نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 63 (اردیبهشت 1400)

The structure of the global market economic system has caused the policy and diplomacy of governments to follow those principles and goals which are formulated and conditioned by the structure of the global political economic system. In this context, acting in accordance with the structural requirements of the global economy has become an inevitable priority in the economic policies of governments. The effectiveness of economic diplomacy, as a tool of foreign policy and a bridge between the national economy and the global economy, depends on the dynamics of the internal environment of the economy and the optimal performance of the foreign policy apparatus to pave the road for the integration of the national economy in global markets to maximize financial, manufacturing and technological value added. In order to achieve economic development and secure its economic interests, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs effective economic diplomacy towards its strategic partners, especially the Federal Republic of Germany as one of the influential international political and economic powers. Addressing the question that “how the structural requirements of the global economy have affected the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran's economic diplomacy towards Germany?” is the main purpose of this research. In response to this question, the hypothesis of this study states that the incompatibility of the national economy with the rules and structural requirements of the world economy and the weakness of Iran’s official diplomatic apparatus explain the poor performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in taking advantage of German economic opportunities. The method of the present study is explanatory-analytical.

The present study seeks to investigate globalization and the impact of environmental crises on human rights. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, the environmental challenges and their impact on human rights are examined. According to the thematic documentation presented in this article, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method in this research is the library method. This article addresses the question of what is the relationship between environmental crises and human rights, and how do environmental crises affect human rights? In response to this question, it is assumed that "at present, environmental issues in different parts of the world are accepted as the basic concepts of human rights by the international community - which is increasingly globalizing - and as a result, the environmental degradation is a violation of human rights." The conclusion of the article is that the connection between human rights and the environment leads the victims of environmental degradation to adopt some kind of protection mechanisms that are proposed in the form of human rights mechanisms.

Foreign policy is an important area for all governments, and even many domestic issues such as development, welfare, employment, and domestic stability are somehow created in connection with successful foreign policy. Countries' foreign policies are influenced by national capabilities and international constraints. In the First Government of Hassan Rouhani (2013-17), the Islamic Republic of Iran has tried to pay more attention to Central Asia as one of the most important regions around Iran in the post-JPCOA period and in the tense situation in the Middle East. By paying attention to the concept of regionalism, the Rouhani government has sought to strengthen its influence in Central Asia. The present article examines Iran's cooperation with Central Asian countries in the Rouhani government by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach in the framework of the regionalism approach. The main question is what effect the foreign policy of the Rouhani government has had on advancing Iran's political and economic goals in the Central Asian region, and what tools and facilities it has used to achieve these goals. The hypothesis is based on the principle that the goal of the Rouhani government's regionalist policy in Central Asia is to achieve long-term goals by overcoming failures and paying attention to the potentials of both sides for trade, investment and mutual influence. Hence, the government has tried to expand its relations with Central Asian countries by using cultural, historical and economic commonalities.

Economic and Customs crime that is named financial crime is attributed to illegal measurement which are done by one person or a group of persons for obtaining of financial allowances. Main motivation for committing this crime is obtaining of economic benefits, therefor the research is regards studying legislative policy of Iran and international documents in communication with economic crimes (with emphasis on the customs crimes and smuggling goods. According to the subject documents, represented in this research, method of research is descriptive – analytical and method of collection of information in this research is librarian. The findings of this study indicate that the legislative policy of Iran in communication with economic crimes should be compiled in 3 preventive, executive and monitoring levels, so it is recommended that in level of prevention with amendment of culture of the society in direction of rule of law and reduce government enterpris, in level of execution with public training  and promotion the informing level , dynamics the organs and avoidance from usury banking and in supervision section, elimination of discrimination should be considered in contact with the violators.

One of the most important questions that political philosophers throughout history have asked is the question of the best kind of political system, and one of the most popular methods of governing throughout history is democracy, as many political thinkers believe that the philosophy of politics emerged essentially with the emergence of the crisis of Athenian democracy. Therefore, this article seeks to show that democracy has never been a superior and worthy system in comparison with other conventional forms of governance, and has become famous because of being criticized by philosophers of politics. Democracy has always faced criticism from great critics such as Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece and the authors of the Federalist articles – e.g., Hegel, Tocqueville, and Mill - in modern times. Hence, they critically analyzed the dangers of democracy, such as the tyranny of the majority, the despotism of custom, and populism, which added to the rise and reputation of democracy, such a way that it became the most popular form of government in the twentieth century.

Today, most of the world's oil and gas fields are located along the borders of two or more countries. Exploitation and extraction from these common fields has been one of the most controversial issues of the host countries of these fields and reservoirs. In particular, the lack of a specific and comprehensive procedure has added to disagreements. Today, countries have resorted to various methods of joint exploitation to prevent or at least reduce such disagreements. One of these very useful methods is the exploitation through the integration contract. In this method, the host countries of the common fields or reservoirs agree that the field should be considered as a single unit and its operation should be done in a coordinated and integrated manner. Given the diversity of integration agreements, it can be said that there is a uniform procedure for these agreements. The question that can be asked in this article is whether there is a uniform procedure for joint exploitation agreements and integration of oil fields agreements between governments? This article examines in a descriptive-analytical manner the hypothesis that countries often use bilateral and multilateral agreements for integration and joint exploitation to exploit their common oil and gas fields. Although these agreements are very diverse in terms of geography and the clauses used in them, they seem to follow an almost fixed pattern.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted in 1989 and the United States of America has refrained from its ratification until now. The present article is trying to provide an answer to the question why the United States of America has not ratified the Convention? In seeking the reason of this issue, which is neglected in Persian sources, foreign articles and American politicians’ statements were considered. Thereafter, in studying the reasoning of the opponents, their justification was examined from a legal perspective. In conclusion, amongst the issues mentioned, namely, Parental rights and authority, Abortion, Children rights and fundamental freedoms, the conflict between the Convention provisions and the Constitution or state statutes and positive/negative Rights, the latter was deemed as the strongest. Finally, this article tries to indicate the point that, the main reason of US non-ratification, is not issues of family rights or abortion but, the positive rights literature in the convention of the rights of the child. Since all other reasons could be bypassed by considering the Convention non-self-executing as a whole, yet positive rights issue conflicts with the foundation of American understanding of “Right”.