مجله زیست شناسی جانوری
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (بهار 1400)

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common types of the neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the movement disorders such as slowness, lack of movement, muscle stiffness, and resting tremor, and hypophonic. The main reason of disease is the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra in the midbrain and a decrease in dopamine concentration in the striatum terminals. In this study, used culture medium was DMEM with FBS, and the cells under study were catecholaminergic cells.6-Hydroxy dopamine toxin was used on cells to create a Parkinson cell model. Curcumin was used as a drug, and MTT, and BT methods were used to count the living cells. This research was designed to study the curcumin effect on Parkinson's disease with cellular model induced by 6-Hydroxy dopamine toxin with reduced inflammation. This study's results showed that using curcumin can increase the antioxidant power and protect the cell from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Due to the results of MTT, and curcumin treatment due to its anti-inflammatory properties BT test also showed that cellular protection had increased, the death of aminergic catechol cells by 6-hydroxy dopamine toxin was significantly reduced. It shows the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on the damage caused by Parkinson's disease and reducing the progression of symptoms. Treatment withcurcumin to be anti-inflammatory can reduce the death of catecholaminergic cells by 6-hydroxy dopamine toxin.

The studies indicated that sex steroid hormones affect the digestive system function and proliferation of the cancer cells in the cell and molecular level. This study examines the anti-proliferative effects of Nandrolone on colon cancer (HCT) cell line and evaluates the activity of caspases of 3, 8, and 9. In this experimental study, HCT cells were divided into the control group (without treatment) and groups treated with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/ml of Nandrolone. The cytotoxic effect of hormone was measured using MTT. The activity level of caspases 3, 8, and 9 were evaluated by the standard kit. The data were compared among the groups using one-way analysis of variance and t-test. HCT cell viability significantly decreased in the groups treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/ml of Nandrolone compared to the control group (p < 0.001); However, caspase 3 and 9 (p < 0.001) and caspase 8 activity (p < 0.01) significantly increased. This study's findings showed that Nandrolone has a cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells, and this effect is partly mediated by increasing the caspases of 3, 8, and 9 activities.

This study aimed to investigate the topography surface and ability of this scaffold in combination with the mesenchymal and fibroblast cells. In this regard, several different ratios of hydroxyapatite / ostrich eggshell scaffold were created to determine the surface properties and responsiveness to the cells with different types of hydroxyapatite/ostrich eggshell (OsE/HA) combinations (ratios 0-1, 1-2, 1-1, 2-1, 1-0). Natural biomaterials including ostrich eggshells which contain the minerals such as calcium carbonate, play a major role in the fabrication of hard tissue scaffolds. Surface characterization was investigated using SEM and recognizing the scaffold properties by XRD, FTIR. Finally, direct contact (toxicity) test with fibroblast-like cells (L929) was performed to study the cytotoxicity response. After the scaffold toxicity test, the material was ready for in vitro acceptance test, which mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the adipose tissue of New Zealand white rabbit (RADMSCs) which kept with this bioscaffold. This study's results showed that this scaffold has the best biocompatibility and the highest surface lacuna for cell adsorption and attachment with hydroxyapatite / ostrich eggshell. Bioscaffold OsE/HA with the ratio of 1-2 has the best cell attachment among other groups. Natural biomaterials with synthetic materials can promote the bone tissue engineering in many ways.

