مجله چغندر قند
سال سی و ششم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

In order to understand the role of maternal parent in producing sugar beet cultivars resistant to rhizomania, root rot, and beet cyst nematode diseases, 12 single crosses resistant to rhizomania, three normal single crosses, and two male sterile lines were crossed with two pollinators. One of the pollinators (SB36-S1-3) was resistant to beet cyst nematode and the other one (33345-93) was resistant to rhizomania and root rot. The presence of rhizomania and cystic nematode resistance gene in parents and hybrids was determined. Hybrids were evaluated in two trials of 20 (hybrids resistant to rhizomania and beet cyst nematode) and 16 cultivars (hybrids resistant to root rot and rhizomania) in five locations including Shiraz, Ghazvin, Mashhad, Torbat-e-Jam and Hamadan. In 20 cultivars trial, hybrid (201-25*301-28) *SB26-S1-3 with the presence of 35% MN gene and 100% Rz1 gene as well as 6.53 t/ha white sugar yield (equivalent to 149% of Arya) was selected as the superior hybrid. In this trial, foreign control cultivars namely Toucan and Succara produced 5.85 and 8.08 t/ha white sugar yield, respectively. In 16 cultivars trial, hybrid (201-25*301-28) *33345-93 with 132% of the control cultivar Ekbatan in terms of white sugar yield (4.72 t/ha) was the superior hybrid. This hybrid lost 10% of its individual plants during the growing season because of root rot. Under this condition, Ekbatan, Boomerang, Perimeir, Novodoro, and Sharif cultivars lost 12, 7, 12, 4 and 28 % of their plants during the growing season, respectively. Hybrid (201-25*301-28) *33345-93 produced 6.23 t/ha white sugar yield which was more than Novodoro (5.55 t/ha), Boomerang (5.52 t/ha) and Perimeir (3.97 t/ha). Single cross 201-25*301-28 with 90% presence of Rz1 gene, virus concentration of BNYVV in a level of Brigita, resistant foreign control, and producing highest sugar yield in crosses with both of pollinators was introduced as a superior maternal parent for new hybrid production.

In order to compare and determine the potential, and compatibility level of different sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars at different planting and harvest dates, a two years (2014-16) trial was conducted in Etka Dehloran field. In the first and second year, the trial was performed in split plot- and split-split plot based on randomized complete block design, respectively with three replications. In the first year, the main plots consisted of 15 cultivars and the planting date of 2nd October 2014 and the split plots included harvest dates of 14th and 30th April 2015. In the second year, the main plots consisted of five selected cultivars from first year trial, three planting dates (16th September, 1st and 16th October) in split plots, and three harvest dates (14th and 30th April and 14th May) in split split plots. The evaluated traits were root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar yield, Na and K content and extraction coefficient of sugar. Results of analysis of variance in the first year showed that there was a significant difference between the cultivars in terms of studied traits. According to the evaluated traits, among 15 studied cultivars and based on bolting resistance, Antek, Azaba, Silvetta, Spartak, and Sharif were superior to other cultivars; therefore, these cultivars were selected for continuous screening in the second year of the trial. In the second year, there was a significant difference between cultivars in terms of studied traits, so that the highest root yield was related to Sharif cultivar (83.32 tha-1). The highest sugar content (17.29%) and extraction coefficient of sugar (14.68%) were related to Silvata cultivar.

Sugar beet is an industrial and strategic crop regarding sugar production in Iran, however, accurate information on its yield potential (Yp) and yield gap (Yg) is limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the yield potential of sugar beet using GYGA protocol according to the current conditions for the first time in Iran. Based on this protocol, agro-climatic zones (CZ), reference weather stations (RWs) and buffers within each meteorological station in each climatic zone as well as the type of soil texture in the buffer range were determined and yield potential, yield gap and production were evaluated using SSM-iCrop2 model. Finally, 28 weather stations were selected for sugar beet in 13 climatic zones which cover 92.7% of total sugar beet cultivation areas. The modeling results estimated the yield potential and yield gap to be 11.39 and 6.23 M t, respectively. Actual yield and the yield potential were 46.663 and 102.986 tha-1, respectively resulting in yield gap of 56.323 t ha-1 for sugar beet production in Iran with a relative yield (RY) of 45%. This indicates that current management practices produce only less than half of the performance potential.

