نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 26، بهار 1400)

Over the last decade, studies of co-creation have been on the rise. The purpose of this article is to organize and analyze the existing literature on co-creation in the field of tourism to identify the state-of-the-art studies conducted in this field as well as research gap. As yet no paper has comprehensively summarized the activities and outcomes of co-creation in tourism that includes new resources as well. In other words, the status of studies in this field which is considered as the research gap, is not presented in the form of a mapping study. Since the research questions seek to provide an overview of the studies in available publications, the Systematic mapping study (SMS) has been selected as the research method. A Mapping study suitable method for analyzing and structuring a broad research field concerning methods, designs, and research focus in the existing publications. 137 Articles published in reliable academic databases such as Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus, Wiley, ProQuest, Sage, Web of Science, and Taylor & Francis were selected and were printed during 2006-2019. Based on the analysis of the incoming articles, it was found that the hospitality sector has been more of a research interest in co-creation studies. The type of published literature has been more empirical and most of the studies have been quantitative and survey-based. Other notable findings identified the dominance of the service science perspective in tourism co-creation studies, as well as the experiential perspective or the experience-dominant logic as a scientific future direction

To participate in tourism activities as a cultural right and an opportunity for their social integration, people with disabilities face various environmental barriers which affect their tendency to participate in tourism activities. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to identify and investigate the environmental barriers and limitations (micro and macro environment) faced by these people for participating in tourism activities. This study is carried out using mixed-method in two stages of qualitative (identifying the environmental indicators and factors of accessible tourism development for people with physical disabilities through in-depth, semi-structured interview with scientific and executive experts) and quantitative (Designing the questionnaires by researchers based on indicators obtained from the qualitative stage and distributing them among 150 tourists with disabilities in Tehran). Making use of open and central coding with Maxqda software, the content analysis of the first stage interviews was carried out and 2 main categories, 12 main concepts and 45 sub-concepts were identified. The quantitative stage was carried out using the partial least squares method and SmartPLS3 software. Consequently, planning and policy-making, transportation, tourism places, tourism products and services, human resources, information, technology and equipment, were identified as micro-environmental factors (tourism industry). Also planning and policy-making, economic, physical, cultural, and social factors were identified as the macro-environment factors of accessible tourism development for people with physical disabilities.

In the last three decades, attention to the effects of the organization in society has led to the emergence of a new and important concept in business research in the name of social responsibility. Social responsibility refers to the voluntary participation of the organization in sustainable development beyond the legal requirements.While most organizations today believe that social responsibility should be considered with a sustainable development approach, the scope of social responsibility of rural tourism complexes is not clear and there is no proper understanding of the extent of their social responsibility.  In order to explain its type and content in rural tourism complexes, we need to be aware of stakeholders' perceptions (tourists, local managers, community managers and local community), which has been neglected in domestic studies  Therefore, this study has been designed to analyze the perceptions of stakeholders about the social responsibility of rural tourism complexes in Tehran province. A questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results indicate that there is a difference between the perception of the local community and tourists, local managers, and community managers, local communities and managers, and local managers and tourists

It is necessary to develop tourism, recognize strengths and weaknesses, strengthen strengths and eliminate weaknesses. Among the most important factors are guides who interact directly with tourists. Despite the importance of tour guides, many assessments of the professional status and satisfaction of tourists with their performance have not been reported. The best way to evaluate the performance of incoming tour guides is with foreign tourists. This research is based on the position of guides in providing services to tourists and the lack of research background in guiding literature to evaluate the performance of Iranian guides in 24 characteristics of professional skills, ethical characteristics and appearance characteristics of foreign tourists who visited in September 1998 , will pay. Data were collected from the opinions of 120 foreign tourists selected by the available sampling method by analysis of significance-performance analysis and analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that among the important priorities of foreign tourists, guides are more weak in terms of professional characteristics than moral and physical characteristics. The correct pronunciation of words and the power of excellent speech, solving problems in the tour, introducing trusted stores, were very important for foreign tourists, and the guides had low performance in these features. Also, the characteristics of host culture and level of knowledge about the destination, friendly behavior, honesty, patience, and mastery of international language and local languages ​​are important for foreign tourists, and the guides have performed well in these characteristics.