Bone injuries are one of the challenges of medical science which costs a lot of money in the world for the treatment every year. Exosomes are nanovesicles which carry the proteins and genetic material into the target cell, which in turn, induces the proliferation, cell survival, and differentiation in the recipient cell. These features make exosomes a proper differentiation factor. This study aimed to investigate the differentiating effect of exosomes derived from the monocytes and macrophages on chitosan alginate drip scaffolds. Chitosan-alginate scaffolds were made by drip method with fat stem cells. Monocytes were cultured, and the supernatant was collected, and the exosomes were collected by the ultracentrifugation. Exosomes were identified by DLS and SEM methods. The samples were treated, and then MTT and DAPI tests were performed. The osteogenic differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase and real-time PCR. MTT results showed that the survival rate of differentiated cells with exosomes on days 7, 14, and 21 was increased compared to control group. Moreover, DAPI results showed no cell death in the treatment groups, and the results of the alkaline phosphatase test showed an increase with the control group, and also the results of real-time PCR increased the expression of genes BMP2/6, SMAD4 and differentiation genes Osc and Opn in the treatment group. This study showed that the exosomes derived from the monocytes and macrophages could cause survival and osteogenic differentiation of the fat mesenchymal cells in the chitosan alginate scaffold.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of spirulina supplementation on oxidative stress markers (TAC and MDA) in the obese men after a resistance exercise session. In this study, 20 obese men were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10). The experimental group received 2 spirulina tablets (500 mg) daily for two weeks, and the control group received the same amount of placebo. After two weeks of the supplementation, the individuals from both groups participated in a resistance exercise session. Blood samples were collected in three steps; before supplementation, before, and 24 hours after resistance exercise. Results showed that the TAC and MDA concentration of the biomarker in the experimental group were respectively increased and decreased significantly in the control group over time (p ≤ 0.05). This study showed that the supplementation with Spirulina could increase the plasma antioxidant capacity which reduced the lipid peroxidation in obese men after the resistance exercise.

The ANP is a cardiac neutrodiortic peptide which is secreted from the granules in atrial muscle cells during atrial expansion which helps balance the body's fluids by affecting the kidney. Studies have linked this hormone to cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to compare the effect of one session of endurance and speed training on the ANP in male athlete men. For this purpose, 90 male athletes were randomly selected and divided into three groups of endurance, speed, and control. Third, the heart rate was reduced, and they ran. Blood samples were taken 10 minutes before and 10 minutes after the exercise to measure plasma ANP. The results showed that one session of endurance and speed activity significantly increased the plasma ANP levels compared to the pre-test (p < 0.05). There was training (p < 0.05). However, the difference between the endurance and speed groups was not significant (p < 0.05). Consequently, it can be stated that a session of endurance and speed activity increases the plasma ANP of athletic students, and there is no difference between the effect of endurance and speed on ANP increase.

Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (PHS), characterized by increased lung pressure in arteries, dilatation, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle, is correlated with the high cardiac output and enhanced blood pressure in the lungs to more blood oxygenation, which ultimately leads to ascites. The accumulation of free radicals and increased oxidative stress result in both lipid peroxidation, as well as the increased levels of heterophil to lymphocytes. By having antioxidant properties, the synbiotic can significantly reduce oxidative stress. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of synbiotic on pulmonary hypertension in broilers. Groups were categorized into; Sham (broilers with a basic diet in the whole period of the test), Control (recipient of basic diet+ triiodothyronine hormone (T3) at 1.5 mg/kg doses added to their diet from seven days of age), Treatment with synbiotic (birds with basic diet + T3 at 1.5 mg/kg dose added to their diet from seven days of age + synbiotic (0.1% dose) from day one). At 35 and 49 days of age, 9 birds from each group (3 broilers from each replicate) were randomly selected, and after getting the blood samples, heterophil to lymphocyte rate and lipid peroxidation was assessed. To evaluate pulmonary hypertension, cardiac weight index was also reported due to the right ventricular weight to the total weight of both ventricles (RV/TV). RV/TV rate at all ages was decreased in the synbiotic broilers; however, this was statistically significant at 49 days of age (p ≤ 0.05). Compared to the control group, lipid peroxidation levels in synbiotic group at all ages were reduced which was significant at 35 and 49 days of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Heterophil to lymphocytes rates was decreased in the synbiotic group compared to the control group in all ages, but this decrease was more significant at 49 days of age (p < 0.05). Regarding the obtained results, symbiotic, for their antioxidant properties, can significantly reduce the amount of oxidative stress result from pulmonary hypertension syndrome.