Mechanical control of weeds in the field can reduce the environmental concerns caused by high application and costs of herbicides. This study was performed to determine the technical and economic effect of new bent leg cultivator on sugar beet yield. The study included seven treatments of bent leg cultivator with 45 mm blade width, bent leg cultivator with 45 mm blade width + furrower, bent leg cultivator with 65 mm blade width, bent leg cultivator with 65 mm blade width + furrower, conventional cultivator (crescent blade), control of weed in all seasons, and without weed control performed in randomized complete block design with three replications. In order to evaluate the technical and economic effect of cultivators on sugar beet yield, sugar beet root yield parameters, sugar content, sugar yield, income and cost of treatments were measured and using the marginal net profit analysis method, the economic return on investment of each method in weed control were obtained compared with other methods. Results showed that the economically appropriate treatment was bent leg cultivator with 65 mm width + furrower. Results also showed that the new technology of bent leg cultivator has the potential to increase weed control along with increasing crop yield as well as farmer’s net profit.

Seed and soil borne pathogenic fungi and pests that grow in early growing season of sugar beet cause seedling loss and establishment. The use of fungicides and insecticides in seed coating technology to control pathogens and pests is so effective and necessary in early growing season in order to increase plant emergence and establishment. However, it is important to make sure that toxins do not adversely affect the natural function of the seed in germination. The aim of this study was to ensure the potential sugar beet seedling emergence against soil borne pathogenic fungi and pests damage in early growing season using a combination of different fungicides including carboxyl Tyram, Lamardor, and Maxim XL035 FS and insecticides including Cruiser FS350, Cruiser FS600 and Gaucho in different formulas in sugar beet seed coating. Eleven treatments were used to evaluate the effect of different fungicides and insecticides in compare with uncoated seed (check) for different traits of germination and seedling emergence under laboratory and greenhouse condition in 2018-19. The results showed that sugar beet seed coating with some fungicides has different effect on germination traits. Germination rate in Vitavax + Cruiser FS600, and Maxim XL035 FS+Cruiser FS350 treatments showed significant superiority compared with check. However, Vitavax + Gacho had decreasing effect on germination rate. Vitavax and Lamardor fungicides delayed germination and increased ungerminated seed number compared with Maxim XL035 FS fungicide. In general, fungicides and insecticides combination that had an increasing effect on seedling emergence and decreasing effect on the average time of plant emergence resulted in increased vegetative growth and eventually seedling weight. Therefore, based on the evaluation of germination rate in the laboratory, greenhouse and dry weight of seedling, Vitavax + Cruiser FS600 treatment is recommended as the best formula for sugar beet seed coating compared with check treatment.

The germination percentage of different sugar beet cultivars and hybrids in the field is of special importance for the breeder as a superior feature of the improved cultivar. The aim of this study was to provide an image processing-based method for rapid and accurate counting of seedling number of various sugar beet cultivars in the field. The images were taken using a digital camera from a fixed height and transferred to the Matlab software environment in May 2017 at Zarghan Agricultural Research Station. Using image processing techniques and functions in the software, the algorithm for counting and determining the number of sugar beet seedling in a fixed length was coded and presented. The proposed algorithm was related to situations in which the leaves of sugar beet seedling were far from each other or only in contact with each other. The accuracy of the algorithm was 90.32% and its execution time was about 1.67 seconds. The actual number of seedlings and the number observed by the algorithm were statistically analyzed by paired t-student test and it was found no significant difference between them (P<0.05). Also, different sugar beet cultivars had no effect on the implementation of the algorithm and its accuracy. The results showed that instead of visually counting the number of seedlings, this procedure can be done with more than 90% accuracy for the above two conditions by imaging and using the algorithm.

