor, while informing the officials about the problems and failures, it should also recount the treatment as much as possible and remove the obstacles and problems diligently. In this article, in addition to introducing this character, the author has tried to examine the relationship and content of pseudonyms with the content of his poems and humorous content. The results show that there is a relatively significant relationship between Khorramshahi's poems and humorous content with selected pseudonyms.

In the present study, two adaptations of Mozahem by Jorge Luis Borges (1966) have been studied. "Ghazal" movie is by Masoud Kimiaei (1975) and the video game "Mozahem" is by Natalie Bookchin, because Borges' story is a narrative of the macho world (patriarchy) and gender discrimination of Latin America. The purpose of this study is to discover and reveal how this gender discrimination is represented in the context of the contextual needs of each of these adaptations. The content of this research mainly emphasizes how social currents can be transformed from an expressive or narrative mode to a dramatic and interactive one. Apart from the method used by each of the adaptations in converting from a written version to a visual version, the focus is on the adaptability of the "Mozahem" short story in the context of Iran (Ghazal Movie) and video game (Mozahem game). Laura Malloy's theory of "masculine gaze" clearly reveals the comprehensive patriarchy of Iran in the movie of Ghazal. In examining the "Mozahem" game, it is tried to show how Natalie Bookchin has used his internet art to promote social activism.

The present study is to investigate the typology of Hedayat and Dostoevsky fictional characters with emphasis on the nine classifications of "Enneagram"; including perfectionist, helper, successful and actor types, sad romance, observer and thoughtful, faithful and loyal, entertaining, boss and mediator; And each has its own characteristics. This article examines five of Hedayat's stories and a Dostoevsky novel. Enneagram theory is a structure that examines the nine main human characters and the complex relationships within them. This method, which has been studied scientifically and empirically by American researchers and psychologists, is a structure designed by a Greek-Russian researcher named Ivanovich Gordjeev, and it is the result of his research on the culture, religions, and philosophies of mystical myths. The research method is descriptive and the data are reviewed by library and document analysis according to the content analysis technique.

Attar has described his perceptions and intuitions with the knowledge that he has from self, God, creation and using the unlimited power of pen and speech. The choice of language of poetry and art has helped him to express himself more effectively. Considering that he is one of the most prominent mystic poets who has had a tremendous impact on the poetry of poets after him and the popularity of his works has increased over time and centuries; This research with analytical-comparative method intends to explore this work with the aim of achieving a better and more accurate understanding of "Elahinameh" from the perspective of Jacobsen's theory of linguistic roles. A review of the book "Elahinameh" based on Jacobsen's theory of communication makes it clear that all of Jacobsen's linguistic functions can be seen in Attar's poetry. It is in accordance with these content components that the audience communicates with Attar's work, Attar knows his audience well and establishes empathetic communication with him in various ways.

Examining the factors of joy in Movlavi's sonnets, we concluded that seeking and discovering the truth and gaining the satisfaction of the Almighty, which indicates the perfection and servitude of man to his god and creates spiritual joy in him. Movlavi's kind of joy is psychic and inner. The coexistence of sorrow and joy in Movlavi's worldview with musical effects and dynamic images to express Movlavi's drunkenness and joy and spiritual joy that brings him from the world of horizons to the soul. Movlavi's approach can be described in the area of divine knowledge, especially in the "Kabir Divan", based on enthusiasm; And in proving such a claim, significant verses appear in this valuable mystical work. On the other hand, sadness and joy also play a significant role in Hafez's sonnets; Hafez considers sadness and happiness as two sides of life and emphasizes their role in life. The present article is the result of reflection and contemplation on the most prominent themes related to joy in "Koliat Shams" and Hafez's Divan.

In Iranian poetry, women have played various roles. According to Islamic teachings and the text of the Holy Quran, man is considered the caliph of God on earth and human beings of all races and genders are equal. In fact, Iranian poets and writers have created the most beautiful original similes and themes in the description of women, and with free inspiration, they have left lasting works. According to them, looking at a woman gives life and her smile is love-creation. In analyzing and collecting data, researchers have used the method of analytical-historical research, especially the books "Shahnameh" and "Masnavi Manavi" by Movlavi. The results show: According to Ferdowsi, the greatest indicator and manifestation of woman in "Shahnameh" is that she is a wise being, artist, independant, loyal to her husband and not a foodie, and she is the guardian of the identity of Iranshahri thought and high ethnic and racial values. Movlavi's view to women is relative and two-sided.

