Journal of Sustainable Rural Development
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Dec 2020

Global environmental change of climate variability and land use dynamics are emerging livelihood challenges facing local poor. Although, the synergetic impacts of these processes have been cognate in Ethiopia, vulnerability researches were fixed to climate variability, inadequate on conceptual and methodological considerations of non-climate stressors. To this attention, we assessed small-scale farmers’ vulnerability situations in Anger watershed of southwestern Ethiopia.

The case study design guided by mixed methods approach was used. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. The data collected from 335 household heads were analyzed by multivariate analysis, measures of differences, and substantiated by qualitative enquiry based on focus group discussions and observations.

Household’s vulnerability magnitude ranges from high to moderate, while in aggregate, kolla agroecology was more vulnerable than highland. The effects of social adaptability and sensitivity to land resources were significantly contributed for the vulnerability differences. Although, climate variability was notable, structural land use dynamics was unequivocal stressor deepened the household’s vulnerability in kolla.

Vulnerability is the result of interactive and interconnected processes of climate, non-climate stressors, and households’ internal capacity in the study area. Thus, attributing local vulnerability to only climate variability, neglecting local non-climatic disturbances could mislead development planning. Hence, future studies should consider such processes simultaneously to provide comprehensive evidences on vulnerability situations. The national adaptations program needs to integrate climate change with the emerging other global changes in planning rural resilience. Policy fortifying agricultural investments should synchronize win-win strategy for relationships between investors and local community.

Empowering rural women is one of the policies and strategies used to develop rural businesses because rural businesses can create employment and reduce unemployment, resulting in increased high self-confidence and empowerment of the villagers. Regarding the importance of this issue, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of empowering women on the motivation of creating and developing rural businesses. This paper is an applied study in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytic in nature. The statistical population consists of 504 samples selected from 84 villages in 26 rural districts. The data collected using bibliographic and field study methods. Analyzing data, a compiled framework based on the previous studies was used, which was composed on 5 indexes of empowerment in 50 items and rural business in 14 items. The results showed that empowering women in making them motivated to create and develop rural businesses was effective as the result of multivariate regression indicated that the empowerment variables account for .378 of changes in rural businesses. The results of the KODAS technique used to assess the motivation of women to develop rural businesses show that rural women are in different business motivation situations, so that only women in Sarchaqa and Seyed Ayaz was more favorable than other villages.

These issues and the economic instability resulting from the implementation of neoliberal policies have led to the commodification of land and housing, which has attracted capital. One of the main consequences of such a situation is that on the one hand, the destruction of natural resources, land erosion, environmental degradation and the occurrence of devastating floods have been increased, and on the other hand, unjustified class division and transfer of villagers from productive activities to unproductive businesses, such as security guard, villa caretakers and services of travel and transportation companies, have endangered the social and food security of Iran. In this article, land use change has been studied using satellite images of East Guilan (Lahijan, Siahkal, Ashrafieh and Langrood counties) in 1989, 2000 and 2015. The information needed to identify the factors affecting land use change has been collected through visits, purposeful interviews in different parts of the area, and the study of written sources and archives of local offices. These data were analyzed using the "grounded theory" method in the Max Kiuda system. Findings show that land use changes in the region are related to various ecological, social, economic and political factors. Increased population pressure along with technological developments, land use policies, development plans, investments, land speculation and personal exploitation have each had some effect on land use change. State of nature has little dependence on tax revenues due to its natural resource revenues; As a result, it is not accountable.

The present study was designed to investigate the spatial variations of public transport passengers before and after Corona in the metropolitan area of ​​Mashhad. For this purpose, after conducting documentary studies, descriptive information about the volume of public transport passengers was obtained from Mashhad Bus Organization separately from each station, and at the same time with preparing a spatial map of the stations, a spatial database was formed. The period under study includes before Corona (March 1997 to February 1998) and after Corona (March 1998 to September 2010). Spatial differences before and after Corona were determined using classical and spatial statistics methods. The results showed significant differences in changes before and after corona. On the other hand, showing the differences showed that in rural areas with a long distance from the city of Mashhad in the west and northwest, unlike other areas, the volume of movements after Corona has increased. Using geographical regression model also showed that among local factors, economic characteristics related to each village show the greatest role in explaining the changes, which in some areas also explains up to 63%. Due to the demographic and economic structure of this area and their strong dependence on public transportation, methods such as closing or reducing operating hours; It brings more segregation of these villages. It is suggested that such studies, focusing on spatial analysis of changes, can assist public transportation management in redesigning programs related to this area.

