Annals of Applied Sport Science
Volume:8 Issue: 2, Summer 2020

Scoring is the main determinant factor for winning in any sport and good techniques can facilitate scoring. In Karate, there are series of punching and kicking techniques that fighters use for scoring.

The aim of this research was to determine the most scoring techniques and their frequencies in final kumite competitions of 2016 world karate championships.

By the help of a video analysis software and a Microsoft excel sheet all the data referring to the scored techniques (by winners and losers" and their frequencies have been gathered and recorded. In overall, 10 Fights with total number of 70 scores were analyzed. The finalists used some predominant techniques in order to overcome their opponents.

By the help of a video analysis software and a Microsoft excel sheet all the data referring to the scored techniques (by winners and losers" and their frequencies have been gathered and recorded. In overall, 10 Fights with total number of 70 scores were analyzed. The finalists used some predominant techniques in order to overcome their opponents.

This shows that speed and explosive power is an indication in recent karate especially in the world-class level and karatekas.

Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) is the most important regulator of the Wingless signaling pathway (Wnt), which plays an important role in inflammation, atherogenesis, and glucose metabolism. Dkk-1 proteins increase with the activation of platelets, and increase of platelet activity plays a role in the progression of progressive atherogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was the effects of eight weeks high-intensity interval training vs. Continuous moderate-intensity training on plasma dickkopf-1 and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

A total of 57 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to the control (CTR), continuous moderate-intensity training (CMIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) groups. Biochemical parameters were measured in all the subjects 48 hours before starting the training program as well as 48 hours after the last session of the training. Both training programs were performed based on specific protocols using a cycle ergometer.

Both training models could increase VO2peak and decrease glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance, and hypertension in post-test compared to pre-test (p<0.05). The plasma levels of Dkk-1 in the post-test of CMIT and HIIT groups decreased significantly compared to the pre-test values (p<0.05).

The HIIT and CMIT could decrease blood glucose and insulin resistance and reduce plasma Dkk-1 levels via reducing platelet dysfunction and improving diabetes-related indices.

Sport development is a field of study that has received increasing scholarly attention since the 1970s. However, there is no comprehensive study in development of Taekwondo especially in Iran.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of taekwondo in Iran and the presentation model. Methods. The study was conducted in mixed method. To this end, the sample of the present study in the qualitative section consisted of 25 subjects with 277 subjects participating in the quantitative.

The study was conducted in a mixed method. To this end, the sample of the present study in the qualitative
section consisted of 25 subjects with 277 subjects participating in the quantitative method. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test. SPSS software version 22 was used for the descriptive analysis and AMOS software for the analysis of the structural equation modeling.

According to Goodness of Fit indices (χ2/df= 21.91; RMSEA=0.068; CFI= 0.915; NFI= 0.909; IFI=0.901) in confirmatory factor analysis, the measurement model is fit for taekwondo development in Iran. Therefore, economic, political, socio-cultural, administrative, technological, sporting, facilities, and equipment factors can be integrated into the model.

Given that administrative factor is the highest ranking in effective factors on the development of taekwondo, it is necessary to pay attention to develop a strategic plan for Taekwondo in accordance with the long-term plan of the World Federation, establish of management stability instead of stability Managers and the use of interdisciplinary teams of experts from marketing, operational, and R & D areas.

SIRT3 is one of the members of the Sirtuin deacetylase protein family which is linked to the longevity of human being and is used as an important therapeutic and diagnostic marker in illness and aging.

The aim of this study was studying the effect of continuous swimming training on some biomarkers of longevity in slowtwitch (SOL) and fast-twitch (EDL) muscles of adult male rats. Methods. 20 healthy male, 5 months old rats were divided into two groups: control (n = 10) and exercise (n = 10) groups. Continuous swimming training was performed 5 days a week for 8 weeks, including 30 minutes of workout without adding weights in the first week to 60 minutes of workout, adding weights by 3% of the body weight in the eighth week. Twenty four hours after the last exercise session, SOL and EDL muscles were removed and the changes in variables (PGC-1α, SIRT3, and GSH: GSSG) were measured by ELISA method.

The results showed that conducting 8 weeks of continuous swimming training significantly increased PGC-1α and SIRT3 levels in slow-twitch (SOL) and fast-twitch (EDL) muscles (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the aging index (GSH: GSSG) of the SOL and EDL groups compared to the control group (p>0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, the implementation of continuous swimming exercises can improve the PGC-1α and SIRT3 proteins, which are biogenesis mitochondrial and life span biomarkers in slow- and fast-twitch muscles.

Brand identity is a dynamic phenomenon with both internal and external aspects and the principles of brand identity have become a topic of the day in the field of brand literature and marketing.

The present study seeks to explain the conceptual model of factors affecting the brand identity of handball.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and was of the descriptive-analytical type conducted as a field study. The statistical population included experts in the areas of brand, brand identity, urban branding, brand management, and sport management. For sampling, 60 individuals were selected among 200 experts through purposeful sampling and were invited to participate in fuzzy Delphi rounds. Eventually, 25 individuals entered the Delphi rounds as the final statistical sample. A semi-open researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection.

The results of implementing the two fuzzy Delphi rounds led to the consolidation of the conceptual model of internal and external factors affecting the brand identity of handball. These included humanware factors (managers, coaches, veterans, players, fans, volunteers, sponsors, citizens and citizen fans of handball) with a score of 0.89, "performance" of handball with a score of 0.88, and having macro goals and media relations with a score of 0.86.