Folklore games are an important part of the general culture of any nation. These games have more ethnic and local aspects and express the national and cultural identity of the past tribes as a precious heritage. Historical studies show that sports and games are an integral part of human social life and according to the climatic and geographical conditions of each region, games and sports are prevalent, which in many cases have gained more influence in the surrounding lands. Ignorant poetry is the Divan of knowledge, beliefs, games, customs, beliefs, and Arab history and culture in this era. Hence, many of their local indigenous games are reflected in the poetry of this period. In the contemporary period, poets such as Ahmad Shoghi, Nizar Qabbani, Hafez Ibrahim, Sami Al-Baroudi and Khalil Motaran have implicitly referred to folklore games in their poems. In their poems, these poets also wrote about competitions, fencing, and playing in clubs.

The truth of criticism, or the chain of our condition, is the most important characteristic of knowing how to live. The precise influence and deep thought of people like Movlavi, in order to set the right goals, both in individual and social focus causes the most accurate stories in the form of "Masnavi". One of the centers of gravity of "Masnavi Manavi" is the story of the king and the maid, whose critique of the truth creates highways that the more we understand its depth, the more our inability to face it and the darkness in front of our eyes. Many descriptions of this story show the power of meanings and the resurrection of words that are poured in the form of order, and each thinker shapes it in a way based on the taste and talent of his critics and how artistically the ideas become Movlavi's companions. In this research, our different view targets the original principles of governance, and if we look at it fairly, we will realize that it is novel and different.

One of the important issues related to man and the dimensions of his existence is the issue of distinction and unity of soul and spirit. In the field of Islamic interpretation and philosophy, the issue of the multiplicity of soul and spirit has often been less raised because they consider these two as a single truth and use the spirit instead of soul and the soul instead of spirit and state that the spirit and the soul has a single meaning and therefore it has been used together in the words of commentators and elders. But philosophically, they are two different concepts in the sense that the spirit is an essence that is inherently abstract but in material action; That is, it performs its actions through material means; Unlike the soul, which is inherently and currently single; That is, just as it is not matter itself, it does not need material tools in its actions and activities. It is worth mentioning that knowing this matter is important because the differences between thinkers in issues such as abstraction, non-abstraction of spirit, occurrence of spirit and movement of spirit have occurred due to the lack of separation of these two truths.

Exploring the depths of ancient Iranian literature, as an important historical document, leads us to become more familiar with our social past; Work and effort to continue living and meeting the needs of self and fellow human beings has been a necessity from the past to the present. The existence of many proverbs about work and effort shows its importance to the elders and the accuracy of the people in spreading the culture of work. As a culture of popular literature and sociological view, referring to Sanai, Anvari and Khaghani Divan, as the leaders of social criticism, we see that Sanai, after the transformation period, criticized society, especially jobs, and he doesn't have fear of criticizing king to beggar with a unique courage and he is strongly opposed to unemployment. Anwari considers the multiplicity and variety of jobs as a necessity of social work, and according to his simple language and expression which is close to his speech, many proverbs and rulings about work have been left from him.

One of the tools that poets use to criticize society is humor. Humor is a kind of lyrical literature that has a unique power in creating enthusiasm and attracting the reader and it is achieved with a critical attitude. It has a special position in the history of Iranian written culture and it is considered the highest degree of literary criticism. The capacity of the language of humor and other branches of humor, in the ambiguous expression of human problems and afflictions, especially in times of oppression and pressure, has made it one of the most influential literary genres. Liberal and social poets, committed to human excellence, in their period faced social problems, tyranny and injustice, which criticized their opposition in various ways, overtly and covertly, in the form of humor and ambiguity. This research has analyzed the methods of humor and comparison in the collection of poems and its purpose has been to show the techniques of humor and comparison in the poems of the contemporary Iranian poet Shamloo and analyzes his poems in the poet's community.

In the field of comparative literature, by examining common themes in the literature of different nations, countless commonalities can be achieved that emphasize the mutual influence of poets or writers. The birth of any poetic text arises from the social, political and economic conditions prevailing in society, which is narrated and reflected by the pen of a committed poet. In this article, a comparative study of the ideological poems of two famous poets from two different cultures and civilizations French Paul Alois (1895-1952 AD) and Iranian Ahmad Shamloo (1926-2000) has been investigated with emphasis on basic concepts such as peace, justice, freedom, love and ideal -utopia - based on sociological method and ideological critique. The approach to compare the poems of these two great poets is a sociological approach; Because these two poets have been greatly influenced by the times in which they lived and reflected social events in their works. In fact, the purpose of social critique is to study the interaction of literature and society. In addition, in this article, we will use the critique of ideology.

