مجله روان شناسی فرهنگی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The Kinetic House-Tree-Person-Test is among the ten widely used psychological assessment measures. It could cast light on some preconscious and unconscious aspects of personality. However, lack of scientific evidence regarding its psychometric properties is the primary challenge for its administration. The current study aimed at providing a scoring system for this drawing test, which could help us evaluate its validity and reliability. To develop a scoring system , first 558 indicators were extracted from our reliable sources of drawing test interpretation and based on main scales as well as subscales of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PIR), according to the fourfold symbols. (general, person, tree and house). The scoring was done using Rasch’s measurement model. Then, 130 participants (65 females and 65 males, admitted to a consultation clinic in Tehran, were selected. The validity of the test was evaluated concurrently with the of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The reliability was evaluated by re-testing 29 participants with the same drawing test in two weeks. Reliability of the indicators for emotional instability, extraversion, greeableness and consciousnesness was acceptable and meaningful. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients for five factors were all high and meaningful at 0.01 level. The variability test using a concurrent administration with the NEO-PIR, showed that 70% of indicators were meaningfully valid. The scores of males and females were different in some scales. The results of the study indicated high reliability and validity for the Kinetic Home-Tree Person-test as well as some local and cultural variabilities among. Indicators.

One of the challenges for premarital counselors and couples’ therapists is to study Mate Selection Criteria and its evolution during the marital period. This research was conducted with the aim of designing, constructing and examining the psychometric characteristics of Scale of Mate Selection Criteria: before and after marriage. For this purpose, the initial version of the scale was compiled with the help of Islamic and psychological researches, and eventually the final form of the scale was obtained by completing the study of Islamic sources and customer feedback in premarital counseling sessions. This form was implemented along with a questionnaire for prioritizing the criteria for choosing a spouse and a short form of Enrich marital satisfaction among 491 students of Qom, Isfahan and Najafabad universities and Qom Seminary students. The findings confirmed the reliability and validity of this 55 items, 13-factor and 4-part scale. Using this scale can pave the way for assessments of premarital counseling and therapeutic couples.

The purpose of accomplishing the present research was to investigate compare the general health & social support between women and men elderly people residing in boarding home with those residing in private house in shiraz city.in This research 33 persons were selected among adult live in elderly house through using cluster sampling and 33 persons were selected among adult that live with their family through using sampling. The research tools included two questionnaires including General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Social Support Questionnaire (1986) which were distributed among persons and afterwards, the necessary information were collected and also were analyzed. In measuring the descriptive findings, the mean, standard deviation, and percentage were used and in the analytical statistical section independent sample t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The result showed that social support and from its dimension, family support, friendly support among elderly residing in their house was significantly different than those residing in boarding house. Also the result revealed that disorder in social function among elderly residing in private house was significantly higher. Between social support and more of its dimension with general health and more of its sub scales in two groups of elderly, the relation was significant.

The different coping models emphasize the constructive role that religion can play in overcoming harms, challenges, and threats by which people try to comprehend and deal with the various personal and situational problems. This study aimed at designing a Time-Limited model of religious coping in the field of relationships based on forgiveness, gratitude, and hope. The research method was descriptive-conceptual analysis. Findings showed that in terms of dimensions of time (past, present, and future) and the triple status of communication events (harm, challenge, and threat), three concepts; Forgiveness, gratitude, and hope play a strategic and operational role in the Time-Limited model of religious coping in the field of relationships. The findings also showed that the forgiveness used for dealing with the harm and loss caused by relationships in the past, the gratitude to eliminate the communication challenges of the present time, and the hope to deal with problems that are likely to occur in the future and considered a threat to the individual.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the social adjustment curriculum on academic vitality, academic identity and cognitive flexibility of female students. The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with the control group. The study population included all female high school students in Buchan in the academic year of 2019-2020, The study sample consisted of 30 people who were selected through available sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 subjects) and a control group (15 subjects). The measuring instruments in this study were Dehghani Zadeh and Hossein Chari academic buoyancy Questionnaire, Woodruff academic identity scale, and Dennis & Vander Wal Cognitive Flexibility. The students of the experimental group underwent 10 sessions (90-minute) for 5 consecutive weeks (2 sessions per week) of the carpentry social adjustment program and the control group did not receive any intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using covariance analysis method. The findings showed that after the intervention, the effect of the social adjustment training program on academic buoyancy, academic identity, Cognitive Flexibility of female students was significant. Based on the results of the study, it can be said that teaching social adjustment program was effective on academic buoyancy, academic identity and cognitive flexibility of female students and it is suggested that the program be done in schools and other educational places to increase school-related variables.

