مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

The results of binary logistic regression showed that the factors of education, distance to the center of agricultural services, number of products, self-efficacy, risk-taking and Family social capital were factors affecting job and income diversification. Also, marital status, education, membership in a cooperative, the intention to water conservation, social risk perception, self-efficacy, risk-taking, environmental attitudes, Community engagement, and the Family linkage have been affected on extra water purchase. marital status, environmental risk perception, risk salient, responsibility, work trust, and the family linkage were factors affecting water channels repair and variables of the number of products, intention to water conservation, risk-taking, trust, and Community Engagement have been affected on the use of unconventional water resources are abnormal. age, cooperative membership, intention to water conservation, environmental risk perception, economic risk perception, environmental risk perception, self-efficacy, risk salient, informal association (with friends and family), work trust and institutional trust have been effective on the cultivation of early-stage crops.

Given the importance of milk both in the production sector (due to job creation and income generation for activists in this field) and in demand and consumption (due to its impact on public health, etc.) one of the important goals of government policy in the agricultural sector can be to increase the supply and demand of milk.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic factors affecting milk supply in Iran based on the data collected from the provinces. The research model was estimated using the panel data approach in the form of generalized method of moments.

According to the results of model estimation, milk supply in Iran is positively affected by the number of livestock and negatively affected by the cost of livestock inputs. Also, with a one-year break, milk prices and pasture area have a positive effect and meat prices have a negative effect on milk supply.

Breeding of lactating cattle, price support, use of new animal husbandry technologies and management of livestock grazing are some of the proposed solutions to improve the milk supply in the country.

Tea is one of strategic products in north of Iran with a history of 120 years. However, Per capita consumption of tea in Iran from 1977 to 2016 reached from 2.1 kg to 5.1 kg. Increasing consumption lead to accurate estimation of tea demand and supply and would help to adopt effective policies.

annual prices and demand data is used for estimation Threshold regression model. The supply elasticities are calculated by original Nerlovian partial adjustment framework.

The Hansen test showed that per capita income had two regimes (one threshold) in this study. The level of income threshold is about 20 million rials. This study, with the estimation of nonlinear structure in tea demand, showed that, income elasticity for both high and low income level is positive and significant

For low-income groups, tea is an inelastic and essential commodity that tends to become more elastic as income increases. Income elasticity of demand is positive and significant for both high and low income groups. The results showed that the possibility of increasing production by increasing the cultivation area is limited.

Considering the importance of increasing agricultural water productivity in dehydrated areas such as Iran, The present study investigates the factors affecting the acceptance of combined pressure irrigation systems in Takestan.. This research is descriptive-correlation with survey method.

The statistical population of this study was 1500 gardeners in Takestan city who used this system in their gardens. About 205 gardeners were gathered through questionnaires and interviews. The reliability of the variables was calculated by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the attitudes in the questionnaire 0.87. In this research, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to achieve the goals set and to answer the research questions. The statistical methods used included descriptive statistics such as frequency, using SPSS19 software.

The findings of the research showed that between variables of gardener's attitude in using combined pressure irrigation systems with utilization efficiency, groundwater drainage, reducing power consumption and reducing the costs of equipment used to apply irrigation under pressure to a specific level 1% is a positive and significant relationship.

If the level of groundwater subsidence is more pronounced and government subsidies are increased for joint irrigation projects, the use of this method will also increase, with increasing income and economic boom. can be used.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the current century. Among them, developing countries are more at risk, as they are mainly dependent on the agricultural sector, which is the most sensitive to water and weather. The present study aimed to explore the impact of climatic changes on agronomical productionand welfare in the Caspian coastal plain agro-ecological zone of Iran.

In this research, the climatically regionalization for the study zone was first used to carefully study the effects of climate changes. Then Mazandaran, Guilan and Golestan provinces were studied as Caspian coastal plain agro-ecological zone. Then, time series data published by the Iranian Meteorological Organization, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Customs and Statistics Center of Iran were used to collect the required data. Panel data approach and endogenous partial price equilibrium model were used to estimate the effects of climatic changes on total crop production and welfare in the Caspian coastal plain agro-ecological zone of Iran.

