فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 82، تابستان 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/04/07
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
|
  • یحیی سپهری*، عیسی حجت صفحات 5-15
    در دانشکده ی هنرهای زیبای دانشگاه تهران، از بدو تاسیس در سال 1319ش تا اواخر دهه ی 1340ش، نظام آموزشی برقرار بود که به نظام آتلیه ای شهرت داشت. این نظام در سال های دهه ی 1330 و 1340ش دوران اوج خود را گذراند. تحقیق حاضر می کوشد تا با تکیه بر منابع شفاهی و اسناد مکتوب، برنامه ی رسمی و عملی آموزش طراحی معماری این دانشکده را در دهه ی 1330 و 1340ش تبیین کند، ویژگی های اصلی آن را مشخص کند و ارکان آن را بازشناسد. روش تحقیق تاریخی است و از فنون تاریخ شفاهی و سندپژوهی بهره گرفته شده است. نظام آموزش معماری دانشکده ی هنرهای زیبا در دهه ی 1330 و 1340ش برنامه ی منسجم و مشخصی داشت. آتلیه های معماری مکان اصلی وقوع و ظهور و بروز این نظام آموزش بود. نظام آتلیه ای نظامی مستقل و باز و آزاد بود که روحیه ی رقابت در ارکان آن جاری و ساری بود. استاد راس آتلیه و مراد دانشجویان بود و بعد از او، دانشجویان سال بالایی طی سلسله مراتبی آموزش را عهده دار بودند. در این شیوه ی آموزش، به جنبه های هنری و ظاهری معماری بیشتر اهمیت داده می شد. آتلیه، مسابقات و شورای قضاوت ارکان اصلی این نظام بودند. این ارکان مکمل هم بودند و در ارتباط با هم نظام آتلیه ای را شکل می دادند.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش معماری، نظام آتلیه ای، دانشکده ی هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
  • احمدعلی نامداریان*، اسماعیل شیعه، مصطفی بهزادفر، بهادر زمانی صفحات 17-30

    کرج در آغاز سال های 1300، شهری کوچک بوده است و در سال 1335، تنها نزدیک به پانزده هزار نفر جمعیت داشته است. اما در واپسین سال های قرن چهاردهم، به چهارمین شهر بزرگ ایران تبدیل شده است. عوامل این رشد سریع و تاثیر آن بر فرم شهر، آنگونه که باید مورد بررسی قرار نگرفته است. این مقاله به توصیف، کشف و تبیین عوامل گسترش سریع شهر کرج می پردازد و تاثیر این گسترش سریع بر فرم شهر را بررسی کند. با این هدف با استفاده از تحلیل تاریخی- تفسیری، مراحل دگرگونی فرم شهر کرج را مطالعه کرده است و با استفاده از مطالعه ی اسنادی، به سه نیروی «قلمرو»، «قدرت» و «تفاوت» پرداخته که دگرگونی شهر کرج را موجب شده اند. نتایج نشان می دهد، رشد انفجاری کرج بیشتر متاثر از مولفه ی قدرت و بازتابنده ی سیاست های تمرکزگرایی و صنعتی سازی دولت ها در قرن چهاردهم شمسی و بورس بازی زمین و مسکن است. متاثر از این مولفه ی قدرت، طبیعت دوم ایجاد شده است که نتیجه ی آن تغییر محیط طبیعی و مهاجرت اقشار و گروه های مختلف در کرج است. این حضور، به شکل گیری مولفه ی تفاوت منجر نشده است و صرفا به همجواری این گروه ها انجامیده است. نتیجه ی دگرگونی کرج، به پیدایش مفهومی به نام مناسبات همجواری منجر شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: نیروهای موثر، دگرگونی شهر، کرج، قدرت، مناسبات همجواری
  • ایوب علی نیای مطلق، رضا شکوری*، علیرضا عینی فر صفحات 31-42