Readiness assessment to use ICT in the tourism industry can help managers in tourism destinations to develop relevant activities. The purpose of this study is to present a model of e-tourism readiness that will be the basis for assessing the capacity or use of information technology in tourist destinations. The approach of this research is mixed-method research. The research is based on the use of 30 experts familiar with information technology in tourism. After reviewing the relevant documents, the first model (including the elements and their relations) was prepared using the content analysis method. Nominal Group Technique was used to dimensions and components validation and Delphi method was used for indicator determination. Then, fuzzy pairwise comparisons were used to find the weight of dimensions, components, and indicators. Contribution of this study is the expansion of the concept of e-readiness from the country or organization to the tourism industry, which can show the state of e-tourism readiness in the country or a tourist destination. The proposed model consists of 5 dimensions, 15 components, and 88 indicators. Dimensions of the e-tourism readiness model consist of IT infrastructure, e-tourism enablers, business readiness, information society, and readiness of Destination Management Organizations. The result of the study is to determine the important indicators for the development of e-tourism in Hamadan province.

Eco-tourism is one of the types of tourism that has developed rapidly in Iran. Mazandaran province has witnessed the proliferation of rural residence over the last 5 years due to the natural attractions of the rich rural culture. Use of tourism opportunities to improve the rural development and the need to establish a framework for preserving the social and natural values and controlling the quality of residential architecture , addressing the relationship between residential architecture quality and satisfaction It has made tourists indispensable. This article aims to find a framework for standardizing the architecture of residences, and assesses the satisfaction of indigenous peoples. The research method is descriptive-analytical in which after collecting a concept on enamel content analysis of theoretical foundations of indigenous architecture and identifying experienced models of satisfaction measurement, field data was collected through a questionnaire. According to the developed conceptual model, the physical, spatial, naturalistic and social dimensions of indigenous residential architecture are assumed to correspond to the basic, functional and emotional requirements of tourist satisfaction, respectively. The results of the research and analysis of the findings show that the architecture of the resorts has been the most satisfying tourist in terms of meeting the basic needs of the accommodation and accommodation and in this respect they preferred the hotels and villas. Next, architectural naturalism indices gained as much as 60% of audience satisfaction and were able to satisfy tourists' motivation for nature. The socio-cultural dimension of the resorts has the least tourist's satisfaction.

Eating is a physical need as well as a cultural and social activity. Tourists' demand for local food occurs at different levels of needs. Therefore, there is a difference in how tourists react to the consumption of local food. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting local food demand in attracting food foodies in order to segment the tourism market according to the needs of tourists interested in local food as an attraction. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting local food demand in attracting foodies, a researcher-made questionnaire with 26 indicators and a Likert scale was prepared and distributed among tourists in the city in the summer of 1398 and the method of selecting samples by random sampling was available and 100 questionnaires were completed within a month, of which 85 were appropriate for use; The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by structural equation modeling with least squares (PLS-SEM) approach. The model variables of the study were extracted from the summary of previous studies. The results showed that in the model of factors affecting local food demand in attracting foodies, motivational factors, demographic factors and psychological factors with values of path coefficients of 0.30, 0.613, 0.338, respectively, and local food demand with path coefficient values. 0.252 is positive in all hypotheses and indicates a direct effect on latent dependent variables.

In recent decades, tourism activists in tourism areas have come up with new and innovative ideas in various areas of urban tourism to create and promote new businesses and new jobs. One of the most important issues and challenges in the field of tourism business networking is the degree and status of the interactions and relationships between these businesses and their entrepreneurs. Yazd city is one of the most important tourism areas of the country with its natural and human tourism capital. In order to optimize tourism planning, it is necessary to determine the position and power of each tourism business and the entrepreneurs and the degree of power and centrality of each business and the type, influence and interactions of each entrepreneur in the tourism business network analyzed. To be. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to analyze the interactions and relationships between businesses in Yazd. This research is an applied one and uses library and field data to collect data. The main statistical sample of the study was entrepreneurs and business owners of tourism in Yazd city. Data analysis is also based on network theory and social networking approach using Ucinet software. According to the final results of the study, the density of one-way and two-way interactions between businesses in the aspect of tourism exchange and destination management is at a relatively good level and in the information dimension is at a moderate level and at the financial level is weak.