According to the results of the study, variables in log form such as Precipitation, temperature, wind speed, fertilizer, poison, seed, machinery and Area under cultivation at the 5% level affect the total agronomical production. Temperature and wind speed have a negative effect on agronomical production so that by increasing temperature and wind speed by one percent, agronomical production decreases by 0.23 and 0.27 percent, respectively. Precipitation, fertilizer, poison, seed, machinery and Area under cultivation variables had a positive effect on agronomical production so that by increasing these variables by one percent, agronomical production decreases by 0.17, 0.32, 0.10, 0.15, 0.13 and 0.22 percent, respectively. The results also showed that in all 14 scenarios studied, the performance of the agricultural sector in the Caspian coastal plain agro-ecological zone decreased. In all 14 scenarios, the consumer surplus decreases and the producer surplus increases. The total welfare surplus increased in scenarios 10 (WRE650) and 11 (SRESA1) and decreased in the rest of the scenarios.

According to the results of the study, in order to cope properly with climate change and increase yield per unit area of ​​crops, it is recommended to use appropriate methods such as optimal use of productive inputs, crop cultivation in suitable weather conditions, development of new technologies, etc.

Introduction:

 Banks are the main suppliers of financial resources to the real sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry and services) and in addition to their main function, the main motivation of banks is to equip and allocate resources and provide diverse services to customers, generating income and profit as other economic institutions. The purpose of this study is to present a mathematical model based on mathematical planning models to find the best combination of facilities and deposits of Keshavarzi Bank that will bring the most profit for the bank.

In this paper, the model is estimated by using of 2 programming

linear and fuzzy linear. To collect data, we used the available information in Agricultural (keshavarzi) bank of Kerman province.

Due to the results, linear programming is more appropriate. So that the profit from payment of facilities using linear planning has increased by two percent (45462 million Rials) compared to fuzzy planning and by 11 percent (288790 million Rials) compared to the current allocation of the bank.

The results suggest that using linear programming could help the managers for allocating resources so that higher yields would be achieved. Linear programming methods are top priority compared to other method.

Agriculture as one of the basic pillars of development, has an important role in economic development.  Accordingly,  using cropping pattern optimization is a proper way for agricultural development. Therefore, in the present study, optimal cropping pattern in Goharbaran region of Sari city has been evaluated in terms of multi-objective planning has been done using non-linear programming and genetic algorithm and finally compared each other.

Required data for this study has been collected with interview 250 of farmers during the 2014-2015.

Comparison The results of this study showed that the optimal pattern of non-linear genetic algorithm is superior compared to ordinary non-linear programming model. Because increasing the profit of the genetic algorithm is about 0.2% higher than normal nonlinear planning, while reduced risk the by about 6 percent. Also, the amount of production increases by about 18 percent in the genetic algorithm and the consumption of chemical fertilizer is 7 percent lower than normal nonlinear programming. Based on the results, all four sustainable farming objectives in the framework of multi-objective model in the model obtained from the genetic model have a superiority to the typical nonlinear planning model.

Since the proposed cropping pattern of genetic algorithm causes to increase farmers' gross margin compared to the ordinary nonlinear programming, therefore, the government's encouragement and support is mandatory of the farmers in applying the results of such models.

In this study, vulnerability assessment of fishery based communities was targeted in the Persian Gulf region and in three provinces of Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khuzestan.

The approach used in this evaluation is index-based, and the three components of vulnerability, including exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, were used. Exposure was measured by changing climate factors such as temperature, precipitation, storm occurrence and sea level change. The sensitivity component is calculated based on the level of fishing dependence in terms of income, nutrition and employment. Adaptive capacity was obtained with a sustainable livelihood approach. Information was collected by completing the questionnaire of active fishermen in the southern of Iran in 2018.

The results showed that the relative situation of different regions in terms of adaptability capacity is almost the same. But in terms of exposure the situation in Bushehr province is not suitable. Because of this, the fishery in this area is potentially highly vulnerable. Also, the sensitivity of the regions due to the dependence of the fishermen in southern Iran, especially Hormozgan, was high in terms of employment and income.

Accordingly, it is suggested to identify the nature of the fishery vulnerability to climate change through the three components.

Melon has high productive and commercial potential in Iran. Melons is the souvenirs of Taybad, Actually Taybad has the best kind of melon and watermelon in Iran because of having suitable climate for cultivating this fruit. Taybad is a city and capital of Taybad County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.