    تبیین محدوده در معماری به مثابه ایجاد یک «درون» درمیانه «بیرون» است، از آنجا که پیوند با «بیرون» در یک محدوده گریزناپذیر است، می تواند منجر به محاق رفتن حیثیت «درون» محدوده شود. تلقی آستانگی به مثابه سازوکاری در دیالکتیک درون و بیرون به منظور تبیین حدود مکان ها، مجموعه ای از مهمترین یافته های این تحقیق را رهنمون می شود.  نقطه ی عزیمت در تدوین چارچوب نظری  این پژوهش، این پرسش اساسی است که چگونه کاربست مفهوم آستانگی می تواند منجر به تبیین حدود مکان در معماری شود. رویکرد پژوهش در این مقاله کیفی و با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و مبتنی بر استدلال منطقی انجام شده است. برای این منظور پس از تعریف محدوده و تحلیل برهم کنش درون و بیرون، از طریق تحلیل مفهوم لیمینالیتی [i] به ارایه یک مدل نظری جهت احصاء حدود مکان، اشاره خواهیم داشت. نتایج نشان می دهد که موضع «گذار» در سازوکار آستانگی تعیین کننده ی حیثیت انفصالی و اتصالی کرانه های یک محدوده است که ذیل بینش مراتبی در این مقاله، سه حالت تقابلی، تعاملی و متعالی را در ارتباط میان محدوده ها فراهم می آورد حالت های مذکور، به سبب نوع مطالبه خود از معماری نقش های متفاوتی را به مولفه های برسازنده ی محدوده مکانی تخصیص داده که می توانند تجربه در درون بودن کامل (یگانگی) تا بیرون بودن (بیگانگی) را در مدرک، ایجاد و معیارهایی برای بسط محدوده ها مشخص کنند.

    کلیدواژگان: محدوده، درون، بیرون، آستانگی و گذار
  • مژده جمشیدی*، میترا حبیبی صفحات 43-56

    پژوهش با هدف ژرف کاوی و تبیین پیچیدگی های فضای عمومی شهری چندلایه؛ که متاثر از شکل بندی های اجتماعی جامعه و نقطه آغازین معرفت شناسی فضا در همبستگی با واقعیت اجتماعی می باشد، انجام می پذیرد. پارادایم تحقیق، انتقادی و در چارچوب نظریه ی تولید اجتماعی فضای لوفور، زندگی روزمره را ازطریق تحلیل ضرباهنگ و در پیوند زمان-مکان واکاوی می کند. سوالات تحقیق درراستای شناسایی مولفه های موثر بر  ضرباهنگ رخداد کنش ها و نیز تدوین مدلی زمینه ای با هدف خوانش فضای پل خواجو می باشد. نوآوری پژوهش، توصیف و تبیین بخش پنهان فضای عمومی شهری انتخابی با استفاده از تحلیل ضرباهنگ رخداد کنش های مغایر با گفتمان رسمی جامعه است. با بهره گیری از تیوری زمینه ای، تحلیل سیستماتیک اطلاعات ناشی از برداشت میدانی (مصاحبه های عمیق و مشاهدات وجه عینی رخداد کنش ها صورت گرفته است. نتایج در یک مدل نظری-زمینه ای در 12 مقوله اصلی ارتباط کنش ها با شرایط زمینه ای، علل بروز،عوامل مداخله گر و پیامدها را نشان می دهد: زمینه ها (نظم ایدیولوژی-حکومتی، طبیعی و محیطی)؛ علل (نظم هنجارین و مدیریت پایشی)؛عوامل مداخله گر (تعاملات برنامه ریزی شده، تبادلات فرهنگی و همپیوندی مقوله ها)؛ و پیامدها (پیش بینی-بودن فضا، آگاهی بخشی از مطالبات، کاهش مشروعیت گفتمان رسمی و تصاحب فضا) می باشد. رخداد کنش ها، گزینش زمانی و مکانی داشته و با عضویت در گروه های اجتماعی همراه و هدف آن ها تثبیت  فضایی، کسب خودمختاری و مشروعیت در فضا ودارای الگوهای قانون ستیزی-هنجارستیزی، تصاحب فضا، روان پالایی و مطالبات می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: زندگی روزمره، کنش مغایر با گفتمان رسمی، تئوری زمینه ای سیستماتیک، ضربآهنگ، پل خواجو
  • سیما یارمحمدی، بنفشه یادگارزاده*، گلدیس وحیدی برجی صفحات 57-68

