International Journal of Finance and Managerial Accounting
Volume:6 Issue: 22, Summer 2021

Today, according to recent discussions of the standardization process, accounting cannot be considered an apolitical process. Reported figures in accountants' reports have an effect on economic behavior. Accounting rules affect the behavior of humans and are therefore considered as a political process. As a result, these rules are introduced in the political arena, taking account of accounting issues. In this research, efforts have been made to evaluate the impact of political views of individuals on the formulation and implementation of accounting standards development processes. The tool of this research is a questionnaire and through statistical tests conducted in 2018 The results of the research show that The views of policy makers and managers on the one hand, and auditors, accountants and other users, on the other hand, have comment over the formulation and application of accounting standards. Therefore, in order to reduce these disagreements, steps should be taken to align views. Different and consensus opinions at the time of compilation and so on Use of accounting standards..

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the taxation rate on companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This analysis was performed using the Neighborhood Analysis Algorithm and the Hyperdisk in a linear and nonlinear manner. The initial independent variables in this study include the variables of the governance system and the variables of accounting. To measure the taxation rate, the taxes rate paid by the company has been used. Experimental findings related to the study of 143 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2011 to 2017, show that using the neighborhood analysis algorithm as a method of switching accounting criteria (quick ratio, return on assets, sales returns, ratio of sales to total assets) have the greatest impact on the company's taxation rate. Other research findings also showed that the nonlinear algorithm has a higher power than the linear algorithm in predicting taxation.

After the revolution, the legislator changed his attitude (Principle 45 of the Constitutional Law) and categorized oil and gas reservoirs (mines) among Anfal (property truly belonging to Prophet Mohammad or to any of the imam) and public wealth. In addition, it used the term “Public Ownership” in Principle 44. It seems that although the concept of national and public ownership is different from that of Anfal from ideological viewpoint, there are several similarities between these two concepts with respect to their effects. Most of the post revolution rules put an emphasis on maintaining ownership and sovereignty of oil resources. In this paper, these two concepts and the several interpretations made from them will be discussed.Our guide to the feasibility of contract enforcement is based on the rules which are mostly rooted in the Constitutional Law and are mainly derived from the powers of parliament It should be noted that this paper has been written by using descriptive and analytical method

Efficiency is the essence of an organization that can guarantee organizations' stability and survival and is a mechanism for gaining a competitive advantage. Leadership style is a set of attitudes, traits, and skills of managers formed based on the four factors of the value system, trust in employees, the leader's tendencies, and a sense of security in ambiguous situations. Therefore, the present research evaluates audit firms' organizational efficiency based on leadership styles (relationship-oriented and task-oriented) in 2019. The variables of organizational identity, individual effectiveness, and organizational commitment have also been used as mediating variables in the research. The present research method is the descriptive-survey type, and the statistical population is the managers of government and private sector audit firms. Ahmadi Harisi Farahmand's (2015) standard questionnaire was used to measure organizational efficiency, and a task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership style questionnaire was used to measure leadership style. Data analysis is performed by the structural equation method using SPSS and PLS3 software. Findings show that a significant relationship between relationship-oriented leadership style and organizational efficiency in the government sector with an acceptable significance coefficient is confirmed. However, it is rejected in private sector audit firms. In contrast, the existence of a significant and negative relationship between task-oriented leadership style and organizational efficiency in the private sector with an acceptable significance coefficient is confirmed. However, it is rejected in the government sector.

