فصلنامه راهبرد اقتصادی
پیاپی 35 (زمستان 1399)

In this paper evaluates the effects of entrepreneurship and business environment on productivity components(total factor productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity) in 15 selected developing countries over the period of 2006 to 2017 with using of dynamic panel with generalized method of moments approach(GMM). The results showed that, entrepreneurship and business environment had a positive effect on productivity components and the effectiveness of total factor productivity was greater than labor productivity and capital productivity. But still, due to the entrepreneurship,s barriers and business environment,s limitation, these two indicators have not reached to ideal levels in developing societies and we are still witnessing significant fluctuations in this area, so these positive effects may not be sustainable in these communities therefore, the lack of improvement and expansion of these indicators can have irreparable consequences for trend of productivity components. Therefore, the need for new reform in these two areas is essential. Accordingly, is suggested to do sustainable and coherent planning for improve and expand of entrepreneurship indicators and business environment until from in this way, can provide the basis for further promotion of productivity components.

New urban needs and urban development have left governments with a shortage of financial resources to provide urban services, creating a gap between supply and demand for infrastructure. This issue has become important in the field of financing urban projects from the perspective of the public sector and especially municipalities. Public Private Partnership (PPP) is one of the infrastructure supply models that governments have focused on in recent decades. Given that these types of models have significant complexities in different stages of the project and the relationships that govern it are long-term, it is important to know the factors affecting it and related institutions. In this study, by examining the channels affecting PPP as well as econometric analysis by panel method, the factors affecting public-private participation in selected countries have been investigated. The results of the research econometric model show the positive impact of government debt, market size, macroeconomic stability, and a strong legal system on the rate of public-private partnership projects.

The aims of this paper investigated the effect of exchange rate shock on output gap and inflation for the Iranian economy. We present a New-Keynesian DSGE model for a small open economy of Iran from 1971 until to 2018. model used in this study include: Households, Firms, Oil Sector, Government and monetary policy and foreign sector .The most important features of this study as follows: adding oil sector, Consider rigidity in the firm sector (intermediate good producers firms , exporter firms, importer firms) .The Bayesian estimation method is used to get the posterior means based on priors and the likelihood function. The impulse response functions illustrate that an increase in exchange rate shock created an increase in output and output gap in short run, that this effect will be decrease in the medium term and will be negatively affected in the long run. Exchange rate shock has a positive effect on inflation and inflation gap in short run but they are not very strong in the early periods in the later and mid-term periods, the incremental effects of exchange rate shocks on inflation and inflation gap stronger.

Many economists agree that monetary policy affects the real sector of the economy in the short term, but their disagreement is over the channels of influence and their relative importance. The research's main purpose was to identify the most important mechanism of monetary policy transmission in the Iranian economy with the Bayesian model averaging approach. Thirty-five variables affecting monetary policy transmission through the neoclassical channel and 22 variables affecting the monetary transmission mechanism in the non-neoclassical model were entered into the model. Finally, using the Bayesian averaging model approach, the most important variables affecting the monetary policy transmission mechanism were determined. According to the results, it can be said that the money transmission mechanism in the Iranian economy is transmission through both neoclassical and non-neoclassical channels. According to the results, the neoclassical channel has a higher share in the monetary mechanism transmission system than the non-neoclassical channel. According to the results, the most important channels of monetary policy transmission in the Iranian economy are the effective real exchange rate variables, free-market interest rate, informal exchange rate deviation from the formal, total stock index growth rate, land price index in Tehran, the volume of money, total debt to the banking system and the growth rate are credits granted to the private sector.

The effect of Taxation on macroeconomics indicator has been a main factor for Fiscal policy making. VAT ACT is one of most important tax policy in Iran which has been executing as temporary law for ten years. The most important Issue between policy making in regard to VAT is whether it affect GDP positively or negatively. A crucial point for answering this question is identification of exogenous tax Shocks. In this research using Romer and Romer (2010) narrative approach, VAT exogenous Shocks are identified. Then with a vector autoregressive regression model and IRAN seasonal data (1387-1397) the effect of this shocks on GDP growth and growth of government expenditure is investigated. The results indicate that VAT shocks in the first period have a negative effect on economic growth and in subsequent periods this effect is not statistically significant. Also, VAT shocks have no significant effect on the growth of government expenditure.

The study of pension funds in Iran shows that currently, these funds face deficit and liquidity gap due to different reasons. The challenge of the imbalance between resources and consumptions in pension funds and its negative consequences, especially the funds deficit and consequently the increased commitments of the government in this area, have made it inevitable to implement reforms in these funds. But the main question is that why these reforms have not become operational in spite of the perception of the crisis of pension funds by different actors in this area? Accordingly, and considering the complex and multidimensional nature of retirement, in order to modify the regulation structure in these funds, it is required to identify and explain the key factors affecting this structure modification and the way in which they affect this structure. Using thematic analysis method (TA) and interpretive-structural modeling (ISM), the key factors affecting the modification of regulation pattern of pension funds were identified in this study, and by obtaining the themes network, the relationship model between effective factors was extracted at 6 levels, and finally, MICMAC method was used to measure the power of the influence and dependence of factors. Results from this study show that it is required to delegate the responsibility for management of intergenerational affairs in the field of retirement to an independent meta-power pension supervisor.