    دغدغه تامین مسکن مناسب از موضوعات مهم در برنامه ریزی شهری به شمار می آید که علی رغم سابقه طولانی همچنان الگوی واحد و وفاق نظر جامعی در مورد آن وجود ندارد. هر چند در دهه های اخیر افزایش توجه به برنامه ریزی راهبردی، برنامه ریزی مسکن را تحت تاثیر قرار داده اما پژوهشی مبنی بر کاربست این الگو و منطق نظری آن در عرصه عمل در برنامه ریزی مسکن  انجام نشده است. در این پژوهش سعی شده تا با بهره گیری از رویکرد راهبردی که بر مقتضیات مکانی، نقش فعال بهره برداران و گزینش هدفمند مسایل متمرکز است، مسایل استراتژیک مسکن شهر بجنورد بر مبنای دیدگاه بهره برداران شناسایی گردد. به این منظور با روش ارزیابی و بر مبنای 33 شاخص، کیفیت مسکن بررسی شد. بدین منظور پرسشنامه هایی در سطح شهر توزیع و نتایج  به صورت مکانی ثبت گردیدند. با همپوشانی نتایج مجموعه ای از پهنه های همگن در سطوح مختلف کیفیتی شناسایی شد که حتی با ناحیه بندی رسمی شهر نیز تفاوت داشت. مسایل مسکن و اولویت ها آنها نیز در تمامی پهنه ها یکسان نبود لذا نیاز به راهکارهای ویژه ای در هر پهنه وجود دارد که در رویکردهای معمول ساده انگارانه، مغفول واقع می شوند.

    کلیدواژگان: برنامه ریزی راهبردی مسکن، مسائل استراتژیک مسکن، کیفیت مسکن، ادراک بهره برداران، رضایتمندی سکونت
  • خاطره امیری، محمد مسعود*، داریوش مرادی چادگانی، نگین صادقی، فرامرز صافی صفحات 69-81

    بازآفرینی شهری راهکار نوین مداخله در نواحی دچار افت شهری است که از مقتدرسازی اجتماع محلی در راستای ارتقاء سطح مشارکت ساکنان به منظور حل مشکلات این گونه نواحی بهره می برد. این مقاله با هدف دستیابی به الگوی تطبیق یافته فرایند مقتدرسازی اجتماع محلی بر بستر فضای سایبرنتیک (مقتدرسازی الکترونیکی) در نواحی دچار افت شهری اصفهان برپایه یک پژوهش با ویژگی هایی چون استقرایی، کاربردی و توصیفی-تحلیلی استوار است.  در این مقاله روش های تحلیل ذینفعان با استفاده از تحلیل ماتریس قدرت-منفعت، تحلیل های آمار توصیفی، انجام آزمون های ناپارامتریک میانگین فریدمن و همبستگی اسپیرمن در محیط نرم افزار SPSS و انجام نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده (با تعداد 560 نمونه) برای جمعیت آماج پژوهش ، نقشه نگاری ذهنی به کار گرفته شده است. نتایح تحلیل های انجام شده به ارزیابی سطح مشارکت پذیری الکترونیکی ساکنان نواحی دچار افت شهری اصفهان از راه ارزشگذاری سنجه ها و نشانگرهای فرایند مقتدرسازی الکترونیکی و تولید الگوی تطبیق یافته فرایند مقتدرسازی الکترونیکی در نواحی دچار افت شهری اصفهان منجر شده است. مهم ترین یافته های برآمده از انجام تحلیل ها نشان می دهند فرایند مقتدرسازی الکترونیکی در نواحی دچار افت شهری اصفهان از سنجه های آموزش الکترونیکی، یادگیری الکترونیکی، آگاهی، مشاوره الکترونیکی و درگیری الکترونیکی تشکیل شده است و در قلمرو عمل و اختیار بازآفرینی شهری زمینه را برای ارتقاء مشارکت عمومی فراهم می کند.

