International journal of basic science in medicine
Volume:5 Issue: 4, Dec 2020

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication in hospitalized patients and is the most frequent cause of preventable death in these patients, in addition to being the third cause of death of cardiovascular origin. Even though the loss of recent or continued mobility represents an important predisposition related to the onset of VTE, there are no clear and uniform criteria for defining the concept of immobility. Despite this, it is currently known that the early mobilization and other non-pharmacological thromboprophylactic measures of the patient in the medical or surgical clinic is an essential measure for his full recovery and satisfactory prognosis. Therefore, it is always important to prescribe preventive multiprofessional care, such as lateral decubitus variation, bed positioning, passive continuous movements apparatus as use of a cycle ergometer (CE), compressive socks, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), electric stimulation, sitting position, orthostatism, transfer from bed to chair, walking, and insertion of a filtering device in the lower portion of the main human vein in order to guarantee recovery quickly, safely and free from the risk of developing fatal complications such as pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Our objective in this article is to briefly summarize the main non-pharmacological thromboprophylaxis measures that help prevent venous embolism, in addition to addressing other mechanical resources used to prevent complications of thromboembolic events described in the literature on this topic.

Colibacillosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of birds that is caused by Escherichia coli. This disease causes considerable economic damage to the poultry industry every year. Various antimicrobial agents are used to reduce the damage caused by this infection. But in recent decades, the increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of resistant genes and, consequently increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, leading to a decrease in the efficacy of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility and drug resistance of 178 isolates of 40 chicken flocks in Ardabil province northwest of Iran.

Five carcasses were randomly selected from each flocks with colibacillosis and sampled from liver and heart using sterile swabs. After culture and isolation, colonies were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Antibiotic resistance of all isolates to 19 antibiotics was determined using disk diffusion method based on CLSI guidelines.

Of 200 samples, 178 (89%) were isolated, and 22 (11%) did not grow. In this study the highest antibiotic resistance was observed against flumequine (98.31%), nalidixic acid (97.25%), tylosin (97.20%), oxytetracycline (97.20%), chlortetracycline (95.50%), difloxacin (89.32%), doxycycline (81.47%), enrofloxacin (77.53%), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (71.91%), and the lowest antibiotic resistance was recorded for Linco-Spectin (36.52%), chloramphenicol (22.47%), gentamycin (7.30%), fuzbac (5.05%) and ceftriaxone (3.93%). All isolates were highly sensitive to ceftazidime.

The results of this study showed a high level of resistance to antibiotics commonly used in poultry industry, which is probably due to improper use of antibiotics in poultries.

Almost all causes of chronic liver damage can culminate in liver fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis. Studies have suggested a relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and liver fibrosis; however, this needs confirmation by further studies. We here assessed the predictive value of MPV for liver fibrosis in children with chronic liver diseases.

In this study, children <18 years old with chronic liver diseases referred to the Nemazee Hospital of Shiraz during 2013-2016 were studied. The patients underwent liver biopsy for assessing liver fibrosis. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS 23.

From 368 studied children, 52.2% were boys. The patients’ mean age was 4.5±3.9 years old. Most patients had grade 6 fibrosis (36.7%). Cryptogenic (42.7%) was the most common cause of chronic liver disease, and jaundice was the most prevalent clinical presentation (53%). There was a significant association between the liver fibrosis and MPV (P=0.025).

MPV was significantly different between patients with different severities of liver fibrosis. However, assigning an appropriate cut off value to distinguish different degrees of fibrosis requires more studies.

Patients undergoing surgery may need transfusion of blood products for a variety of reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the incidence of blood transfusion complications in patients undergoing surgery.

The present study was performed as a cross-sectional study in 2020 at Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 1132 patients who had complications during surgery upon transfusion of blood and blood products from 2015 to 2020 were included in the census. To collect information, a checklist, including patients’ information, the type of product, and types of complications was used. SPSS software version 21 was used for data analysis.

In this study, 99.7% of the complications were acute, and in 91.1% of the cases, the severity of complications was mild. Of the confirmed complications, 46.4% were allergic reactions, and 43.8% were reported as non-hemolytic febrile reactions. A total of 91.1% of patients completely recovered after the onset of the complication, 6.2% had a partial disability, 0.4% had severe disability, and 0.3% died.

The results showed that most patients had acute complications in terms of the type of complication and mild in terms of the severity, thus a completely regular program is recommended to control side effects related to blood and blood products transfusion.

Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common glomerular diseases in children who are also at risk of metabolic bone diseases. In this study the effect of supplementary use of vitamin D3 was assessed on serum levels of vitamin D3 in patients with nephrotic syndrome receiving steroid therapy.

