پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

One of the most important features in the Middle East review (2001-2011), is the reaction and interaction among the Iran-Syria alliance and the United States and its allies. According to this confrontation, the following questions and hypotheses have been raised by the author: 1- What had been the major cause of the reaction and interaction of Iran-Syria alliance and the US and its allies in the Middle East since 2001 to 2011? 2- What are the strategies of Iran-Syria alliance, and the US and its allies in theirs actions and interactions during 2001-2011? Based on the above questions, the following hypotheses are suggested: 1- The main reason of the reaction and interaction between Iran-Syria alliance and the US and its allies in the Middle East region during 2001-2011 was the perception of threat. 2- Iran-Syrian Alliance Strategy vis-à-vis the US and its allies during 2001-2011 in the Middle East, were respectively bandwagoning and balancing, and strategy of the US and its allies vis-à-vis Iran-Syria alliance was balancing strategy.The research methodology in this study is descriptive-analytic, based on the qualitative method and for data collection the  method has been library and internet.

Today, almost all politicians in the world are on the Internet and posting texts and reports on their accounts. The culmination of these activities can be seen during the Iran-P5 + 1 nuclear talks. The main question here is: What has been the role of social media in the Vienna nuclear negotiations? Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. All data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. The results of the first sub-question showed that interaction with the public, management of public opinion and the use of English were part of the strength of the Iranian nuclear negotiating team in using social media and, on the other hand, not having Strategy, disorder, and lack of a media consultant can also be included in the list of negotiators' weaknesses in the use of these networks. In another part of the results and in response to the second sub-question, it was revealed that breaking the monopoly of the mainstream media, raising people's social capital towards officials and direct interaction with the people of the world and face-to-face conversation with public opinion are the most important goals. The nuclear negotiating team has been using social media to pursue it, but from the point of view of the interviewees, media coverage, tools of psychological warfare, media streaming, news analytics and complementary information flow are among the most important functions. Social media was at the core of the negotiations

The Arab uprisings in Syria did not lead to the overthrow of the Assad regime, but to a civil war between the Syrian groups and the competition of regional and trans-regional powers over getting influence in Syria. The result of such a situation is the control of Kurdistan by Democratic Alliance, which is considered as the Syrian branch of the PKK. The present article aims to examine the Turkish strategy in the face of the threats posed by the emergence of a Kurdish Autonomous Region in the aftermath of the Syrian crisis along the southern borders of Turkey.Therefore, the nature of the Syrian crisis and the ways of controlling Syria’s Kurdistan by P.Y.D have been analyzed. According to research findings, Turkey, following a policy of patience and passivity towards ISIL and using Barezany leverage,  initially attempted to prevent the emergence of Syria's Kurdistan and controlling it by the P.Y.D, but with the advent of the Syrian Kurdistan, most of which arose from the strategic withdrawal of Assad forces from northern Syria and the Western support of P.Y.D., Ankara turning toward Iran-Russia axis and moving toward military presence in Syria, tried to curb the threats made by P.Y.D. in Syria.

Iraq's developments are one of the most important issues of West Asia, which in the years after 2003 involved somehow all foreign actors and the role of the United States as an interventionist player in Western Asian regional developments. Washington views the developments in Iraq as an important factor in redefining the regional order and has made the developments in its Middle East policy with the aim of achieving regional goals and interests. So the question is, what is the policy of the United States in its new strategy on the developments in Iraq? The research hypothesis is that the United States has adopted an aggressive and aggressive policy towards Iraq's developments in pursuit of its interests and objectives, such as reducing the regional influence of Iran and accessing Iraq's oil resources. Washington, by adopting such a policy, while securing the interests of the arms dealers, will launch on the pretext that the terrorists will not return to Iraq and to stabilize in the country to consolidate the presence and role of the United States in the future of Iraq.The research method is descriptive-analytic based on the theory of neorealism.

On Thursday, June 13, 2019, two oil tankers as a result of crashed with naval mines in the Oman Sea approximately 25 miles offshore of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Jask) while crossing outside of the Strait of Hormuz, They were damaged. The United States America has accused the Islamic Republic of Iran of presenting evidence of an oil attack on the Oman Sea. Britain also claimed responsibility for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Against the Islamic Republic of Iran, while denying responsibility, the attack was fabricated and dealt with by the Americans themselves and the conspiracy. Therefore, in this article, we will try to study the rules governing mine action in Oman while examining the rules governing mine action under international law; the events and opinions of the International Court of Justice regarding the mines prove that the US accusations against the Islamic Republic of Iran are in vain.

Over the past decade, the European Union has faced unprecedented challenges on various fronts, such as the financial crisis, the migration crisis, the foreign policy crisis (Crimea), the disintegration, and the populism crisis. Meanwhile, the Corona Pandemic Crisis, although seemingly a health crisis at first glance, cannot be ignored for its geopolitical effects. The present study seeks to answer the main question based on the Neo-Neo debate and the future research method (scenario-making technique), what scenarios are ahead of the European Union in the face of the problems posed by the Corona crisis worldwide? Will this crisis lead to more or less European integration or will it lead in a different direction? In answer to this question, based on the course of events, the goals of the actors and the use of the technique of "Brainstorming", five scenarios can be proposed in the form of three categories: a) the Preferable scenario or the best; Continuing the EU's convergence and maintaining the power of acting at the level of international relations or the EU's continued convergence with the German leadership; B) Probable scenario; Transformation of the European Union into a regional confederation or the withdrawal of Italy from the European Union; C) Possible scenario; The divergence and collapse of the European Union. The findings show that the aftermath of the Quaid 19 crisis has left the EU with countless problems, with the EU failing to manage the crisis, thus undermining the EU's acting power. Internal and international levels are strongly affected.