This research is an applied one with a descriptive – analytic method was conducted in Jahrom with the objective of analyzing the effective factors on retrofitting of rural homes. Our statistical universe includes 11 villages of Simekan district in the suburbs of Jahrom County, these villages have taken a loan over 50 items from Housing Foundation. For estimating the sample volume at rural family level, by using Cochran sampling method with 95 percent accuracy, the number of 186 persons (family guardian) was questioned by simple random sampling method. Then, the necessary information was gathered by survey and questionnaire. Based on the results of factor analysis, among the first two factors in the order of effectiveness proportion, the first factor (satisfaction with rural homing) describes 57.455 percent of variance by itself and the second factor (homing retrofitting) is accounted for 20.835 percent of variance. Also, it was found that the best reason for retrofitting of rural homes is using of rural homing facilities (67%). Safety against natural disasters such as earth quake and flood (33%) is another reason for homing retrofitting, so our main hypothesis is supported. According to the results of hypothesis testing, based on Pearson correlation coefficient and regarding to variance testing and our significance number which is more than 0.05, there isn’t a significant difference between our independent variables (gender, age & education) and housing retrofitting.

Today, the emission of greenhouse and global warming are two major global environmental threats. This research attempts to investigate the mediating role of carbon sequestration collaborative project in empowering women and thereby protecting the environment. This is a descriptive-analytic study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. A comparison was made between empowerment of women in the target villages where carbon sequestration collaborative project was implemented and control villages with no development plan. The population consisted of women living in villages with more than 20 families in Sarbishe city. A sample of 319 people from the target villages and 354 people from control villages were selected using Cochrane formula. The data analysis in the two samples was done by using t test, Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test and unequal variance. Based on results, Carbon Sequestration Project in women's economic empowerment is effective in protecting the environment and in all indicators except for the index. From the social aspect, according to the output of t test, the differences in social indicators were significant between two groups of women. In total, carbon sequestration project in the under study area had led to empowerment of rural women, prevention of land degradation and environmental protection

The study aims to identify the main problems of temporary accommodation strategies and to discuss some principles and guidelines in order to assist decision-makers for choosing the most suitable strategy and reach better sustainable temporary housing solutions.

Through a qualitative and applied type approach, the present research has been done by descriptive- analytical method. Documentary and library methods have been used to collect information, and analyze case study to discuss the main sustainability issues regarding temporary housing. In this study, the main focus is on providing qualitative sustainable conceptual model as a platform for decision makers in crisis situations.

applying system to every region according to its local data before disaster, determining the activity steps needed to be done before disaster, at the time of disaster and post-disaster and developing a sustainable temporary housing approach. Only then will be able to house the victims in healthy and comfortable environments in a progressive way with the productive usage of the country resources and finally to be ready against the disasters.

Lack of a sustainable strategy prevents community resilience and disaster preparedness. At present, the post-disaster housing approach cannot meet the cultural, social, economic and ecological needs of the victims.

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for tourism supply chain management in the mountainous forest villages of central Mazandaran. In this research, rural tourism supply chain management processes were detected through a systematic review and the Delphi method. To analyze the data and to build a model, ISM and Micmac methods were employed. The final model shows that knowledge management is the most basic process in the tourism supply chain in the region. This is owing to the great influence of this process and the lack of its strong dependence on other processes. Information management processes, risk, market, service performance, demand, capacity, and customer relationship have a linking role in this model. These parameters have a great influence and a strong dependence on the other parameters of the chain. Financial management is the most dependent process in the tourism chain of the region with a low influence but a high dependence on the other processes. Order management is an autonomous process in the tourism chain of the studied region. Indeed, it has both a low influence and a low dependence on the other processes of the chain.

Rural Government is considered as a way to extend democracy, empowering villagers to choose their way of life and organize their living space, increase prosperity, make opportunities, and promote teamwork, and it can be concluded that in new rural government theories, rural municipalities are the new paradigm and one of the main pillars of rural management and development. By the end of September 2009, there were 898 villages with more than 20 households and 194 authorized rural municipalities in Zanjan province, Iran and the number of rural municipalities compared to villages with more than twenty households was about %21.6. This study aimes to investigate the rural municipality performance in the rural government of Zanjan province.

Our research method is of documentary-field type and the study population consists of 194 rural municipalities from which 114 rural municipalities were selected as the sample using stratified sampling with proper allocation. SPSS was used to analyze the data. For stepwise regression, the variables entered the equation as factors affecting rural municipality performance in rural government by which 89% of Zanjan rural municipality performance variance was clarified.

The results show that the performance of rural municipalities in the selected area can play a critical role in villagers’ participation in rural management and development.

Based on the results, the variables with a significant effect on rural government are the cooperation of rural council, villagers’ participation, rural equipment and facilities, and rural municipality consultation with local leaders and council members.