The city of Ahvaz is considered the most polluted city in the world by blowing dust from neighboring countries which makes this study important. The results show that the smaller the particles, the more permeable they become and pass through the respiratory filters and causing disease. In this study, the effect of fine particulate matters in different cities of Khuzestan province of Iran was compared on the liver histology and oxidative stress enzymes of male rats. 30 adult male rats were divided into six equal groups including control, Ahvaz, Ramhormoz, Andimeshk, Abadan, and Susangard which were treated for two months. The results of serum oxidative stress enzyme activity increased only for the glutathione peroxidase in Ramhormoz and Abadan groups. The histological examination of liver revealed bleeding, mild hyperemia, and changes in hepatocyte cells. The nuclear area in central vein region, hepatocyte area in portal, and vein regions showed significant changes. Moreover, kupffer cell number of the portal region significantly increased in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Andimeshk groups. Therefore, due to different heavy metals composition, fine dusts have different effects on blood and liver parameters which depend on their amount and duration of exposure.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Micro RNAs have emerged as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate miR-191 in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. 80 peripheral blood samples (40 patients with breast cancer and 40 healthy individuals) were collected. Immediately, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed, and polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) was performed. Dedicated primer design: Dedicated primers were designed and manufactured by the manufacturer using AlleleID6 software.The data were analyzed using paired t-test. The data obtained from the present study showed that the blood level of miR-191 was significantly higher in the patients with breast cancer compared to the healthy individuals. The evaluation of the relative expression level of the Mir-191 gene in patients' peripheral blood cells can be used as a biomarker to detect breast cancer in women.

Zataria multiflora (Shirazi Thyme) is one of the plants which has become popular due to its suitable compounds. Pregnancy is a high-risk period in which the consumption of substances which affect the physical growth of neonate can cause the disorders. This study was performed on 32 female Wister rats weighing 210 ± 10 g who were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Zataria multiflora extract was prepared by the distillation, and different concentrations (400, 800, 1000 mg/kg/day) which were administered by gavage during the pregnancy. The control group only received normal food and water. After the birth, the weight, height, and head circumference of neonate’s rat was measured on the first, third, and fifth days of birth. Findings were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance. The results showed a significant decrease in the circumferential changes in the neonates of study groups. No significant difference was observed in the weight changes. The consumption of Shirazi thyme during pregnancy reduces the height and head circumference in neonate’s rats; hence, it should be cautiously used.

To investigate the effects of replacement vitamin E with dietary grape pomace in the diets containing oil or beef tallow on growth performance, blood chara cteristics, oxidative status, and gut morphology of broiler chickens, the present study was carried out. Four hundred and fifty-one-day-old broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replicates. Experimental treatments were as follows; 1- control oil (CO, basal diet containing 3.5 percent soy oil) with 200 mg/kg vitamin E, 2-contraol tallow (CT, basal diet containing 3.5 percent tallow) with vitamin E, 3- CO with 9 percent grape pomace (GP), 4- CT with 9 % GP, 5- CO with 9 percent GP and vitamin E,6- CT with 9 % GP, and vitamin E. The results of this experiment showed that in the whole period, the birds fed diets containing soy oil, GP and vitamin E had the highest body weight gain and production index and the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to the others. The blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins were reduced when GB was used in diets. Blood superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were increased, and malondialdehyde concentration was decreased when GP was used in broiler diets. In the duodenum part of the small intestine, villus height, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and muscularis thickness were increased when GP was used in broiler diets. To conclude, the result of this experiment suggests that although the GP has strong antioxidant properties, the simultaneous using vitamin E has a better effect on broiler growth performance.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the starvation intensity and period compensatory growth on the carcass characteristics and meat chemical composition of the lambs of Lori sheep breeds. Fifty-four male Lori lambs were selected. The experimental factors were for the starvation period at two levels (35 and 45 days) and the starvation intensity with three levels (ad libitum, 80%, and 60%) which was based on a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design (2×3) with three replications. At the end of the experiment, daily weight gain, final weight, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake were calculated. Furthermore, the carcass characteristics, the cost of production per kg of gain carcass and lean meat were calculated. The percentage of dry matter, ash, crude fat, and crude protein were determined for the meat chemical composition.  Results showed that there was a significant difference among average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio the feed restriction period (p < 0.05). At the end of compensatory growth, restricted groups with 35 days of starvation gained more ADG than other treatments (p < 0.05). During the compensatory growth period, FCR in the feed restriction treatments decreased compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). The results of carcass traits in the feed restriction period showed that the most carcass traits in the control treatments were higher than the restriction groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the fat tail weight and percentage and total carcass fat were higher in the control treatment were higher than all restriction groups. In this case, the food restriction groups of 35 and 45 days of starvation had the highest lean meat during the period of restriction and compensatory growth. The study showed that the lambs under 60 percent feed restriction with 35 days of starvation were preferable due to higher ADG, better FCR, and more suitable carcass traits, as well as the higher percentage of lean meat than other treatments.