نشریه پژوهش های میوه کاری
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Sunburn is one of the most important problems in pomegranate cultivation, which results in reduced yield and fruit quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antiperspirant application on quality and biochemical properties of pomegranate fruits in Qom. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments were talc (T), zinc oxide (ZnO), kaolin (K), zinc oxide+talc (ZnT), talc+kaolin (TK), zinc oxide+kaolin (ZnT), zinc oxide+talc+kaolin (ZnTK), shading with 50% light passing and control (sprayed with water). The results showed that the fruit quality characteristics were significantly affected by treatments. The highest fruit skin thickness was observed in control and the lowest was seen in ZnT treatment. ZnK treatment resulted in highest aril length, but the other treatments had no effects on aril diameter, length and diameter of pomegranate kernel. The highest fruit skin phenol content was seen ZnTK treatment and the other treatments were almost at similar significant levels. The lowest pH of the skin and aril peroxidase were observed in the Shading and the combination of talc, kaolin and zinc oxide had the highest peroxidase activity. ZnK enhanced laccase activity by 77% compared to control. The highest and lowest lipoxygenase activity were measured in ZnTK and kaolin treatments, respectively. Because of its good peroxidase level and lower lipoxygenase and laccase activity, the zinc oxide seems to be a good treatment for increasing the quality of pomegranate fruits.

In order to determine the most appropriate harvest time and also to study the fruit quality of quince cultivars the fruits of Viduja, Isfahan and Torsh cultivars were harvested from research station of Mobarakeh. Then some quality traits of fruits at harvest and during cold storage (0 ± 1oC and 90 ± 5% RH. were evaluated during 5 months. The lowest weight loss was observed in Viduja (8.41%) cultivar in the fifth month of storage. The highest TSS was obtained in the third harvest time, after five months of storage for Isfahan quince. The highest firmness was achieved in the first harvest time and for Isfahan cultivar (3.54kg/cm2) and the lowest firmness was observed for Viduja cultivar (2.75 kg/cm2) in the third harvest time. Torsh cultivar in the third harvest time and Isfahan cultivar in the first harvest time and after five months of cold storage showed the most and the least total phenolics contents, respectively. Delay in the harvest time and increase in storage time resulted in decreased acidity, firmness, phenolics and pectin content and increased weight loss, total soluble solids, decay extension and surface browning rate. The best harvest time for Isfahan, Viduja and Torsh cultivars were 193, 185 and 200 days after full bloom, respectively. The best cold storage duration for all three studied cultivars was four months.

Water scarcity is the most important factor limiting the production of horticultural products, especially in semi-arid countries such as Iran. Application of appropriate methods to increase growth and nutritional status of fruit trees is the most important factor for optimal fruit production. This study was carried out as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications on Golabe-Kohanz apple cultivar grafted on M9 rootstock. Treatments consisted of tree bag placements (no bag, one bag and two bag) and irrigation (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity). Physiological, reproductive and nutritional characteristics of the trees were evaluated 24 months after planting. Results showed that the interaction effects of different levels of irrigation were significant on leaf fresh weight, leaf area, plant height, total chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content (p≤%5) and the effects were significant on plant height, trunk diameter, leaf potassium, leaf number and flowers (at p≤%.). Plant height, trunk diameter, and leaf potassium increased significantly with 75% irrigation and two bags. In 75% irrigation and one bag Leaf nitrogen was 52.91% more than that of 75% irrigation without bag. Therefore, this system is recommended for cultivation of dwarf apples cultivars.