One of the most important issues in the international Criminal Tribunal was the issue of jurisdiction of the court. Because of the close relationship between national sovereignty and the jurisdiction of the courts, this is why to respond to the desire of most countries as well as respect for national sovereignty However, the Statute of the Tribunal explicitly admitted supplementary jurisdiction to domestic courts. Nevertheless, some governments refuse to cooperate with the Supreme Court for the sake of national sovereignty and complementary jurisdiction, and refuse to extradite the offenders to the Court. There were conflicts in the handling of cases and the conflict between completeness Li and the essence of the International Criminal Tribunal. An example of this confrontation can be found between the Libyan government and the International Criminal Court in the trial of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. In this article, while developing the inherent and complementary competence, such as the ineffectiveness of the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to jurisdiction Inherent and impose political costs on the tribunal. Also, due to conflicts between the International Criminal Court and the Libyan government, the causes of the emergence of complementary and inherent competence in dealing with the case of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi will also be examined.

The relationship and interaction between Islamic Republic of Iran and Financial Action Task Force has had its ups and downs over more than a decade. Although it seems that the relationship between Iran and FATF is in its most complicated phase today, there are still hopes that some mutually-beneficial solutions can be reached for settlement of the disagreements based on international law. The present paper has tried to use different sources in order to demonstrate that on the one hand, there has been overstatements and exaggeration about risks involved in Iran’s compliance with FATF recommendations and Action Plan– such as risks in FIU information leakage, uncertainty about the next steps in the group’s  Action Plans or pessimism about FATF decision making method (consensus);  and on the other hand, solutions are available for more complicated  issues - such as Iran’s entering into Palermo and  CFT conventions -  based on international law and Islamic jurisprudence.

Succession of states to international responsibility has been considered as one of the most controversial issues in international law, must be scrutinized regardless of the way the related succession has been occurred. Being controversial, united nations international law commission (ILC), as the scientific institution of codification and progressive development of international law, has also repeatedly refused to deal with the issue in question. While United States of America and Great Britain Arbitral Commission (US-Britain Arbitral Commission) and International Court of Justice (ICJ), as two legal bodies for the peaceful settlement of international disputes, via their decisions and the arguments advanced, clarified the above mentioned conception, which re-affirms the role of international tribunals in the progressive development of international law, beside their main function, i.e. the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Scutinizing the decisions of these two international legal tribunals, clearly, indicates the conceptual evolution of the succession of states in respect of international responsibility. None-succession of state to international responsibility, which explicity was considered as a principle in two arbitral awards of US-Britain arbitral commission, has gone down in the ICJ, gradually. The present paper, through the comparative study of the decisions of these two international legal tribunals, addresses the conceptual evolution of the state succession to international responsibility and its scope as the international legal conception.

although peace is one of the oldest ideals of mankind, human history is full of conflict, conflict, and confrontation. Women have a strong role in peacekeeping and promotion, and women's participation in peacekeeping operations is world peace advocacy; the worldwide peacekeeping approach owes its role to promoting peace, and women are part of peacekeeping operations. Are Responsible. One of the major tasks of women peacemakers at the United Nations is the responsibility of maintaining and promoting peace, which focuses on three areas of South Sudan, Libya and Ivory Coast. The main question of the present study was, what strategies did female peacekeepers have for peace in these areas? The present study, through a feminist approach, based on the theory of pacifist feminism and through library resources and a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the role of female peacekeepers in maintaining political, cultural, socio-economic, environmental, and ultimately security of women and children. Introduce sexual abuse and suggest ways to enhance their role.

Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country with numerous ethnic, cultural and religious commonalities of which the Army has played a very prominent role in different political and social spheres of Afghanistan during last four decades.  While inspecting differnet elements of Pakistan’s Strategic Culture. This article tries to answer the question of what/ how has Pakistan's strategic culture been guiding its foreign policy toward Afghanistan? The hypothesis of the article is that the Pakistani military has institutionalized its strategic culture in this country’s foreign policy in such a way that it sees its national security and survival in controlling and influencing Afghanistan. The findings of the paper suggest that Afghanistan and India are two key elements in Pakistan's strategic culture that Pakistan needs to manage due to its characteristics and shortcomings since its inception. This article is explanatory and the required data is collected by library method. The theoretical framework of the article is based on the concept of strategic culture.

The migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe due to war and insecurity over the past two decades has led to the formation of Diaspora groups in Europe, which has raised growing concerns in the European society. Far-right parties as well as other political parties believe that the existence of Middle East and North African Diaspora will create identity crises across the Europe. The aim of this research paper is to examine the impact of Middle East and North African Diaspora on the formation of identity crises in European countries and the response of right-wing parties from the perspective of international relations, whereas the method of gathering research data and information is carried out through library studies, including but not limited to documents, books, major national and international journals and theories of the doctrine of international relations. After a conceptual study, taking into consideration the migratory background of African and Middle Eastern countries and the reaction of far-right parties to the Diaspora, identity and its contributing parameters have also been evaluated. Findings of the paper show that the creation of contributory factors to identity crisis and deviation from the underlying factors of collective identity also bring about identity crisis. The identity crisis of the European society has two dimensions, namely national-cultural and national-political identity crisis; while the parameters of cognition and belief affect national-cultural identity, the psychological ones have an impact on national-political identity. Furthermore, the response of far-right parties from different political strands shows that they hold a common view of the Diaspora and consider it a serious threat to their identity. Given the need for young labor force and the aging population in Europe, an identity crisis will be inevitable despite the opposition of far-right parties.