This study aimed to investigate life typology based on Islamic thought and the viewpoint of Allameh Tabatabai. For this purpose, the first-hand resources (Quranic verses and narrations) and in particular the works of Allameh Tabatabai were referred to through descriptive-analytical method. Findings showed that according to Allameh Tabatabai’s view, regarding the two criteria of realness of life and unrealness of life, and individual life (pious life), and general life (living with other animals), three types of life were extracted: “abjection-oriented” life, “pleasureoriented life”, and “happiness-oriented life ”. The concepts of “transient”, “worldly life”, and “deception tool” characterize the “pleasure-oriented life” that is a general type of life. The concept of “living with constant worry” refers to unreal and “abjection-oriented” life. People who live these two types of life fail to reach the highest levels of perfection. True life is limited to the Hereafter life and a type of worldly life called Hayat-at-Tayybah, which is a “happiness-oriented life”. Moreover, from Allameh Tabatabai’s point of view, life has been discussed in a wider range, because human life is on two levels: worldly and otherworldly, which are closely related to each other, and the desired life is the happiness-oriented life.

The role of school counselors in facilitating students' development and their psycho/social promotion has expanded, to be at the forefront of changing community and school, student needs, and responding to social demands. The purpose of the research was to study and analyze the position of guidance and counseling in national evolutionary documents. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and method of theme analysis based on 8 national evolutionary documents (theoretical foundations, evolutionary document and six evolutionary subsystems of education system). From national documents, 22 sub-categories and 7 main categories, including centered health and responding to the needs of students based on school counseling; Establishment of a comprehensive guidance and counseling system with the presence of transformational leaders in all schools; Adapting school counseling and training counselors based on standards; Performing guidance and counseling in all stages of education... The need for the participation of transformational educators and focus on the establishment of the guidance and counseling system, and the originality of the program-centered with the role of counselor leadership, and was achieved the core category. Findings showed that guidance and counseling is the center of attention and gravity of the formal and general education system and organizes the teaching-learning process. Consistent with the theoretical literature of the subject, it can be concluded that the school guidance and counseling program is developmental, comprehensive, systematic, process and comprehensive. The position of guidance and counseling in the evolutionary documents is far from the current situation of schools.

The aim of this study was to investigate the system of psychological transformation in Islamic sources. In line with the purpose of the research, the concepts and propositions related to the subject of the research were collected from Islamic sources with an "open text reading strategy" and examined using a qualitative analysis of the content of religious texts. The results of the study provided a comprehensive model consisting of five periods of childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood and old age. In this model, the stages related to each period and their psychological mechanisms are also specified. According to Islamic teachings centered on psychological transformation, the realization of a person's potential abilities in the cognitive and emotional dimension is realized under the influence of internal growth, social interaction and active experience (conscious choice and action). In addition to explaining psychological mechanisms, it is important to pay attention to some ethical-educational issues in this model. The intuitive appeal of this model stems from the fact that it is based on revelation and emphasizes the unity of each person's mental experience. Keywords: Psychological Transformation, Growth, System, Islamic Resources

A large number of psychological studies have been done on personality around the globe. While accessing all of these research is not practically possible, hundreds of meta-analyses and systematic reviews draw a good picture of what is happening in the field of personality. In this paper, psychological studies of personality among Iranian authors have been investigated. In doing so, all papers published in sid.ir were systemically reviewed. Findings showed that around 90% of the total 340 papers that meet the eligibility criteria for this study were based on trait theory. In trait domain, the application of the Big Five/Five Factor model and the use of NEO questionnaires were dominant. Of variables studied in relation to personality the most cases pertain to physical and psychological health followed by positive psychological functioning. The least cases pertain to physiologic filed followed by morality and sport. This paper draws a relatively complete picture of current research trends in psychological study of personality in Iran and called attention to the importance of replication, meta-analysis, and systematic review methods in advancing psychological science.

