فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 81 (بهار 1400)

Despite the importance of the waqf institution in Islamic economics and despite its brilliant history in the ancient Islamic civilization, today this institution faces challenges in terms of efficiency, organization and school. To solve these challenges, the officials of this institution seek to "design a comprehensive system of waqf economic transformation"; However, the subject of "the economics of the waqf institution" and its components and dimensions are not scientifically and academically available even to the staff of this institution to solve problems in a scientific way and to solve its problems. The economy of the waqf institution is one of the subdivisions of the economy of the third sector, which today in some developed countries has a share of up to about 10% of GDP. Unfortunately, the share of the third sector in Iran's economy is small, and the study of the "economy of the waqf institution" can to some extent draw the attention of the people and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the expansion and deepening of this sector. Of course, explaining the "economics of the waqf institution" requires the explanation of the three scientific fields of "waqf jurisprudence", "economics of the third part and its subdivision, namely, the economy of Dahesh" and "Islamic finance". To provide the necessary legal jurisprudential framework for the economic micro-system of the third sector; Second, the scientific study of the "economics of the third sector and its subdivision, that is, the economics of tenure" as a field of "all needs" to provide the economic insight necessary to enter the research; Finally, the science of "Islamic finance" as a field of refinement of "post-need" provides the possibility of efficiency of the waqf economy in the field of instrumentation.

One of the most essential functions of Islamic banking and usury-free banking system is the creation of an opportunity to operate interest-free deposits and using these deposits in providing facilities in the direction of determined goals that usury-free banking operation and relevant instructions, determined its limits. However, the operational and executive framework of interest-free funds always had motivation challenges in equipping resources and many deviations in the allocation of resources and supply intentions of investors and legislators. In this paper, by designing a process for creation of transparent interest-free facilities in three phases: (1) creation of interest-free Syndicate, (2) Control and evaluation process, (3) creation of guarantee in interest-free Syndicate and finalization of process of rendering facilities in interest-free Syndicate and using financial modern technologies (including Blockchain, automatic smart contracts, creation of digital identity, identification activities (KYC) (Know Your Customer) and contracting party customer identification by money receiver (KYCC) (Know Your Customer's Customer) in framework of transaction records registration, clear information circulation under supervision of regulator, reviewing financial details in direction of anti-money laundering rules and procedures, an effective and smart process that cannot be violated is introduced to allocate interest-free sources

One of the essential elements for ensuring compliance with the Shari'ah is financial, banking and insurance activities in different countries. As defined by the Islamic Financial Services Board, the Shariah system of governance relates to a set of institutional and institutional arrangements Through them an institution providing Islamic financial services is assured Beyond its structures, there is effective and independent religious supervision. Taking into consideration the challenges and challenges of religious supervision in the Iranian capital market, we are looking for components to promote religious supervision. In this research using the focal group method, while reviewing and applying IFSB and AAOIFFI standards and related research in this area, A standard questionnaire was developed by experts in the field in the focus group, the components of promoting religious supervision of the Iranian capital market were extracted. The results of the research can include: jurisdiction jurisprudence jurisprudence, jurisprudence committee independence, jurisprudence committee responsibilities, conflict of interest management in the jurisprudence committee, native structure of the jurisprudence committee and appropriate organization dimensions, access to information and confidentiality. The Jurisprudence Committee cited Shariah Compliance, Continuous, Comprehensive and Systematic Monitoring.

The nature of Islamic banking in the distribution of profits and losses among all major stakeholders on the one hand, and the payment of predetermined interest to depositors in conventional banking, has created the desire and expectation in some Muslim depositors that receive the fixed profits, which are already specified. The question that arises here is whether this issue can be realized in some way with the insurance mechanism? In other words, can the risk of loss in Islamic financial contracts be transferred to the insurance company with the insurance mechanism of depositors and the Islamic Bank itself so that depositors can enjoy a definite predetermined profit? In this article, at first, we review the principles of Islamic banking and the principles of the insurability of risks. Then, the analytical-descriptive method is used to deal with the issue that the risk of profit and loss is not insurable and as a result, it is not possible to offer an insurance product commensurate with this risk by insurance companies. Therefore, depositors must accept the risk of loss.

One of the problems of Iranian producers is the lack of consumer acceptance of their products and the preference of foreign goods. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for increasing the consumption of domestic goods with a social marketing approach. To design the model, the methodology of qualitative research has been used. For this purpose, the required data were collected using theoretical sampling method and performing 18 semi-structured interviews with senior managers, faculty members and academic experts as well as studying 41 documents. According to the research results, because the problem of preferring foreign goods is rooted in the cultural issues of society, a producer alone cannot solve them and it is necessary for the government to use the social marketing approach to increase the consumption of domestic goods. In social marketing campaigns, both consumers and producers need to be addressed simultaneously. Because just as the Iranian consumer's duty is to buy domestic goods, so the Iranian producer's duty is to produce high quality goods at a competitive price. In order to increase the consumption of domestic goods, educational, promotional and financial tools should be used simultaneously to increase the material and spiritual costs of consuming foreign goods, as well as financial incentives for consumers and domestic distribution channels. On the other hand, the supply of smuggled goods at distribution points must be strongly combated. In order to promote the consumption of domestic goods, in addition to official advertisements, verbal advertisements in the form of popular scans in cyberspace should be used. Increasing consumption of domestic goods will lead to achievements such as economic and political independence, job creation, increasing national wealth, reducing inflation and controlling liquidity.

Sukuk is considered as one of the tools and initiatives to mobilize monetary resources in the country's banking network after the Islamic Revolution. Specific goals in the design of sukuk have been considered by the legislator and money market policymaker, but what the regulator wanted in relation to the operation of this instrument has not been fully achieved. In this study, we seek to multilateral study of the challenges regarding the role of the competitive Sukuk market in mobilize the resources of the banking system. In this article, after studying previous researches and reviewing various sources, targeted interviews were conducted with experts in the field of financing and the challenges of sukuk were extracted using the content analysis method. These challenges were categorized into six categories of operational, legal, cultural, competitive and economic challenges at the micro and macro levels. In order to validate the findings, the extracted challenges were presented to the experts. The findings showed; The need for a guarantor in the process of Sukuk issuing, the length of the process of issuing bonds and the time of access to resources, the disagreement between the two institutions supervising the issuance of bank Sukuk and the high cost of issuing bonds are the most important challenges in using this tool to mobilize banking network resources. Finally, with forming a focal group of market improvement and strengthening strategies, the competitive Sukuk market were presented as a tool to mobilize the resources of the banking system. In a competitive sukuk market, there are components such as modifying the role of the guarantor, credit rating of securities and increasing the number and variety of issued sukuk that can improve the performance of this tool.

Shariah governance is an Islamic corporate governance system that is designed to ensure that Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) activities comply with Shariah rules. Shariah supervision is one of the most important components of the Shariah governance system that is carried out by the Shariah board. The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of academicians and financial markets practitioners on Shariah governance practices in six areas, namely, general framework of Shariah governance, regulatory framework, the role of Shariah board, mechanisms of Shariah governance system, operational procedures and functions of the Shariah board. This study is a survey in which data is collected by sending questionnaires and then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of 171 collected questionnaires in 2020 indicate that the large majority of the respondents considered the Shariah governance practices in the Iranian financial markets as important and in this regard, there is no significant difference between the views of academicians and financial markets practitioners. The results also indicate that the respondents have considered different priorities for the Shariah governance practices and in their view the functions of the Shariah board, the competence of the Shariah board and the general framework of the Shariah governance are more important.