Thirty children with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study. After obtaining blood samples to measure 25(OH) D levels, all patients were supplemented with daily doses of Vitamin D for one month. Serum 25(OH) D level was checked again, and these patients were supplemented for another month if they had been recognized with deficiency at the last check.

Out of 30 children, 60% were male and 40% were female with a mean age of 6.91 ± 3.34 years. Before intervention, 70% of patients had severe vitamin D deficiency, and 26.7% had mild to moderate deficiency, and none of the patients had normal serum levels of 25-(OH)-D. After one month, only one patient gained normal levels which was not statistically significant (P=0.500). After two months of intervention, 12 patients escaped deficiency but still exhibited insufficient levels followed by 8 people with deficiency, and 10 patients reached normal values which was statistically significant (P=0.002). The mean level of 25(OH) D was 8.277±0.84 ng/ mL rising to 14.364±1.14 ng/mL after two months (P=0.001).

This study showed a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in the children with nephrotic syndrome warranting routine surveillance of vitamin D serum levels in these patients. Daily doses of vitamin D in the first month of onset of the disease was insufficient. We suggest that children may benefit from routine measurement of their serum vitamin D from diagnosis and later in follow-up visits so an individual strategy for vitamin D supplementation could be given

Atherosclerosis (AS), as a significant cardiovascular disease, is the main factor of death in the world. There has been an association between plasma lipoproteins and AS. Reverse cholesterol transfer (RCT), in which ATP binding cassette (ABC) adenosine triphosphate transporters are major contributors, prevents AS incidence by reducing the accumulation of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of a combination training session on the gene expression of ABCG4 and plasma level of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in nucleated blood cells of middle-aged men after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

The statistical population consisted of 20 middle-aged men who had previously undergone CABG. After selection, these individuals were randomly divided into two groups of n=10; control and combined exercise. At the beginning and end of training sessions, blood samples were obtained to isolate mononuclear cells and extract mRNA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for gene expression analysis, and IL-4 was determined by ELISA. SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis.

The training period remarkably increased ABCG4 expression and IL-4 plasma level compared to the control group.

Combined training, as a part of cardiac rehabilitation in those undergoing CABG may improve the RCT process by affecting the gene expression of ABCG4 and IL-4 production, which are involved in fat burning and metabolism.

Taking anabolic steroids can affect the state of oxidative stress in different tissues of the body such as kidneys. This study aimed to examine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with testosterone enanthate consumption on tissue oxidation indicators in male rats.

In the current experimental study, 18 rats with an average weight of 250 ± 50 g were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals including: (1) control, (2) training, and (3) training + testosterone. Rats in the training and training + testosterone groups underwent resistance training for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. Also, rats in the training + testosterone group received 20 mg/kg of testosterone enanthate by intramuscular injection 3 days a week. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter ladder 5 days a week (4 sets of 6 with a rest interval of 60 to 90 seconds) in which the weights were 60% of the rats’ body weights in the first week, and 20% of the body weight was added to the weights every week. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the research findings (P≤0.05).

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level in the training + testosterone group was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.007); however, there were no significant differences in malonaldehyde (MDA) (P=0.64) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P=0.29) levels between the research groups.

It seems that testosterone consumption can be effective in increasing oxidative stress factors in the kidney tissue of resistance-trained rats.

Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is one of the main causes of acute liver failure in the world. Pinus eldarica is specially distributed in the north of Iran and has been used for decades to treat wounds, pain, infection, fever, bronchitis and inflammation in many countries. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of pine pollen extract (PE) on APAPinduced hepatotoxicity.

This study was conducted in two separate parts: single- and multi- dose administration of PE. In a multiple dosing regimen, different doses of extract (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg) were orally administrated for 2 weeks and then on the 15th day, the animals received a single dose of APAP (600 mg/kg). In the second part, the highest dose of PE (50 mg/kg) was orally administrated half an hour after receiving the APAP at dose of 600 mg/kg. The negative and positive control groups were treated with normal saline and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), respectively. At the end of procedure, the biochemical parameters including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as pathological findings were evaluated.

A single and multiple oral dose of APAP increased the serum level of ALT, AST and ALP that were significantly attenuated by PE administration in both model. Indeed, exposure to APAP caused extensive necrosis and lymphocytic inflammation that were completely prevented by single- and multi-dose administration of PE, specially at a high dose.

Finally, the present results indicate that PE could reverse the reduction of aminotransferases and improve histological changes of APAP-induced liver toxicity. Further research is needed to confirm this finding and reveal the exact mechanisms.