پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Qajar era society is the closest historical period to the contemporary period to understand the ancient social patterns and forms of Iranian society. Due to its historical longevity and pivotal role in building society, the family is the most suitable option for understanding the social forms of the traditional period. Marriage is the first and most important constructive framework of the family. What types of spouses have been selected in the Qajar period and what functions have each had? And what have been the cultural meanings of each of these types and marriages of the Qajar period? We have discussed it through the method of documentary study and historical analysis. The overall achievement of the discussion is that the choice of spouse was based on the system of kinship, and individuality played a minor role in it. The predominant form of marriage choice was monogamy, polygamy, permanent and temporary marriage with a male focus, and each of these types led to the production and reproduction of the "extended family." Class-cultural homogeneity has prevailed over different types of marriage. Religion and sharia have been the legal basis and guarantor of the survival of the extended family. The rituals and ceremonies of marriage were a reflection of the dominance of collectivist culture over individualistic culture, and the social construction of marriage in the Qajar era had a "biological-natural" form.

Since war in the Middle Ages in Iran often took place with the support of tribal construction, attention to the social nature of war and its role in the social mechanism could provide a new horizon in understanding the political and social relations of this period. Accordingly, in this study, an attempt will be made to answer what the war in the Middle Ages of Iran (5-7 AH) had to do with social affairs and what effect it had on the political and social mechanism. For this reason, the need for a theoretical model is felt in order to shape the position of the war with the rulers of this era. Therefore, the study of war in this era is based on analytical-explanatory method and based on this, it seems that war as a means of expressing power in this period loses its prehistoric aspect and becomes a historical and social matter that is the task of establishing order. And it is responsible for supporting development.

In the first Pahlavi period created many social and cultural changes in society and caused the transformation of society situation, particularly the urban community. Responding to these changes politically at a time when there was not possibility ‌‌of appearing comments and criticismes, usually reflected in the literature and in particular the social novels. Social novel "Trying livelihood"(1933) written by famous writer Pahlavi era, Mohammad Masoud. The novel is the story of some young educated and job seekers in the first Pahlavi era that social and cultural changes in society caused them wandering and debauchery that its because was education system the improper situation. Masoud to cause the abnormal situation of youth in this novel criticized the education and office system. The present study to content analysis manner tries to explain writing fields of the social novels in the first Pahlavi era, reactions and criticism on this novel to society social and cultural situation. Research findings show that based on the novel "Trying livelihood", the education system the first Pahlavi era could not trained efficient generation of youth and experts required provide to the community and the underlying social anomalies are linked to inefficient education.

Following the Allied invasion of Iran to finance World War II, the National Bank of Iran and the Soviet representatives signed an agreement in March 1321, under which the Soviet government pledged to reimburse Iran for the costs it received after its expiry. The war repaid Iran's debt in dollars and gold. After the end of World War II, Soviet debt to Iran amounted to eleven tons of gold that had to be paid to Iran. The present article seeks to prove by a descriptive-analytical method whether the Soviet government has been able to abide by its commitments to return the eleven tons of Iranian gold. The findings of the study indicate that the Soviet government has been delaying the repatriation of Iranian demands and has insisted on the presence of its troops on Iranian soil in addition to refusing to do so.

The Taybei family was one of the Persian merchant families that ruled Persia and Kish in the years 1292-1324 m. The main focus of the family's economic activity was maritime trading and their headquarters was in Kish; and from there, they traded with various parts of Asia, including the South Indian passageway. Alongside other exporting goods (all kinds of cotton artefacts, food and madder), horses were the most profitable export commodity to the passageway, which was situated in south of India, and an important source of income for the family. The question of present study is: What role did the Tayebi family play in the horse trade between Persia and India? ? It seems that the trade policy of the Tayebis, which have been based on understanding the specific status of the Iranian horse market at the passage, was designed to maintain a constant demand for horse exports. The results of the study show that they did not contribute to the health of Iranian horses in the passageway, and this led to a continual demand for the goods. To investigate this research, we have used the bibliographical data collection method, and the gathered data were qualitatively processed and analyzed.

The present study tries to answer these questions What indicators were influential in expanding the sphere of authority of the Persian tribes? And what effect have these indicators had on the formation of the Achaemenid Empire? The data in this study were collected in a library manner and analyzed by descriptive and analytical methods. The results of the study show that the Great Cyrus conquered areas with dynamic economies and areas that reached the shores of open waters, and that access to these areas was necessary to form an empire. From the beginning, the Achaemenid kings' main goal was to obtain energy resources in different regions. In fact, politics, geography, and economics were combined to occupy different regions. From the time of Darius I, the land of Iran to the political center of Pars was publishes all the effective mechanisms in the field of politics, society and economy. During this period, by integrating Valuable areas of geostrategic and geoeconomic in the body of the Achaemenid Empire and applying the strategies of domination, extraction and transfer of excess energy of cities to the political center and by intelligent use of administrative system, road network and system development, irrigation and Agriculture, the Achaemenid Empire achieved the aim of its geoeconomics to develop trade and to improve standards of the people life .

One of the most important social events in the history of post-Islamic Iran is the attempt to revive the title of the Persian kingship by Iranian dynasties in the fourth century, which occurred mainly in the Jibal region (especially Ray). This event can be examined from two political and social perspectives. If the goals and actions of the rulers are considered as political aspect, then the social dimension is the conditions, factors and reasons that aligned the people of the society under the rule with the rulers of Iran in the 4th century. By The historical analytic method and by asking about the little existing data, this article seeks to explain and make clear, if possible, social preparations and necessities for this case. This article show that, in the end of 3th and the early of 4th century, the inhabitants of the east jibāl were been orientated to revival of Persian kingdom , as a result of the political chaos, social insecurity, economical impotence, abundance of Turk Gholāms, transformation of social stratification, and demographic changes in this area. In such state, daylami rulers took advantage of an opportunity, pursued continually to be achieved Idea of revival of Persian kingdom, as a way for acquisition of social acceptability and therefore, continuity of their own rule.