Enhanced indexing (EI) is a passive investment strategy that seeks to perform better than the benchmark index in the sense of higher return. The purpose of enhanced indexing is to determine optimal portfolios with the maximum excess mean return over the index return. The less efficient markets offer scope for enhanced indexing. The less (more) efficient the market is, the greater (lesser) is the chance of beating it. In this study, a two-step procedure is proposed for enhanced indexing of the Tehran Exchange Dividend and Price Index (TEDPIX). In the first step, a discrete Markov chain model is designed to filter stocks based on their high probability of gain over the benchmark index. In the second step, optimal weights are assigned to the filtered assets by maximizing the STARR ratio with MCVaR. The sample includes weekly data from March 2013 to March 2020. The data is divided into a 26-time frame, including 52 in-sample data and 12 out-of-sample data. The results of 26 window (containing a rolling data set of 52 weeks in- sample data & 12 weeks out-of-sample) show that not only the portfolio return positively correlated to the TEDPIX return and could track it entirely, but also it could exceed and enhance the portfolio tracking. More precisely, our model portfolio could grow 13.65 times while the TEDPIX grows just 6.5 times simultaneously.

Since investors’ behavioral bias is a relatively vague concept, its accurate definition and measurement are extremely challenging. Furthermore, the common asset pricing models do not take into account the effect of behavioral biases in portfolio assessment. However, the dawn of behavioral finance undermined all the foundations of rational finance yet it did not result in an independent paradigm for explaining the inefficiencies. This concept also led to this major question among the investment advisers: How the advice about buying, maintaining or selling an investment shall be offered based on theories or the immeasurable behavioral biases? Attempts to quantify the biases and use them in the mathematical models became the subject of behavioral finance. Noise is one of the difficulties in finding the dynamism factors of financial market behavior. The chance events that occur round the globe are constantly changing the values but extraction of these chance events from the possible definite forces is difficult. Therefore, this study is an attempt to propose a mathematical model for measuring biases and its application to behavioral optimization in portfolio selection.

The main objective of this paper is to realize the factors and design a model for financial statement transparency. This paper is practical, in terms of objective and is among the descriptive studies which are carried out using the survey method. In this paper, the Hierarchical TOPSIS method is used to show the relationship between indices. The statistical population, at the first step, includes scientific articles and those authentic local and international articles during 1990-2019 in the field of financial statement transparency which is selected using the non-probabilistic sampling method. In the second step, the opinions of 41 experts were used, who were well-informed of non/financial reporting including financial managers, investors, independent auditors, senior managers, and expert academicians in this field. The primary concepts were classified in the form of 42 codes. The results indicate that related information, timely information, financial reporting quality, internal audit quality, the presence of sufficient and appropriate internal controls, admitting international standards, etc., contribute to financial statement transparency. Finally, a model is designed for financial statement transparency in two dimensions of direction power and dependency power of transparency factors. The results of which reveal that some factors like disclosure value of the firm, regulating ethical principles among senior managers of an organization by integrating financial reporting, information related to the board, timely information, disclosure of corporate governance mechanisms, the presence of healthy competitive space, and presentation of related information depend on different risks of the firm with direct power and dependency power.

Cross-match is a very key stage in the blood supply chain distribution phase. In the single cross-match, the blood product is reserved for each applicant for the required number of blood bags, and if the blood products are taken out of the blood bank and not used, they are discarded and the environmental effects and costs seek out the hidden ones. Attention is also paid to the social phenomena that affect blood donation and collection. For example, in the pandemic caused by COVID-19, blood donation in Iran decreased by an average of 30 to 40 percent. In this study, a double cross-match process is introduced in which instead of a single cross-match being given to a patient applying for a bag of blood products, two bags of cross-matching blood products are introduced to two patients. The main question in this study is that because, in the double cross-match operation, the cross-match process for a patient is repeated twice, whether the combined costs of manpower, energy, raw materials, and waste economically justify the double cross-matching process for replacement with the current conventional cross-match in the hospital blood bank. To investigate this issue, the material flow costing accounting technique has been used. It has been shown that this method can reduce the loss of blood products and increase the likelihood of consuming long-lived blood. Numerical results show that the probability of consuming blood products increases from 50 to 75% and manpower costs from 37 to 50%.