    کلیدواژگان: نواحی دچار افت شهری، مشارکت الکترونیکی، مقتدرسازی الکترونیکی، فضای سایبرنتیک، بازآفرینی شهری، اصفهان
  • محمدرضا متینی*، سعید خاقانی، امیربهادر برادران صفحات 83-91

    در سال های گذشته، الگوریتم های بسیاری معرفی شدند تا به طور خاص مسایل بهینه سازی مختلفی در زمینه رشته های معماری و شهرسازی را حل کنند که ردپای طبیعت در اکثر این الگوریتم ها به چشم می خورد. انگیزه چنین الگوریتم هایی حل مسایل پیچیده ی مطرح مانند بهینه سازی انرژی، سازه، قطعات نما، حل چالش های موجود در طراحی گره های شهری، مسیریابی بهینه راه آهن و شریان های شهری، مدیریت ترافیک و دیگر بحث های مرتبط در مقیاس های خرد و کلان می باشد. هدف این پژوهش در گام نخست بررسی الگوریتم های هوش جمعی و در گام بعدی، سنجش رفتاری الگوریتم بهینه سازی فیزاروم در فرم یابی شبکه راه آهن شهری تهران با تعریف چهار پارامتر شامل گسل‎ ها، بناهای تاریخی، زیرگذرها و پل ها-تقاطع ها، به عنوان موانعی برای رشد و مسیریابی در فضای مسئله می باشد. روش پژوهش حاضر، استدلالی و گردآوری مطالب مبتنی بر روش کتابخانه ای جهت آشنایی با اصول و قوانین حاکم بر الگوریتم های هوش جمعی است. در ادامه نیز به کمک مدل سازی ها و شبیه سازی های نرم افزاری، به بررسی و سنجش رفتاری الگوریتم بهینه سازی فیزاروم در برخورد با موانع تعریف شده در فرم یابی شبکه راه آهن شهری تهران خواهد پرداخت. یافته ها و نقشه های خروجی حاصل از مسیریابی فیزاروم در فضای مسئله حاکی از شناسایی درست موانع تعریفی و فرم یابی دقیق و البته بدیعی از شبکه راه آهن شهری تهران است. الگوریتم بهینه سازی فیزاروم توانسته با دقت و بدون خطا، فرم یابی شبکه را بدون تقاطع با موانع تعریف شده انجام دهد.