Caravansaries and saries intra-urban are commercial buildings which have different physical structures despite of similarity in structural existence.The purpose of research is to probe the physical differences caravansaries and saries by studying their type of function and the social and political standing of the founders. The main question of research is that how functioning’s type and standing of founders affects the formation of caravansaries and saries intra-urban. Because of historical aspect of this research, it had done in historical interpretation method. Some of the data are gathered from field studies with interviewing with old merchants and the others are gathered in documentary sources, from historical sources, travelogues and endowments. The research findings indicates that function of reloading is effective in input position, wide-open spaces more, the creation of stalls, stables of camels and services of courtyard;Functioning of Catering is effective in dimension of caravan’s inhabitance room, accessibility to facilities, hierarchy for entrancing the room, increasing semi-open area’s and creating service spaces;Function of commercial is effective in dimension, the location of the room and back part of a shop and storage, hierarchy for entrancing room, increasing the closed space for maintain the security, the integrated physical structure of workshop space and devote the upstairs rooms to storage lightweight goods or merchants offices. Likewise, social and political standing of the founders can lead to create variety in service and business functions, the prosperity of the commercial caravansaries and saries and the create Timche, and range of decoration for wide-open,semi-open and closed spaces.

Review topics such as food and nutrition in the timurid period it seeks to go through contemplation of beverages and snaghs which is usually in the realm of Microhistory placed and also by peying attention to social issues related to nutrition which is in the realm of macrohistory examine the history of the culture of the timurid society. In this search path to identify types of food and effects that specifically with subject cooking and food are provided during this period it can be helpful. This study seeks to answer this question that food and nutrition culture in the timurid period in the midst of court lif, omnibus and what the monasteries were like? Research results show that food and nutrition culture it was influenced by ethnic and social biology and a relationship can be established between them. This research is related to that between the subject of food and the various manifestations of social life in this period, it establishes trying to figure out the capacity of these issues in order to shed light on the history of culture take advantage of the timurid period. Research method in this article it is descriptive- analytical and library study methods have been used.

The slaves under Alpetikin did not rely on certain financial resources in their group movement independent of the Samanid government. Therefore, from the beginning of moving and settling in Ghazni city (351 AH), they based their required financial resources on the system of booty. However, their target groups were more than non-Muslims in India, which in this sense also gave their plunder religious legitimacy. This process is accompanied by a period of interruption in the period of several of Alpetikin successors; It resumed with the coming to power of Sabuktikin (386-366 AH). And in the time of Sultan Mahmud (388-421 AH) it had become the most important component of their economic resources. The main question is why the economy of Ghaznavids in the early period was driven to rely on the system of booty? The obvious assumptions are that religious motives or so-called jihad in the way of God and the spread of Islam, as well as economic motives and the plunder of India's wealth have been effective in this regard. The present paper uses historical description and analysis method, while validating the above motives, has presented another important factor, namely the change in Ghaznavid land relations as an alternative factor in this field as a result of Amir Sabuktikin reforms in preventing the troops from engaging in agriculture and revoking their land ownership.

 The study of the tax system of Poshtkuh in the Qajar period shows that the tax system has played the most important role in the political, security and social developments of Poshtkuh. This study aims to investigate the dual role of the tax system in the continuation of the rule of Poshtkuh governors and creating security on the one hand, and creating social and security instability due to injustices in receiving taxes on the other hand.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data have been collected and analyzed using desk research and library resources.

Determining the status of the tax system in Poshtkuh during the Qajar period, the existence of a direct relationship between governors’ tax payment and the continuation of their rule and the existence of a significant relationship between extortion in taxation and social and security instability are the most important findings. The results indicate that an overtaxation system, important social changes such as imposing poverty and deprivation on the people, imposing nomadic life, disintegration of tribes and widespread migration of Poshtkuh vassals to their neighboring areas, especially to Iraq and the establishment of colonies in the Iranian-Iraqi border and inside Iraq. Therefore, the tax system had a dual role, on the one hand, it promoted the continuation of the governor's rule and the establishment of security in the region, and on the other hand, by imposing poverty and disintegrating the tribes and their migration, it caused instability in social and security cohesion.

The Mongol conquests and the beginning of the patriarchal rule in Iran marked a period of change in most areas for the Iranians; Thus, the ruling structure of the patriarchal government was influenced by the Mongol laws. One of the most important parts of the Iranian bureaucracy that underwent extensive changes was finance . The Mongols' distrust of the Iranians and the importance of financial matters persuaded the Mongols to delegate important oversight responsibilities to their own agents. Thus the position of the Iranian declined, and collectors of state taxes, were under thesupervision of Mongol agents. With the expansion of the scope of duties and affairs related to finance and taxation, Iranian brokers gained more roles and presence in the organization. , the Mongol style in the tax system took a form which the Iranian came under the influence of the Mongol elements. Therefore, the main issue of this research is to identify the financial organization and position of taxpayers, their powers, job descriptions and functions during the Mongol period in Iran. It seems that with the Mongol domination of Iran and the implementation of Mongolian laws, changes were made in the Iranian tax system and the introduction of Mongolian elements and terms along with the Iranian-Islamic financial system was on the agenda. The results of the research show that the Mongols implemented a dual system in the administrative organization of Iran by implementing the Mongol principles and laws along with the bureaucracy of Iran under their influence.