The success or failure of destination tourism development in the world depends on the mental image of tourists towards them and how this attitude is managed by the government and tourism planners; this image is influenced by tourists' perceptions of the meaning of place and perception Is observed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the meaning of place in creating a clear mental image in tourists. This research has been done in Janat neighborhood as one of the historical and touristic neighborhoods of Mashhad. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature of the survey. In this research, a quantitative method has been used to analyze 384 questionnaires answered by tourists in the research environment and also a qualitative method has been used to analyze tourists' mental images and their behavior; Data collection was done through questionnaires, field visits and observations by a trained supervisor, and structural equations were used to analyze the data, using SMART PLS software and cognitive map analysis. The results of the study indicate that the most important role of the meaning of place in the formation of tourists' mental images in terms of environmental factors including the readability of urban signs, meeting community expectations and the existence of quality and environmental proportions for easier understanding and human factors including communication. Strong visuals, senses and personal experience will be in the tourist image.

Tourism is one of the most important factors in generating wealth and ‎employment in the world. The purpose of this study was to measure the ‎feeling of security and comfort of domestic tourists from the border ‎town of Mehran. Stepwise regression statistical tests, structural equation ‎modeling (path analysis) and Friedman ranking test were used to ‎analyze the data. Has been. The results show that there is a direct ‎relationship between the sense of security and the choice of border for ‎pilgrimage. The results of T-test show that tourists' satisfaction with the ‎facilities of the study area was in a favorable condition. The results of ‎stepwise regression showed that accommodation facilities index with ‎‎0.221 beta had the least effect, and accommodation facilities index with ‎beta coefficient of 0.297 had the most impact on security and comfort ‎of Mehran tourists. Also, the fitted structural model for all the research ‎factors is supported by the research data at the appropriate level of the ‎theories performed and is a suitable model for explaining the variables ‎and is a factor of the accommodation facilities. The factor of 0.84 has ‎the highest impact and the factor of catering facilities with the factor of ‎‎0.54 has the least impact on tourism security in the Mehran border. The ‎results of Friedman's rank test showed that the highest average rating ‎‎(4.01) was allocated to the accommodation facilities factor in the mean ‎score‏ ‏

Tourists’ loyalty to a destination is carved in mind of destination managers both as a leadership strategy and as a ship of salvation. also, the purpose of this paper is Constructing and Validating of Destination Loyalty Scale. The study was conducted with a positivist approach based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research includes the tourists who have been to the “A” tourism at least three times in the last year. The sample size was estimated to be 340 according to the relevant guidelines and the sampling method was non-random convenience sampling. Data calculated by electronic questionnaires. Data were analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS26 and Lisrel 8.8 . with a study of literature, 17 criteria for loyalty to the destination were extracted. After the EFA analysis of criteria, were identified and named 4 factors that include: “Praising and stayers to the destination” with 5 items, “Superiority of destination” with 5 items, “Dependency on destination” with 4 items and “Sacrificing for the destination” with 3 items. Then the first and second-order factor analysis was performed and the results were acceptable and desirable. Based on the analysis and findings, it can be concluded that the destination loyalty scale has good reliability and validity in the surveyed tourist. The difference between this scale and previous scales is that instead of emphasizing the loyalty process, it emphasizes loyalty behavior, it is a subjective-objective scale and also, it has the ability to design typology and market segmentation.