The main discussion of Islamic mysticism is the discussion of existence and ontology, which has been continued from generation to generation for centuries. Ontology is a modern term and with this title, it has not been mentioned in mystical literature and it has often been combined with the titles of epistemology, anthropology and cognition of the world. Mystics have looked at ontology with a different view from philosophers and have spoken in explaining its issues according to the mystical method and have solved the creation of the world with the theory of manifestation and unity of existence and have looked at man beyond the material body and believe that man can attain the survival of God by death in this world. In this study, the poems of Hossein Ibn Mansour Hallaj and Attar Neyshabouri, two mystical poets in Arabic and Persian literature, have been studied in terms of ontological manifestations of the two poets, with an analytical-comparative approach. Ontology is the main subject of mysticism of two poets, which can be divided in axes of God, the world and man.

The old image has a special position in Islamic mysticism. Mystical books have more or less depicted and described the old image and have clearly stated its importance and necessity, among which Sanai's "Hadigah", Attar's "Mantegh Al-Tair", Movlavi's "Masnavi" and Hafez's Divan have a special importance and role. By creating these works, these great men have made a great contribution to understanding the mystical situation of the great poets beyond their mystical teachings and personal experiences. Comparing the appearance of the old in these four works will not be ineffective in clarifying some aspects of the actions and behavior of the old and understanding the texts correctly. Attar and Movlavi introduce the old character to the reader with various interpretations such as Sheikh, Saqi and Rand and by using the holy names of divine prophets such as Jesus (AS), Khezer (AS), and the Holy Prophet (PBUH). This article seeks to explain the appearance of elders in the Sufi thoughts of Attar and Movlavi.

One of the new types of literary criticism is the archetypal critique of texts, which is based on psychological critique and it is based on the theories of the famous and contemporary Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. Jung calls the collective unconscious products, prototypes, archetypes that have various manifestations such as mother, wise old man, hero, anima, animus, rebirth, shadow and fraud. According to Jung, images have no content alone, so they manifest themselves in the form of symbols in dreams and myths. Today, archeology is one of the main topics of literary criticism, especially mythological criticism, and the search for archetypal symbols is one of the favorite topics of mystical literature researchers. Since Movlana is a mystic who has a symbolic mind and has composed "Masnavi" in the form of a cryptic work that has an infinite range of archetypal symbols and has the ability to study archetypal, so in this study, the archetypal symbols of Movlavi's "Masnavi Manavi" in the class of archetype was examined in the sub-category of color.

Iran and the kings of Persia, as one of the ancient civilizations of the planet, have been able to attract the attention of various nations, including the Arabs. Aashi Akbar, who was fascinated by this civilization and the behavior of the Persians, by traveling and praising the kings and great Iranians such as Kasra Anoushirvan and Shahpour, opened his place in the government and court of the Persians and his poetry was full of Persian words that he borrowed from the Persians and the way of writing and composing those words was exactly the same as what was common among the Persians. This research, which in turn is one of the special articles in the field of comparative literature and the adaptation between the two languages of Persian and Arabic, aims to express and shine the Persian language in other languages, especially Arabic by mentioning Persian words among the verses of poetry left over from Aashi.

The myth of Zarqa is a manifestation of the bitter realities of society and it is manifested in ancient literary texts and popular literature due to its historical foundations. In this article, the authors have studied the archetypes of Zarqa's story using the method of literary criticism based on the book "Majma al-Amsal" in the method of psychological criticism and with the aim of analyzing the archetypes in the story. This critique is based on Jung's ideas. These archetypes are manifested in ancient Persian literature, including the poems of poets such as Sanai, Khaghani, etc. Research findings show that this myth has archetypes such as anima, animus and night, and so on. One of the results of the research is that in the circle of the process of the journey of evolution from me to self, only a half-descent into darkness has occurred. In this anecdote, evil is the animal instincts that have prevailed in the Arab psychological crisis. These archetypes have their roots in the story of Eve and Adam (pbuh) and have been transferred from the personal unconscious of the tribes to the masses and have been immortalized in the minds and have not disappeared over time. They have been transferred from the unconscious to the conscious in certain situations.

Maghame is one of the types of ancient stories that with artificial prose mixed with poetry, are about a hero who appears anonymously in anecdotes and creates events with the intention of begging, and as soon as his character is known, it disappears until appear again in another awe in the next Maghame. Hamidi's Maghamat is one of the most important books in Arabic and Persian. Hamidi, by choosing the format of the story and using the principles of storytelling, as well as selecting the events of these stories from the realities of life and choosing fictional characters from the people who live among them, along with their individual and social characteristics, brought the writing style close to realist writers. The effervescence of life through the events of Maghamat, together with the action of the real characters in its scenes and the influence of the spiritual, moral, social, material, scientific and literary atmosphere on the characters, realizes the truthfulness as the stories. In this research, it has been tried to investigate the most important story in Hamidi and Hariri's Maghamat by a descriptive-analytical method.

