نشریه مطالعات دفاع مقدس و نبردهای معاصر
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 3، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The outbreak of the Syrian crisis in 2011 and the continuation of the civil war in this country between the Syrian regime and the militants and terrorist groups, had various consequences in the balance of power in the regional order of West Asia. In fact, as a result of this crisis, governmental activists of resistance front which centered by Iran and Russia on the one hand and its non-governmental actors, especially by the Lebanese Hezbollah movement, were able to maintain a regional balance in favor of the resistance front by supporting the Syrian political system and cause extensive geopolitical changes in the regional order of West Asia. Mean While, Lebanese Hezbollah, as an asymmetric activist, entered the Syrian civil war and faced many opportunities and challenges at the tactical and strategic level, especially in the field of its combat tactics. Thus, in this study, the authors hypothesize that Hezbollah's opportunities were more than its challenges in entering the Syrian war and it made Hezbollah to be able to reconsider its combat tactics during the crisis and also become an effective asymmetric force in the regional and even international equations, seek to answer the fundamental question of how Hezbollah's activism in the Syrian crisis has affected its combat tactics by entering in to the Syrian crisis? The results of the research shoe that Hezbollah has made changes in his combat tactics by entering in to the Syrian crisis such as: acquiring new technical and weapons capabilities, acquiring new tactical capabilities and so on.

Undoubtedly, the Islamic Republic of Iran always faces several dangers in terms of ensuring its national security. One of these dangers is creating insecurity in society. These insecurities are the result of the terrorist activities of extremist groups affiliated with the Salafist ideology, which are becoming more widespread and increasingly violent. This study seeks to investigate and determine the impact or influence of extremist Salafist political thought on the insecurity of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The growing trend of extremist Salafist courses is such that we are witnessing many events in Muslim countries every day, and it seems that this issue will spread to all Muslim countries. These actions, while causing serious damage to the security of Islamic countries, have also created many problems for the international community and have led to the introduction of Islam as a source of violence in the world. These groups have unsecured the communities of the West Asian region and inflicted deadly blows on them. The present study with a descriptive-analytical method tries to answer the question that what is the effect of the political thought of extremist Salafis in creating insecurity in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The type of research in this study is applied and developmental. To conduct the research, the methods of studying related texts, collecting information through library study, reviewing documents and interviewing experts and thinkers in this field have been used. The statistical population of the study is about 25 Defenders of the Shrine, experts of the subject matter and university professors. To determine the sample size, qualitative and non-probabilistic sampling method has been used, based on the results and the fact that the researcher studied, the theoretical saturation by conducting the required interviews, the sample size is considered equal to 25 people. Based on the theoretical data and also reviewing the statistical sample interviews according to the proposed model, the researchers have been analyzed the main and secondary research questions and examined the influence of extremist Salafist political thought in creating insecurity to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Finally, by explaining the results of the extremist Salafist political ideas, solutions and suggestions to prevent further insecurity have been presented.

Analysis of the phenomena about the sacred defense has a great importance due to the greatness of this event and its role in understanding the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. Martyrs, the activists of the battlefield of the eight years of sacred defense have left their intellectual and ideal foundations in the form of their will, as the charter of the Islamic Revolution of Iran for future generations. The aim of this study is to analyze the discourse of the will of the martyred commanders of Khalkhal city, using the Padam method (applied discourse analysis method). By analyzing the wills, eight signs of discourse were extracted, which are: 1- Jihad as a test for nearness to God, 2- Keeping the religion of Islam alive and paving the way for the emergence of the Promised Mehdi (as), 3- Unity around obedience of Velayat-e-Faqih, 4- Rationality and spirituality, 5- Emphasis on the right of God and the right of the people, 6- Seeking martyrdom and remembrance of Imam Hussein (AS), 7- Using violence against arrogance, 8- Mosque; As an intellectual and military base.

The unpreparedness of the state and military forces and the intentional and unintentional treacherous of some officials and operatives at the beginning of the imposed war caused the loss of some border cities and important and strategic areas in the three axes of northwest, west and south of the country. This caused a lot of material and moral damage to the body of the army and the people, and by creating an atmosphere of "we can’t manage the war", it led the country to negotiation and compromise. However, the removal of Bani Sadr and the reliance on the forces of the army, the IRGC and the Basij changed the management of the war, and with Operation Samen-ol-Aimmeh (AS), the major cities and occupied areas returned to the Islamic Republic in less than 9 months. The present study intends to identify the most important features and characteristics of this operation that led to the continuation of subsequent successes. This research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. Efforts have been made to collect and analyze the required information, using the library method and referring to existing documents and interviews with experts. Findings show that after the formation of jihadi management during the sacred defense and the operation of Samen-ol-Aimmeh (AS) in September 1981, approaches, strategies, tactics and techniques changed and continued the war with these patterns. And bring success and the word "we can" to the nation and country

The land of the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been coveted by powerful countries due to its strategic location which has happened in different ways throughout history. Unfortunately, each of this has been associated with the disintegration of a part of Iran and has put shame on the forehead of this nation's history. Although in most of the past wars, the people defended the country wholeheartedly by accompanying of the Ulema (the clergy group) and the issuance of the ruling of jihad, but in the end, a part of the homeland fell into the hands of foreigners. In the latest one to separate Khuzestan province from Islamic Iran, the unique defense of the people of Islamic Iran under the command of Imam Khomeini (as), during the eight years of the imposed war, despite all the problems and hardships, it insured the new-born Islamic Revolution and secured many of Iran's indisputable rights. Also, this resistance, while guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of the country, taught the oppressed and oppressed people of the world the lesson of resistance against global arrogance.  This study examines the most important factors in the victory of the Sacred Defense in comparison with the Second Iran-Russia War, and seeks to answer the question: What are the most important factors in the victory of the Sacred Defense in comparison with the Second Iran-Russia War? For this purpose, the present study has been done in a scientific way by using the view point of experts in this field and analyzing the collected resources.  To answer the research question, first the second Iran-Russia war and the sacred defense were examined, then the most important factors of defeat in the Iran-Russia war and victory in the sacred defense were evaluated. In the end, all the factors of victory in the sacred defense were analyzed by Delphi method. Findings show that trust in God instead of relying on superpowers, leadership and command of Imam Khomeini (as) and self-confidence of the Iranian people are the most important factors for victory in the sacred defense. The findings also show that the global arrogance at the present time is terrified to attack against Islamic Republic of Iran because of trusting God, the leadership and command of Imam Khamenei and the self-confidence of Iranian people

Geographical factors have always played a decisive and vital role in the fate of a military operation. This issue has also been important in the planning and implementation of sacred defense operations. The preliminary Valfagr operation, that carried out on 1361/11/18 in the western sndy region of the Mishdagh heights, between Fakkeh and Chazzabeh, is one of these operations. This study tries to investigate the geographical factors affecting the planning, implementation and results of preliminary Valfajr operation by using descriptive-analytical method. Basically, it has tried to answer the main question: what role did geographical factors play in the planning, implementation and results of the preliminary Valfajr operation? The findings show that geographical factors also played a vital role in this operation. Among the natural geographical factors, "sand dunes" played the most important role in this operation. As a vegetation in operation, Amghar Forest has helped Islamic warriors in establishing field clinics, training camps and bases, equipping, organizing, directing and supporting the operating battalions in the southern axis. The natural geography of the area prevented the armor from being used properly for the operation. In addition to this natural barrier, artificial Iraqi man-made barriers have caused a key role in the failure of Islamic fighters in this operation.