The exploding boom of social networks has a very serious effect on human life. Social networks are recognized as the driving force in e-commerce and in some way or another have evolved the interpersonal relationship and also intercompany relations. This phenomenon has happened distinctly in the tourism industry; since tourist contact other people in different phases of the trip for scheduling and other things, especially when they are searching for information. Present study aims to discuss effective factors on sharing knowledge on tourism destination. This study is of practical nature and from the way of doing perspective it is of descriptive- scaling nature. Statistical population is Iranian users of Instagram social network who check tourism pages for determining the tourism destinations. Also 420 users are selected in multistage sampling in order to gather information. Data analysis is done by modeling structural equations with the help of Lisrel software which is shown that perceived ease of use on utilitarian beliefs, belief in integrity and subjective norms has a positive and meaningful effect. Subjective norms are also effective on switching costs and attitude toward sharing knowledge; finally personal attitude of the person are verified against on his/her Intention to share knowledge.

geotourism plays an important role in sustainable development through the preservation of native culture and the participation of local communities. Since most geoparks are located in rural areas, it can be said that geotourism is a new move towards rural development. In this paper, the role of geotourism and geopark in the sustainable development of villages of Qeshm Island is studied. Therefore, the present research in terms of purpose is applied, and in terms of method and nature, is descriptive-analytic. The data collection method is based on documentary and survey methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS, Lisrel and GIS software. The statistical population of the study is the households of 20 villages of the island that are located in the area of 23 geosystems Geopark Qeshm. The results of the existing documentary reading show that the growth rate of job opportunities in rural areas of the island have been 2/53 and 4/64 percent in during the years 2006- 2011 and 2011- 2016 , and 28/98 percent of the migration to the villages of Qeshm Island have been with the aim job looking and better job looking. The results of the field study also show that among the three main objectives of the Geopark Global Network, the expansion of geotourism and the establishment of Qeshm geopark has been effective in the conservation of natural and historical heritage, respectively, 98%, in the education and preservation of indigenous culture 84%, and finally in Improving the local community economyhas had an impressive 83%.

After introducing tourism destinations in social media, tourists' power in describing, commenting, changing, and distorting the destination-related narratives by considering their personal experiences and opinions was increasing, results in creatinga large challenge for tourism marketing organization asthe way oftelling their intended stories in social media for developing a tourism destination. Accordingly, the present study aimed to recognize the dimensions related to the storytelling power of online social media in developing a tourism destination by focusing the mentioned challenge. The study was conducted through qualitative approach among all the stories related to Qeshm tourism destination and told in online social media. In addition, 108 stories were selected through judgmental sampling and analyzed by searching in tourism websites and weblogs by using a three-stage open, axial, and selective coding in the form of thematic network. Based on the results, nine organizing and 44 basic themes were identified as comprehensive ones regarding the power of tourism storytelling of Qeshm. Further, utilizing storytelling capabilities and its dimensions in social media allows users to explain their identities, activities, experiences, and ideas, create social role, improve their situation, expand their discourses, and affect destination narratives by attracting audiences. The use of qualitative storytelling method is one of the strengths of the present study, because it has not been used in any similar domestic research to analyze the narratives of a tourist destination.

This research is accomplished to study the interface role of job satisfaction of exciting intelligence on corporate citizenship's behavior in hotel industry at the hotels whit three, four and five stars in eastern Azarbayjan Province in the summer of 2016. The required data of this research are collected whit the method of simple random sampling from hotels of Tabriz city's stuff by questionnaire. This research is applicable and on basis of colleting data's method is descriptive survey. In this research, the method of structural equation has been used by means of smart PLS software in order to analysis of data. In this research, the affection of exciting intelligence directly, direct and indirect affection of exciting intelligence on corporate citizenship's and also the affection of job satisfaction on corporate citizenship's behavior are studied directly. The results of analysis of direct routs show that the exciting intelligence has a positives and meaningful impact on job satisfaction and corporate citizenship's behavior. In the indirect analysis of rout, the variable of exciting intelligence has a positive and meaningful impact on corporate citizenship's behavior, by the interface role of job satisfaction. Mean while, the affection of job satisfaction on corporate citizenship's behavior, with the largest path coefficient, has the most affection in comparison with other variables.