The obtained data has been various methods such as analyzed using cost-benefit analysis, profitability analysis, efficiency analysis and data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been performed and interpreted

The results of this study indicated that the average total cost of production, average income and net profit of melon were 56, 98 and 43 million IRR per hectare, respectively. The cost-benefit ratios for most farms were greater than one, indicating that the cultivation of melon has economic justification. To analyze the efficiency of the units using the data envelopment analysis method, the results indicate that 30% of the units have a performance efficiency of over 50% in terms of efficiency

we must pay attention to export markets. Also, paying attention to increasing performance due to low product performance in this region will increase the value of products

Iran is as one of the largest producers and exporters of pistachio in world markets. Considering that the export of this commodity is one of the main sources of foreign exchange earnings and has an important role in reducing the government's general budget dependence on oil revenues, identifying the factors affecting on pistachio exports to world markets is essential and it can lead to the improvement of the country's position in the global pistachio market. Institutional conditions are the factors affecting on the export of goods, including pistachio from Iran to world markets.

This paper examines the effect of institutions on Iranian pistachio exports to Asian blocs using the spatial econometric method and Mixed Regressive-Spatial Autoregressive Model. The research pattern is a regression model with panel data during the time period 2000-2015 from Iranian trade with Asian blocs.

The results of model estimation are shown International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) variable as an indicator of institutions has a positive and significant effect on Iranian pistachio exports to Asian blocs.

The International Country Risk Guide index has three types of political, financial and economic risk of the country, according to the findings of the article as one of the most important obstacles to the expansion of investment and pistachio trade in Iran. Reducing this risk brings political, financial and economic stability will increase Iranian pistachio exports.

Understanding capabilities and abilities and in consequence, determining the levels of agricultural development are the first step in the process of agricultural planning and development.

This study is followed up, which determines the agricultural development status of the counties of Semnan province using the three techniques of Topsis, Vikor and Saw, given the different results of these three techniques, the Copeland method can be used to conclude the final analysis of the agricultural development situation in the provincial cities and to present an integrated Model. The Statistical Society of the county is Semnan province based on the census of 2016. The data required from the Statistical Yearbook (2016), the Jihadi Province Agricultural Organization, were collected from agricultural census results. The indicator is agricultural research that consists of 34 variables

The results of the Copeland technique indicate that there is no county with a very high agricultural development status. Shahrud County, is ranked first (relatively developed) with the index value of 0/723, and Sorkheh County with the combined index of 0/122 is in the eighth place (the situation is completely deprived of development.

Finally, with the differences in the levels of development of these counties, there are suggestions for planners to eliminate existing inequalities.

In addition to accelerating the process of information exchange and facilitating management and increasing efficiency in various economic sectors, information and communication technology also affects energy consumption. ICT equipment is one of the energy consuming equipment that increases energy consumption with increasing their use. On the other hand, the use of such equipment increases energy efficiency by increasing the efficiency of various economic sectors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of information and communication technology on the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

In this study, a data panel containing data from OECD countries in 2000-2015 was used.

The most important results of this study are the negative impact of increasing the number of Internet users and mobile subscribers on renewable energy consumption and the negative impact of increasing the number of Internet users on non-renewable energy consumption in the long run.

Based on the findings of this study, OECD countries can reduce the intensity by using new technologies such as ICT and correct policies to manage energy consumption to achieve energy security and be safe from the consequences of energy price changes. Provide energy consumption in their countries.

Water resources in the Zayandehrood River basin have decreased sharply in recent decades due to drought and the effects of climate change and have challenged the livelihood of farmers in the basin. Therefore, providing a purposeful cropping pattern to increase the welfare of farmers according to the hydrological parameters of the basin can play an effective role in improving the hydrological and economic situation of the basin.

In this study, the hydrological simulation model (WEAP model) is combined with the economic optimization model with the aim of maximizing the farmers' gross margins. Also, MABIA module was used to estimate the net water requarment and yield of the crops under study.

The results showed that by applying the optimal economic cultivation model compared to the current situation, the gross margin for Najafabad, Mahyar Shomali, Lenjanat, Kuhpayeh-Segzi, Isfahan-Borkhar and Ben-Saman regions are 14, 5, 15, 18, , 15 and 20 million rials per hectare will increase, respectively. Also, using the new irrigation technologies in the optimal model compared to the current model, the hydrological parameters of the basin, including the amount of unmet water demand will be reduced about 14% and the reliability of water demand will be improved about 2%.

The results of this study show that by using an optimal cultivation model, the conflict between the two economic and hydrological objectives can be resolved and it is possible to improve the economic and hydrological conditions of the basin.