Empowerment approach is considered as one of the efficient approaches in rural development activities in Iran through the rural planning system within the framework of five-year programs with government investment in order to achieve sustainable rural development. In this study, it was investigated the role of government investments in empowering villagers, How its effectiveness in the rural area of Kashan was studied. Descriptive-analytical research method and sample population were selected using three-dimensional matrix method of government investment, village location and rural population of 12 villages and 316 rural households. To explain the relationships between independent and dependent variables, Pearson correlation in appropriate statistical environments and for modeling effects, the structural equation model (SEM) in AMOS software was used. Findings indicate a strong, positive and direct relationship between the two variables of investment and rural empowerment (P = 0.000). As the amount of investment increases, the empowerment of the villagers increases. The structural equation model showed that government investment with a factor load of 0.072 has an effect on rural empowerment (RMSEA = 0.036). Following these results in achieving sustainable rural development, the empowerment approach should be considered as a goal and not as a tool. In the experience of government investment in the rural area of Kashan in Central Iran, the investment process was relatively effective and in the future the investment process and implementation of rural projects in general and in arid and semi-arid areas in particular, empowerment and institutionalization approach in Villages are essential.

The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the migrations within and outside a province. The method used in this study was quantitative, descriptive- analytical. The population consisted of 340 respondents from urban and rural communities using Cochran's alpha. The sampling method was simple random. The reliability of the study was calculated by Cochran's alpha as 0.75 and the validity of the study was confirmed by experts in geography and social sciences. The findings showed that the most important motivations for intra-provincial migration included earthquake with the mean of 4.28, occupation (4.12), and living costs (4.10). The most important motivations for inter-provincial migration were occupation with the mean of 4.86, living costs (4.85), and income (4.84). Regarding the influential factors on satisfaction with inter-provincial migration, the following factors can be ranked in terms of priority: willingness to return to living place (4.8), satisfaction with the migration (4.7), and willingness to migrate to another place (2.57). The factors of willingness to migrate to another place (with the means of 4.7), satisfaction with migration (4.4), and others' advice for migration (4.5) can be considered, in order of priority. The findings of Spearman correlation indicated the significant relationship between the 6 variables and intra-provincial migration.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the compliance of tourism development with the ecotourism principles through the opinions of visitors Guilan province as a unique destination in Iran.

This study was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method. A questionnaire is designed and filled by the visitors. The gathered data have been analyzed by binomial, Friedman, and path analysis in SPSS and LISREL software. The barometer of ecotourism has also been modified to explain human welfare and natural ecotourism.

The results of this research have indicated that the tourism activities are significantly compliant with the principles and that education and awareness can considerably influence other dimensions.

Tourists in the study area are highly interested in observing the principles of ecotourism. This is seen in all aspects of helping the local economy, protecting the environment, communicating with the local community, and education. However, the status of environmental protection is appropriate in the study area. This is likely resulted from understanding of the visitors about the unique nature of Guilan province and its outstanding features. The scarcity of these resources has made tourists more protective of them. On the other hand, since most of the tourists in this province have recreational purposes, we should try to pay more attention to education as one of the pillars of ecotourism. Keywords: tourism development, ecotourism principles, barometer of ecotourism,

Today, the extent and complexity of human-natural environment interactions, young lands, environmental instabilities of settlements with more frequency and intensity than before and are serious. What is the environmental sustainability of rural settlements according to the morphotectonic variables of the region? What factors affect sustainability of rural settlements the region? No report has been submitted in this research area. Fuzzy multivariate spatial analysis and Data ISO and geomorphic indices such as W, SL, Hi, Ar and SMF and Iat index were used to assess stability. Topographic data, earthquakes, fault systems, geology, geomorphology, morphostructure were analyzed and morphotectonic zones of the region were determined. The results of this study show that in the study area there is a Horst and Graben system with east-west trend which is formed by a system of faults parallel to the north-south trend. 4 different morphotectonic patterns (A, B, C, D) were identified with different characteristics and coefficients of morphotechnical stability in the research area. According to the results of the analysis of the Iat index, 57% of the settlements in the region are located in zone A, which is morphotectonically stable. 23.5% of the settlements are located in zone C with high instability and the settlements of zone B 16% and in zone D 4.9% with different coefficients show more severe and severe morphotectonic instability, respectively. The results show that the main cause of environmental instability in the western region of Lake Urmia is due to the active fault system of the region.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of effective factors on drought management in rural areas, which was done in rural areas of Eslamabad Gharb. The statistical population of the study consists of all households of over 20 households in seven rural districts. Using the Cochran formula, 374 of them (located in 21 villages) have been studied as examples. To analyze the data, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used in SPSS 22 and Smart-Pls software. Finally, in the qualitative paradigm, based on the data-based approach, the open coding results indicated the existence of key terms in the form of 44 concepts, then transformed into four main categories at the axial coding stage. In the last step, namely selective coding, while defining the core category, the final model of the foundation data was presented. The results of this study showed that economic dimension, drought management, with a 17.642 significance economic dimension, shows drought management at a confidence level of 0.95%. The path coefficient between these two is 0.251, which suggests that the economic dimension of 0.251 percent explains directly the drought management. Accordingly, first, government measures should be taken to establish technical, institutional and service infrastructure in the region, and then, based on the capacity of the region, taking into account the prestigious rural population, in line with public participation, as well as the prevention of migration, basic measures should be taken.