Boron toxicity is a disorders which can limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid areas, and table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruit trees grown in these regions. In order to investigate the effect of zinc sulfate on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of two grapvine cultivars (Ghezel ozum and Hoseini), under toxicity of boron, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with three factors including two grapevine cultivars (Ghezel ozum and Hoseini), four levels of boric acid (0.25 (control), 2.5, 5 and 10 mgL-1) and three levels of zinc sulfate (0 (control), 3 and 6 gL-1) in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates during six months. The results indicated that with increase in boric acid levels in the nutrient solution, leaf number, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot were reduced. With increase in boric acid level, the leaf cell membrane leakage and the amount of tissue malondialdehyde production were increased. Under boron toxicity, application of zinc sulfate (specially at 6 gL-1) improved growth indices, enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced the ion leakage in both cultivars. Overall, in the present study, application of zinc sulfate ameliorated some of the adverse effects of boron toxicity in both grape cultivars.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza and phosphorus fertilizer on fruit traits of three almond cultivars of ‘Shahrood 12’, ‘Tonu’ and ‘Supernova’ in a split-split plot experiment base on a randomized complete block design with 54 almond trees and three replications. This research was conducted in Eghlid city during 2016 growth season. Nutrient treatments were included three levels of diammonium phosphate (0, 250 and 500 g/tree) and two levels of mycorrhiza (0 and 500 g/tree). Maximum number of flowers was achieved by using mycorrhiza, in ‘Shahroud 12’ cultivars. The highest number of remained fruit (74), fruit width (1/6 cm) and length (3/7cm), weight of the 100 kernels (450g), leaf phosphorus (0/46%) and oil percent (47%) were observed in ‘Superunova’ by using 500 g diammonium phosphate and 500 g mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza and phosphate fertilizer significantly enhanced vegetative growth traits such as leaf area, fruit length and width, fruit weight and kernel to skin ratio. The leaf phosphorus concentration and oil percentage of the kernel were increased significantly in response to both fertilization treatments. Based on the results of this research, ‘Superunova’ is considered as a superior cultivar and the most suitable fertilizer for a 10-year-old almond tree under rainfed condition was 500 g diammonium phosphate and 500 g mycorrhiza.

Table grapes are of important horticultural crops being cultured in many countries. Callus production in grape can be conducted for micropropagation by embryogenesis, gene transferring and secondary metabolites production. In this study the effects of some chemical factors were investigated on grape callus proliferation. In first experiment, the effects of different culture medium (MS, WPM and B5) and different concentrations of NAA (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mgl-1) and Kinetin (1, 2 and 3 mgl-1) were investigated in a factorial completely randomized design. Also in another experiments the effects of different macroelement salts including NH4NO3, KNO3, CaCl2.2H2O, MgSO4.7H2O and KH2PO4 (at 1, 1.25, 1.5 and 2 times MS medium) and also the effect of different carbohydrate sources (white sugar, grade sucrose and brown sugar) and their concentrations (20, 30 and 40 gl-1) were investigated in a completely randomized design (CRD). The highest callus fresh weight (12.31 g) was obtained from T7 treatment (MS medium with0.5 mg -1NAAand2 mg-1 Kin). Results also indicated that increasing MgSO4.7H2O and NH4NO3 (1.25 and 1.5 times), and also CaCl2.2H2O (1.5 and 2 times) concentrations results in the highest callus fresh weight. Also, results showed that the use of 30 gl-1 brown sugar resulted in the highest callus fresh weight.

The present study was carried out during the years 2015-2016 to investigate the effects of rootstock and interstock on the amount of microelements in the leaves of some commercial pistachio cultivars. The experiment was performed in a 21-year-old pistachio orchard of Kaleghoochi cultivar with Owhadi rootstock in Anar city of Kerman province. The effect of interstock on the amount of zinc, copper, manganese and iron of the leaves in different pistachio cultivars was evaluated in a factorial randomized complete block design. The first factor included the presence or absence of interstock and the second factor included 4 cultivars Owhadi, Kaleghoochi, Akbari and Ahmad Aghaei. Each treatment consisted of three replications (or three trees) and each replication consisted of 4 branches. For budding, trees were first head cut in February 2014, and 12 trees were head cut from below the scion site (no interstock treatment) and 12 trees were head cut from above the scion (interstock treatment). In June 2015, budding was carried out on four shoots per replicate or trees. The effect of cultivar was significant on iron, zinc, copper and manganese content (p≤0.1). Interstock effect was also significant on investigated elements except the zinc. The interaction effect of cultivar and interstock on manganese and copper content was significant at 1 and 5%, respectively. While the interaction effect of cultivar and interstock was not significant on the content of iron and zinc elements. Among the different pistachio cultivars, Owhadi had the highest amount of Fe and Kaleghoochi had the highest amount of Cu. The highest amount of zinc was observed in leaves of Ahmad Aghaei and Akbari cultivars. The highest amount of Mn was observed in Akbari cultivar. Based on the results, budding of pistachio cultivars on the interstock of Kaleghoochi enhanced the Cu and Mn contents. The highest amount of leaf copper was observed in Kaleghoochi cultivar which had been budded on the interstock, and the lowest amount of copper was recorded in Akbari cultivar in the absence of interstock. The highest amount of leaf manganese was observed in Akbari budded on Kaleghoochi interstock. Therefore, it can be stated that the amount of leaf nutrients in pistachio are affected by cultivar and interstock.