One of the most important elements of the tourism system is the attractions as well as the services and infrastructure available at the tourist destinations that are provided to meet the needs and expectations of the tourists and to increase their satisfaction. What is important besides the need for these infrastructures is their spatial distribution and location, which requires careful study. Therefore, the present study investigates the spatial distribution of tourism infrastructure in Guilan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical. For analyzing the findings, the Average nearest neighbor, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, Mean center and standard deviational ellipse method have been used. The results show that based on the average nearest neighbor, the pattern distribution of restaurants, tourism complexes, hotels, hotel apartments, Eco lodges, hostel and the whole tourism infrastructure of Guilan province was clustered. Also, based on multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, the distribution of tourism infrastructure in Guilan province is clustered. The distribution of many infrastructures is also in the northwest-southeast direction. Overall, the need for a more balanced development of tourism infrastructure in Guilan province is quite evident, which requires long-term planning as well as conversion of tourism resources to attractions.

Organizations must provide employees with the opportunity to express their ideas, opinions, and information in processes relevant to their work in order to gain competitive advantage and continuous development. Constructive suggestions and employee criticism are important for organizations trying to maintain their position in highly competitive environment. the purpose of this study is to investigate the leadership integrity of employees by mediating the empowering behaviors of the leader. Also, this research is based on applied purpose and in terms of descriptive-correlational nature. The statistical population of this study consisted of 460 frontline employee of selected travel agencies in Yazd city and 210 people were selected through the Cochran formula. Data were collected through standard questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed by content and construct validity and reliability through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability index. The structural modeling technique with PLS 3 software was used for data analysis. The findings of this study show that a leader's behavioral integrity has a positive and significant effect on a leader's empowering behaviors. Leadership behavioral integrity also has a positive and significant effect on employee voices mediated by leader empowering behaviors. Finally, the results showed that the leader's behavioral honesty allows employees to participate in decisions, learn new skills, and enhance their performance, giving them more courage to share their thoughts and ideas with colleagues.

Today, the tourism industry, in addition to its commercial face, is recognized as an industry that supports the livelihoods of local communities in tourism destinations; therefore, engaging in the concept of corporate social responsibility and citizenship in the tourism industry with the commitment of active organizations in the travel process, Its beginning is connected to its end. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the acceptance of corporate citizenship in tourism industry businesses. This research is an applied and explorative mixed method based on thematic analysis based on basic, organizing and pervasive themes using MAXQDA-12 software and structuring and determining the interrelationships of factors through multi-criteria decision making using Demetel technique. . The statistical population is in the qualitative section, archival documents and in the quantitative section, academic experts and managers of tourism business in Tehran. The findings of the study indicate that 21 factors identified in three sections are factors related to industry environment, organization factors and macro environment factors, among which in tourism businesses are factors related to industry environment Organizational and macro-environmental factors are of the utmost importance. Also, factors related to the industry environment as a causal driver in the whole system are more influential than other factors.

Given the variety and complexity of end tourism products Supply chain integration is very important and can create value for all stakeholders. Despite the many barriers that prevent supply chain of tourism services in Iran to be integrated, there are also drivers that lead to integration. The development of information technology and the electronic supply chain play a key role in this process. In this paper, in order to analyze the themes that are effective on this topic, by using qualitative method, semi-structured interviews with experts are done and analyzed in MAXQDA software. Finally based on the findings, thematic network for value creation of value chain is plotted. Accordingly, the factors affecting supply chain integration include driving factors and barriers to integration. Integration of the supply chain with internal, external and customer dimensions can create value. The electronic supply chain can help creating value by a platform for collaboration, value creation, and the emergence of service integrators. But on the other hand, these platforms can also create value for the stakeholders or destroy or change values. Finally, integrated chains can create value by considering the requirements.

The expansion of social networks and the attraction of a large number of users in different parts of the world has caused this tool to find its special functions in the field of tourism. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors affecting social networks on tourism branding in Iran. This research is a cross-sectional research using theme analysis method in which data is collected over several weeks. In this research, the views of 10 experts on the subject have been used. Interviews and coding have been done using Maxqda software. The analysis results show the number of 63 open codes among 330 concepts. 63 open codes which are categorized into 18 themes. Identified categories include tourist value, content sharing, tourist credentials and critique, tourist trust, brand awareness, branding, advertising and marketing, tourist desire, electronic services, social media, company performance, organizational factors, competitive advantage, social responsibility, Tourist participation, tourist attitudes, service innovation and tourist loyalty.