The leading model can provide managers with a comprehensive guide to building and promoting the brand of handball. In this regard, the brand identity of handball depends on the development and promotion of human resources, club performance, and media relations more than any other factor.

The game of chess, which is viewed as a symbol of intellectual prowess, is a valuable educational tool which can improve cognitive behavior such as thinking models, etc.; but the effects of thinking strategy such as double thinking strategies (DTS) and lateral thinking strategies (LTS) on the chess performance is not investigated.

This study aimed to measure the effects of the LTS and DTS on the chess positions and their performance time.

Fifty-six university students selected 91 volunteer participants and divided randomly into two equal groups (n=28) of LTS and DTS. Two educational training sessions per week conducted for eight weeks (16 sessions for each strategy totally). Training sessions held to educate consisted of four and three steps for LTS and DTS, respectively.

Both LTS and DTS increased the chess position significantly, but DTS could improve it substantially more than LTS (p<0.001). Also, LTS and DTS decreased performance time significantly, but DTS could more reduce it significantly (p<0.001).

However, both strategies improved both the chess position and performance time of the players, but DTS could improve it more than LTS.

Following the successful outcomes of the national team, that finished third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the positive club performance in the UEFA competitions at the beginning of the new millennium, Turkish football was expected to reaffirm and further develop in the following years, exploiting also the favorable economic conditions. However, its growth and evolution did not meet the expectations, and in the latest years several managerial aspects of the Turkish Football Federation have begun to be questioned, which has led the federation itself to reform football in areas such as foreign players’ quota, financial requirements, and stadiums.

The main aim of this article is to identify and discuss these issues and how effective the reforms implemented by the Turkish Football Federation have been in the short run.

The research is done through the application of the historical method and the use of secondary data.

Our results show that these reforms do not seem to have had a significant impact so far.

While some of the reforms likely need more time for their effects to be tangible, the general impression is that Turkish football would need a different approach and more incisive policy interventions.

Self-compassion is a character trait consisting of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness that promotes adaptive cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processing it is natural, trainable and multi-faceted human capacity.

This study investigates the direct and indirect influence of self-compassion on academic performance among undergraduate sport science students at the University of Jordan.

The sample consisted of 315 voluntary student participants (male: n = 171, 54.3%; female: n = 144, 45.7%). The Self-Compassion Arabic Version Scale (SCS) was used to assess self-compassion, and the University of Jordan grading system was used to evaluate academic performance, which is based on a 0–4 scale divided into 6 different marks: excellent (3.65–4), very good (3–2.64), good (2.5–2.99), fair (2–2.49), weak (< 2), and N.A.

The results indicated that mindfulness and the academic performance had no significant impact on self-compassion, as most participants reported moderate levels of self-compassion. However, there were significant gender differences in self-compassion between females and males, with females self-reporting higher levels overall. Students who were residents of cities also reported higher levels of self-compassion compared with those who lived in villages.

Future research could investigate whether self-compassion enhances Academic Achievement.

There is a limited number of studies investigating the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational silence, especially in the sports sector.

This study aims to examine the effects of organizational silence perception on organizational commitment behaviors of employees in the sports sector in Istanbul.

The participants of this study were 294 professional employees from sports organizations in Istanbul, Turkey. Participants completed the organizational silence scale (Van Dyne, Ang and Botero, 2003) and the corporate commitment scale (Meyer and Allen, 1991). The relations between sub-dimensions of organizational silence and organizational commitment are tested with factor analysis, correlation analysis and SEM Partial Least Squares.

The results of this study have shown that there is a relationship between organizational silence and organizational commitment. While examining the sub-dimensions of both variables, acquiescent silence was a negative effect on the continuation and normative commitment; defensive silence was also a negative effect on affective and normative commitment; prosocial silence was the only positive effect on continuance commitment.

Defensive silence and acquiescent silence affect organizational commitment negatively, whereas prosocial silence has a positive effect on it. The reason for these different results that organizational silence and organizational commitment variables may be subjected to statistical analysis based on sub-dimensions in this study.

There is to our knowledge metabolic changes induced by combined oral contraceptives (COC) use in regularly active females.

Analyzing blood cortisol and other biochemical variables in active (COC) users and non-users.

A total of 123 active female students (25 COC users and 98 non-users) volunteered to participate in the study.  The COC users declared 2-3 years of using different types of combined the fourth generation COC pills. In all participants body composition, physical activity and dietary habits were determined. Circulating cortisol and insulin were determined using standard radioimmunoassay techniques. Plasma glucose and lipoproteins were determined using colorimetrical methods. To evaluate the health risk ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (Castelli index I) and LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (Castelli index II)  were calculated.

There were no between-group differences in body composition and dietary habits. The COC users had markedly elevated plasma cortisol (p<0.001), triacylglycerols (TG) (p<0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.002) and HDL-C (p<0.040) with no effect on glucose, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and TC-to HDL-C ratio. In contrast, the LDL-C to HDL-C ratio in COC users was lower vs. non-users (p<0.002). COC users were characterized by a higher frequency of elevated TC (p<0.001) and HDL-C (p<0.04). However, in all participants Castelli index I and II were within the accepted limits suggesting a low risk of cardiovascular disease.

In COC users regular physical activity does not prevent changes in circulating biochemical variables, however, these changes did not affect cardiovascular risk which is low and similar to that noted in active non-users.