Stone fruit trees, especially the peaches and nectarine short life is a major problem in the fruit growing industry. Nematodes, fungi, cold damage, bacterial canker, cultivar and kind of rootstock are the main causes for this. In this study peach cultivar ‘G H hill’ was budded on Missouri seedling and GF677 rootstocks and planted on a solarized and none solarized (control block) block. Vegetative traits and indices related to short life such as dried branches, trunk and branch gummosis and shoot yellowing rates were evaluated. The study was carried out as Randomize Complete Block Design with four replicates during 2017 and 2018. Variance analyses showed the significant difference for the effects of rootstock on dried branch, branch and trunk gummosis and number of sucker at p≤ 1%, and tree mortality percent and trunk section area at p≤0.5% level. Solarization was significantly effective on growth-related traits at the 5% level. The highest percentage of tree mortality was observed in seed rootstocks (34.37%) which was significantly different from GF677 rootstock (12.5%). The percentage of deterioration in non-solarized treatment (31.25%) was significantly higher than solarized treatment (15.62%). In general, it can be said that the use of rootstocks tolerant to pathogens such as GF677, will have a significant impact on increasing the economic life of peach and nectarine orchards. Due to the positive and significant effects of soil disinfection on the health and growth indices of peach trees, it is necessary to use this technique in the cultivation of peach trees and to carry out appropriate management operations to prevent this problem and if it occurs to take care to prevent the development of damage due to the short life of trees.

Identification and evaluation of superior and native genotypes of fruit trees is of great importance in maintaining germplasm and breeding programs. Many fruit cultivars are selected from local genotypes. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of walnut genotypes in Urmia city, 42 high-yielding genotypes were selected from different parts of the city and together with Chandler cultivar were evaluated in terms of important phenological and morphological characteristics of the fruit. Traits such as weight, length, width of fruit, skin thickness, kernel color, ease of kernel separation, leaf opening time, and opening time and completion of male and female flowers were measured according to walnut description. Based on the results, it was found that there was a high diversity in the evaluated characteristics between genotypes. Dry fruit length between 27.06 to 47.20 mm, fruit width between 24.60 to 38.80 mm, fruit dry weight between 5.63 to 13.83 g and kernel dry weight between 2.76 to 13.7 g were variable. Genotypes of 7, 11, 29, 30, 35, 36, 40, 41 and 42 had the highest weight and ratio of kernel to fruit. Also, genotypes 30 and 9 had the lowest thickness of wood bark with 0.76 and 0.80 mm, respectively. Based on the results of dual correlation of traits, significant positive and negative relationships were observed between the evaluated traits. Cluster analysis based on all the evaluated traits by Ward method could place the studied genotypes in 3 main groups. Based on the results of the present study, a good diversity was observed among the studied genotypes, which indicates the high potential of walnut germplasm in Urmia region to select superior genotypes that are compatible with the ecological conditions of the region.

The shelf life of Indian coastal fruits is relatively short. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) on storage life and post-harvest quality of stored fruits at 4 ± 1° C with 85-90% RH in a factorial completely randomized design was studied. Postharvest quality and biochemical properties of the fruit were measured during 30 days of storage in intervals of 10 days. The results showed that with increase in shelf life, fruit tissue firmness, total acidity (TA), ascorbic acid and total phenolics content were decreased in treated and control fruits, but the rate of weight loss, decay extension rate, and decrease in soluble solids (TSS) content, TSS ratio and TA was decreased in SA treated fruit. Also, the level of total antioxidant activity and the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes in fruits treated with SA were significantly higher than the control fruits. In general, 1 and 2 mM SA were the best concentrations of SA in maintaining the quality indices and biochemical properties of harvested Indian kunar during storage. Overall, the results showed that SA treatment can be used as an effective and efficient method in post-harvest technology of Indian kangaroo fruit.

Due high flavonoids, including anthocyanins and flavonols, the table grape has a high nutritional and medicinal value, and the type and percentage of these compounds are affected by genotype and environmental conditions. For this reason, biochemical and antioxidant properties of 15 genotypes and commercial cultivars of table grapes (Shahani, Mecca Ozumi, Film Seedless, Malai Red, Google, Red Currant, White Currant, Sharshira, Orumi, Kralua, Yazdanudai, White Currant, Yadidi C. Birghari , Large white beans and Asgari) from Khorramdareh (Zanjan province) were prepared and evaluated. In this study, the amount of soluble solids, titratable acids, taste and flavor index, pectin, total phenol and flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins contents were measured. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the studied cultivars and genotypes in terms of evaluated traits. The highest amount of soluble solids (23.7%), taste index, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity (88.66%) was observed in Shahani cultivar. In cluster analysis based on antioxidant activity, Shahani cultivar showed the greatest difference compared to other genotypes and cultivars and belonged to a separate group. Based on the results of correlation analysis, a high correlation between total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins with antioxidant activity was observed, 0.873, 0.530 and 0.762, respectively. Overall, the highest amount of soluble solids, taste index, total phenols and antioxidant activity compared was observed in Shahani cultivar.

Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural products in the country. The presence of some physiological problems such as porosity and a decrease in the percentage of open nuts reduces the performance and quality of this product. The present study was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design in 50-year-old pistachio trees of "Ouhadi" cultivar with five replications in 1397 in Rafsanjan. Treatments included foliar application of distilled water (control) and putrescine and spermine at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM, respectively. Foliar application was performed in two stages, full bloom (first stage) and six weeks after full bloom (almost before the hardening of the bony skin) (second stage). The results showed that the spermine treatment in the second stage of foliar application had the greatest effect on the total weight of fruit with spikes, fruit fresh weight, dry weight of 100 nuts and kernel weight of 100 fruits. The lowest percentage of fruit porosity was observed in 1 mM spermine treatment in the first stage of foliar application. The highest percentage of open fruits was related to the treatments of 1 mM spermine, 0.1 mM spermine and 1 mM putrescine in the second stage of foliar application. According to the results, it was found that the application of spermine in the second stage reduces the porosity and increases the percentage of splitted fruits and finally increases the yield of pistachio cultivar of Ouhadi cultivar.

Almond is one of the most important species of the genus Prunus, and most of its cultivars are self-incompatible and some are cros-incompatible. For pollination, fertilization and fruit production the self-incompatible cultivars require compatible pollen grains from other cultivars. In this regard, the compatibility of Shahroud 12 cultivar with pollen of MSK81, MSK82, MSK83, MSK84 genotypes of Shahroud 14, Shahroud 12 (self-opening) was studied and free pollination in garden conditions was performed during 1397-1396. The results showed that pollen grains of Shahroud 14 cultivars and MSK81 genotype had the highest compatibility with Shahroud 12 cultivar so that the highest percentage of fruit formation (14.39) was obtained in the cross pollination of Shahroud 12 and Shahroud 14 and then in the cross pollination of Shahroud 12 with MSK81 with 9.80%. Pollination of Shahroud 12 cultivar with native pollen (self-pollination) led to no fruit formation (zero percent) in this cultivar. According to the results of this study, it was found that pollen grain type has a significant effect on the evaluated traits of fruit such as length, width and dry weight of fruit and kernel, hard shell weight and kernel percentage. Shahroud 12 cultivar is self-incompatible and Shahroud 14 cultivar and MSK81 genotype can be used as suitable pollinators for Shahroud 12 cultivar in the climatic conditions of the western region of the country.

In the present study, chlorophyll fluorescence technique was used as a non-destructive tool to compare the drought tolerance of rootstocks and to estimate the performance of photosystem II. In this regard, this research was conducted as a factorial Completely Randomized Design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2018-2019. The experimental factors were consisted of ten pistachio rootstocks of Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and interspecific hybrids of Ahmad Aghaei × integerrima, Akbari × integerrima, Sorkheh Hosseini × integerrima, Garmeh × integerrima and Fandoghi × integerrima, and three levels of drought stress including control (Field Capacity), mild stress (65% of Field Capacity) and Severe stress (30% of Field Capacity) were applied on 3 months old seedlings for 84 days. The results showed that with increase in drought levels, the maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum efficiency of photosystem II (F / Fm) and seed biomass were decreased and minimum fluorescence (F0) was increased. The highest amount of these indices except F0 index was observed in the control and there was a significant difference with severe stress. Based on the results, different rootstocks showed different physiological responses in response to the applied stresses. Sorkheh Hosseini × Integrima, Ahmad Aghaei × Integrima and Akbari × Integrima hybrids showed the highest and the Fandoghi rootstock showed the lowest quantum performance (photosystem II) compared to other rootstocks. In terms of fresh and dry weight of stems, roots and leaves, Sorkheh Hosseini × Integrima, Ahmad Aghaei × Integrima and Akbari × Integrima hybrid rootstocks were less affected by drought stress. Based on the results of the present study, it seems that these three rootstocks can be used as containing drought tolerant genes for breeding cultivars with high yield potential in arid regions.