Today, the use of new technologies as a solution to remove environmental barriers and optimal use of resources has been considered. Changing the cultivation method from direct seeding to seedling transplanting in some crops such as sugar beet is considered as a practical solution for this purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the partial and total productivity of the production factors in two cultivation methods including traditional (direct seed cultivation) and transplanting in 2017. The statistical information needed in this study were collected by referring to the published documents in this regard, interviews with relevant researchers and experts at the Sugar Beet Seed Institute, the office of the sugar beet project executor in the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, as well as the agricultural crop management department of the Jovain industrial and agricultural Company. The results indicated that the efficiency of partial machine productivity, seed, chemical fertilizer and labor inputs in direct seeding is more than the seedling transplanting method, and for chemical pesticides and water inputs, the partial productivity in the seedling transplanting is more than direct seeding. Regarding the total efficiency of production factors, the efficiency of direct seeding method is more than seedling transplanting. According to the results, net income and sale return of direct seeding was 64.6 and 13.3% more than seedling transplanting, respectively. The average partial and total productivity of inputs used in direct seeding was estimated to 4.8 and 21.4% more than seedling transplanting, respectively.

Agricultural insurance as a means of the risk transfer is a very important tool. Sugar beet, as one of the most important crops in the country, has a cultivated area of about 100000 hectares. The area under cultivation of sugar beet in Mashhad was 750 hectares with about 27,000 tons production (yield equivalent to 36 tha-1) in 2018-19. On the other hand, sugar beet is one of the most important products in Mashhad, and every year a large part of its products is damaged due to natural, human and intentional hazards. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the barriers of sugar beet insurance extension in Mashhad using the structural equation model in 2018. The study was based on descriptive-correlation method, data collection tool, questionnaire and the statistical population of the study consisted of beet growers in Mashhad. To determine the sample size, simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula were used. Finally, the sample size was estimated to 150 persons. In order to test the research hypotheses, Smart PLS software and path analysis model was used. The results showed that executive weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.166, land-related environmental weakness with path coefficient of 0.134, individual-knowledge barriers with path coefficient of 0.151, institutional inconsistency with path coefficient of 0.121, manpower shortage- Information with path coefficient of 0.152, administrative-expert weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.129, evaluation-procurement weaknesses with path coefficient of 0.101, problems related to damage follow-up with path coefficient of 0.102, dissatisfaction with non-payment of insurance and inappropriate behavior of experts with the path coefficient with path coefficient of 0.112, insurance costs with a path coefficient of 0.119 and unprincipled estimation of damage with a path coefficient of 0.104 have a positive and significant effect on the non-expansion of sugar beet insurance in Mashhad. According to the results, it is suggested to review the current process and to facilitate and accelerate the administrative framework and work process of compensating the victims.

Clopyralid is an important herbicide for controlling the broadleaf weeds in sugar beet fields, but the effect of spray volume and soil settled on the shoot of weeds on its efficacy has not been studied yet. Therefore, a greenhouse study in factorial design (3×2×5) based on completely randomized design was conducted. The first factor included the amount of soil settled on jimsonweed foliage (0, 20 kgha-1 via a dust chamber, and 20 kg ha-1 via muddy rain), the second factor composed of airflow before spraying (0 and 6 kmh-1) and the third factor included spray volume (120, 240, 360, 480, and 600 lha-1). In the absence of soil on the shoot, the highest level of jimsonweed control (> 94%) was obtained with the use of clopyralid at 120 l ha-1. Under the same condition, the efficacy of clopyralid decreased with increasing the spray volume. In the presence of soil on the shoot via both methods, the lowest level of jimsonweed control (25%) was obtained with the use of clopyralid at 120 lha-1. Under the same condition, the efficacy of clopyralid increased with increasing the spray volume. At all spray volumes (except at 120 lha-1), the negative effect of soil settled on the shoot of jimsonweed via muddy rain was greater than dust chamber. Flowing air before spraying was only useful when the source of soil settled on the shoot of jimsonweed was dust chamber. In the presence of soil on the shoot of weed, more spraying volume, but in the absence of soil, low spraying volume is recommended for the use of clopyralid.