It is very important to know and introduce "Shahnameh" and "Siyasatnameh" in the field of litigation and guidance for comparative comparison of other literary works as well as clarifying the dimensions of epic poetic literature and comparing it with prose works; Because "Siyasatnameh" is not a purely historical book, but presents the author's ideals, especially in the form of a picture of justice. Also, "Shahnameh" is not only the story of Rustam's wars and victories, but also expresses the ideals and beliefs of a nation and, most of all, "litigation" and justice. In this regard, the present study has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method based on library information. Findings show: Ferdowsi and Nezam-al-Molk throughout the "Shahnameh" and "Siyasatnameh" invite the tyrants of the time for litigation and paid attention to the principle of justice, but in "Shahnameh", the issue of litigation has been studied in detail and comprehensively. However, the issue of litigation is briefly mentioned in the "Siyasatnameh".

This article is an analysis based on Norman Fairclough's theory in the Ataba Al-Kataba with a pragmatic approach that examines and analyzes linguistic forms, their purposes and functions based on Fairclough's views. The theoretical basis of the research is in the framework of a three-level (layered) model of description, interpretation and explanation. The dimensions of discourse are very prominent in "Schools and Letters of Ataba al-Katabah" due to the close connection between language and social structures and the influence of the text on social relations. In this text, in addition to the effect of power relations, specific language choices that are specific to the style of this period are distinguished in the process of meaning production. The purpose of this study is to show the type and style of twentieth century discourse and to show the power of the author (Montajeb Jovini) in the form of his discourse. The different view on introduction and analysis of Ataba Al-Kataba is another goal of this study. This research has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method and it is examined by qualitative content analysis method and citing the text of the letters and mentioning the evidence of the example.

Music is one of the most prominent poetic elements in the literature of any nation. Meanwhile, the literature of some nations such as Persian and Arabic literature have the same musical elements in their poems. In this study, we try to analyze the poems of two prominent and contemporary Arabic and Iranian poets, Mahmoud Sami Al-Baroudi and Malek Al-Shoarai Bahar to reveal the use of music-making factors in the poems of these two poets. To achieve this goal, the music of their poems is examined from two important aspects: external music (weight, rhyme and row) and internal music (Jenas, repetition with the sub-branch of phonology, repetition of the word and repetition of syllables, as well as Rad Al-Ajaz Ala Al-Sadr and Sadr). By this hypothesis, both poets have been able to compose sweet songs on their strings using musical instruments. The results of this study show that there are many similarities between these two poets.

Feminine literature, despite the history of Arabic and Persian literature, due to social and cultural barriers as a context for expressing feminine thoughts and expressing its problems has not had much crystallization in the Arab lands and Iran. After the social and political developments in the Arab countries and the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, feminine poetry achieved a significant crystallization and somehow introduced the idea of ​​women poets and their worldview. This research has tried to analyze the poetic themes of two Persian and Arabic poets, Forough Farrokhzad and Nabila Al-Khatib, a Jordanian poet in terms of poetic content and expression of women's ideas. The poems of these two poets contain women's issues. At a glance, the works of these two poets show that women's ideas are related to rejecting the constraints and cumbersome personal and social traditions of women's lives, especially in the East, and also include issues such as love, motherhood, and so on. Both poets have tried to rely on poetry, the expressive larynx to mature the presence of women and her social and cultural identity, given that poetry both because of feminine indicators in a positive way of their social and cultural identity as women and it represents its unique literary style.

The necessity of religion is felt in our age more than any other age, and sometimes they are far from the Hereafter due to paying too much attention to the world. Sometimes, they have ruined their world as a result of approach to the Hereafter. In this article, it has been tried to find out about religion and the world according to the texts that were available, and finally Shahnameh Ferdowsi and Kashf al-Asrar Meybodi and study these two effects by adapting them. The goal was only to accurately understand and discover the true face of the world in the view of these great people. Given the vastness of epic and mystical literature, it is difficult to do the right thing. Ferdowsi and Meybodi both believe that a world where everything is like a wind should not be relied on. Meybodi believes that wealth, life and long life are manifestations that prevent man from the hereafter, but Ferdowsi says that the world is the beginning of treasure and the end of suffering and it depicts a world that is full of lessons.