Disclosure of risk information plays an important role in the decision making process and the assessment of companies. The accounting standard-setters provide disclosure risk information of the company in the form of management commentary. The purpose of present study is to investigate the effect the quality of risk disclosure of management commentary and financial performance of the company on the investors' decision making. To test the research hypotheses, a scenario-based questionnaire has been used. The domain of research in 2018, the statistical population consists of all active financial analysts in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) and the research sample consists of 160 financial analysts. The results of the study showed that, when deciding on investing in a company with incremental financial performance, the higher quality risk of disclosure of the firm affects the willingness of financial analysts to investment in the company. Also, the results of the research indicate that when deciding on the earnings persistence of company's with incremental financial performance, the quality of company's risk disclosure high does not affect the financial analysts' judgment of continuing financial performance.

According to agency theory, the use of tools such as dividends and leverage can reduce the conflict of interest between managers and shareholders. However, the decision to use one or both of these tools simultaneously, as well as their interrelationships with the profitability of the company is not an easy choice. The present study aims to provide a model to explain the relationship between dividends, leverage and profitability with a simultaneous interaction approach among companies. To achieve the research objectives, 144 companies were selected in the period 2013 – 2018. To test the interrelationship between variables, simultaneous equation measurement methods of three-stage least squares (3SLS) and two-stage (2SLS) are applied. The results of examining the relationship between leverage and profitability based on each 2SLS and 3SLS methods show a positive effect of leverage on companies' profitability, but profitability based on 3SLS method has a simultaneous negative interaction on leverage. Also, the study of the simultaneous relationship between profitability and payable interest showed that these two variables have significant positive mutual effects on each other. The results of the study of the simultaneous interactions of dividends and leverage show that both models emphasize that higher payable interest will lead to higher leverage. However, the simultaneous interaction of leverage on dividends is different in the two models, and this is the only contradiction between the results of these two methods in this study. And in 3SLS a negative effect of leverage on dividends is shown, but 2SLS shows the opposite effect.

Considering the capabilities of Blockchain technology, the present study examines the important issue of acceptance of this technology by the producers and users of financial reporting. First, the study has reviewed the available theoretical and experimental foundations and according to technology acceptance model (TAM, henceforth) has presented a theoretical model and extracted the factors affecting the acceptance of this technology in financial reporting. Then, by adopting a qualitative method and analyzing the content of 11 semi-structured interviews, the initial theoretical model is modified and the factors affecting this technique have identified in financial reporting. Finally, by collecting and analyzing 35 questionnaires by applying fuzzy Delphi method, the final model has been given and the view of the preparation and users of financial reporting regarding the acceptance of this technology have been evaluated. Financial reporting embraces blockchain technology, and the main reason for the adoption of this new technology is the perceived usefulness as a result of the positive impact on the qualitative characteristics of information. This scientific research helps to better understand the factors involved in the adoption of new techniques by financial reporting developers and their impact on the current intention and application of the system in the field of financial reporting.

The recent financial scandals, the reported frauds, and the increased severity of concerns over money laundering have made banks and financial institutions actively seek to accelerate the identification of the determinants of fraud. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to identify the risk factors influencing the likelihood of bank frauds. The present study is an applied study with regard to its goal and a descriptive survey study with regard to its method. Research data is collected using the Delphi method and questionnaires completed by 41 experts (including the computer-based accounting information system experts, the administration’s experts, and the internal audit and financial examination experts in the branches of Resalat Bank in Isfahan Province) from 2016 to 2017. The resulting data is analyzed using the t-test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Kruskal–Wallis test. The research findings show that the risk factors associated with "financial instability", "liquidity", "managers’ failure to abide by the internal controls and binding standards", and "internal security threats" influence the occurrence of fraud. Considering the research findings, financial institutions and banks in Iran could prevent fraud occurrence through having a more accurate plan, providing necessary contexts for improving the awareness of all the personnel on fraud risk factors and other antifraud methods including creating a proper moral atmosphere along creating motivation for the personnel. The findings in this study could help with gaining knowledge on the weak points of the banks’ internal control systems and identifying the main risk factors in fraud occurrence.