There were proposed many theories about the causes of Psychological distress. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictions of the social status identity hypothesis and psychodynamic theory (ego psychology model) about Psychological distress. The role of economic resources, perceived social power, perceived social prestige, and defense mechanisms were examined as predictors of Psychological distress. Population was citizens of Tehran, Iran. The sample selected by the convenient method was 152 people from two of the middle-class district of Tehran. Data gathered by differential social status identity, Kessler psychological distress scale, and defense style questionnaire. All of the social statues dimensions negatively associated with psychological distress. Linear regression analysis (Enter method) showed that variables explained 42% of the variance of psychological distress. Defense mechanism (immature, mature and neurotic) and perceived social power were significantly predicted psychological distress. It could be argued people with maladaptive defense mechanisms and who perceived less social power is more prone to psychological distress.

Emerging adulthood has been introduced as a new developmental period. Researches have shown that the dimensions of this new period affect different psychological variables and as a result different components of people's health in this period are affected by them. The purpose of this research is to present a model to investigate the relationship between dimensions of emerging adulthood and social health of youth with emphasis on the mediating role of self-concept. The present study is a fundamental study in terms of the purpose and a descriptive-correlational in terms of the methodology. The statistical sample included 395 individuals (51% male; 49% female) in the age range of 18 to 25 who were selected using convenience sampling from educational centers of Ahvaz. Participants answered three online questionnaires: Arnett’s Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (2007), Keyes’s Social Health Questionnaire (1998), and Beck’s Self-Concept Test (1978). Path analysis was applied to analyze the results. The results showed that the participants have moderate self-concept and social health. However the scores of all emerging adulthood dimensions except for focusing on the others were above average. The results confirmed the existence of a significant direct positive correlation between the dimensions of emerging adulthood and self-concept, as well as self-concept and social health (p < 0.01). Also the indirect relationship between identity exploration (p < 0.05) instability/negativity (p < 0.01) and opportunities/optimism and self-focus (p < 0.1) with social health was confirmed. The results confirmed that young people who experience emerging adult have better self-concept and because of that their social health is improved.

Body image shame is a part of social shame that is experienced on the basis of body and physical characteristics, and therefore, like its superior construct, has two internal and external aspects; but in none of the questionnaires in the field of body image, attention has been paid to these two distinct aspects. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Image Shame Scale (BISS) in a sample of Iranian students.

For this purpose, a sample of 925 students of Kazerun universities was selected by cluster sampling. The analysis process was performed separately in two samples of male and female students. Research data, in addition to the Shame of Body Image Scale, included four other tools: Body Appreciation Scale-2(BAS-2), Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), Other as Shamer Scale (OAS), and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21).

The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in both male and female students confirm the two-factor structure in the Persian version of the Body Image Shame Scale. The correlation between the scores of the scale and the scores of other research tools has also confirmed its convergent and divergent validity. In addition, the values of Cronbach's alpha coefficients and retest coefficients were in the desired range.

Research findings, while confirming the two components of external and internal body, suggest the use of the Persian version of the questionnaire in Iranian students.

Establishing extramarital affairs is one of the most basic factors that reduce the quality of marital relations . The purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model for the prevention of extramarital affairs based on the socio-cultural context of Iran and the approach of enriching marital life. The qualitative research method was grounded theory. The study population included all young couples who referred to counseling centers in Miyaneh city in 2019-2020 and specialists in the field of counseling and family and marriage psychology. Purposeful sampling was performed until saturation was reached; The sample consisted of 30 couples in the age range of 25-35 years, 10 experts in the field of counseling and family and marriage psychology who participated in a semi-structured interview. Interview data were analyzed by Strauss and Carbin (1990). The analysis of the interviewees' lived experiences led to the identification of five main themes (including marital care, cultivating multiple intimacy, constructive conflict resolution strategies, requirements for preventing extramarital affairs, and enriching marital life strategies) and 22 sub-themes. Based on the obtained themes, the category of "married life with quality and satisfaction" was selected as the central phenomenon of the research. These findings, while increasing information and awareness about why and how to form extramarital relationships, provided the basis for designing educational models based on this theoretical model with the aim of preventing couples from tending to extramarital relationships. family Counselors can use the results of this study as a basis for preventive intervention in extramarital affairs.