    کلیدواژگان: بهینه سازی، شبکه راه آهن شهری، فرم یابی، الگوریتم های هوش جمعی، الگوریتم بهینه سازی فیزاروم
  • فوزیه زینلی*، نریمان فرح زا صفحات 95-106
    آموزش در رشته ی معماری آمیزه ای از کسب دانش و توانایی است. توانایی کاربست دانش های آموخته شده در طراحی معماری، از موضوعات مهم در حوزه ی آموزش دانشگاهی معماری است که در حرفه ای شدن دانشجویان موثر است و ضعف در این حوزه موجب ناکارآمدی دانش آموختگان معماری می گردد. این پژوهش به بررسی میزان واحدهای مرتبط با انسجام میان دانش فن ساختمان و طرح معماری در سرفصل آموزشی معماری در مقطع کارشناسی ایران و دانشگاه های منتخب جهان پرداخته و نسبت میان تعداد واحدهای دروس فنی، دروس انسجام دهنده و کارگاه های طراحی معماری در این سرفصل ها بررسی شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که در دانشگاه های تراز اول جهان واحدهای انسجام دهنده نسبت به دروس فنی و طراحی معماری تعداد واحد های بیشتری را به خود اختصاص داده اند. در سرفصل مصوب 1377 ایران، دانشگاه تهران (1392)، فردوسی مشهد (1395) این دروس تعداد واحدهای کمتری را در بر می گیرد. این نسبت در سرفصل های مصوب دانشگاه شهید بهشتی (1384) و دانشگاه یزد (1398) بهبود پیدا کرده است. این پژوهش، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. روش گردآوری داده ها کتابخانه ای و روش تحقیق، رویکردهای تحلیل محتوا بوده است. داده های کمی در چهار دسته مقوله بندی شد ه اند، سپس فراوانی مقوله ها براساس درصد، استخراج و مقایسه گردیده اند. نتایج این بخش، با مرور منابع و نظریات مرتبط، توصیف شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: طراحی تلفیقی، دانش فن ساختمان، انسجام در آموزش، سرفصل آموزشی، آموزش معماری
|
  • Yahya Sepehri *, Eisa Hojjat Pages 5-15
    From the establishment of the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran in 1940 to the late 1960s, there was an educational system known as the Atelier System. The system peaked in the 1950s and 1960s. This study examines the educational system of the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Tehran in the 1950s and 1960s. This research aims to provide a detailed explanation of the architectural design curriculum in this faculty and to describe how it is taught in the architecture studios of the faculty. The study attempts to describe the faculty's architectural design curriculum by relying on oral sources and written documents and matching these resources together. The official curriculum and also practical curriculum will be explained in this study. The purpose of the study is not to interpret, compare, or evaluate this system of education, but to provide a complete and accurate understanding of the system by relying on primary and reliable sources. Next, this research seeks to identify the main features of this system of education by categorizing information obtained from the sources. The study is based on multiple interviews with professors and students who attended the Faculty of Fine Arts in the 1950s and 1960s. The other sources of this research are written documents and curriculums of the faculty that compiled for this research. This research has a historical approach and also utilized oral history and document-research techniques. The architectural education system of the Faculty of Fine Arts in the 1950s and 1960s had a coherent and distinct program. The architecture ateliers were the main place of this educational system. This coherent system had remarkable features. The atelier system was an independent, open and free system. The spirit of competition was flowing in all parts of the education. Atelier's professor was the students' ideal. Students trusted the thought and art of him. Followed by the professor, upper-year students were responsible for training lower-year students during a hierarchy. In this way of teaching, the artistic and visual aspects of architecture were more important. This system of education has always been associated with the École des Beaux-Arts education system. The review of this curriculum reveals that the generality, content, resources, and common terms were derived from an École des Beaux- system as a foreign educational system. Although there appear to be differences in the details. It is clear that the Faculty of Fine Arts, as a member of the University of Tehran, and not an independent school of architecture, was subject to the rules and regulations of the University of Tehran. After a long run, the era of the Atelier system was ended in the late 1960s at the same time with the transformations of the University of Tehran and the global changes in architectural education. The next step of this research is investigating how changes occurred in the education system and defining what was the contexts, and the internal and external factors affecting these changes.
    Keywords: Architectural Education, Atelier system, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
  • Ahmadali Namdarian *, Esmaeil Shieh, Mostafa Behzadfar, Bahador Zamani Pages 17-30

    Karaj was just a small town in the 1920s. in the 1950s, it was populated by fifteen thousand. However, now it is between the four biggest cities in Iran and populated more than 1.600.000. The various forces that have changed this city are not so well- studied. These forces also contain an important part of modern development history. This article is going to investigate these forces through historical study. This research has an explorative- explanative goal. It is going to investigate the forces that transform Karaj. These forces are not so clear. For achieving these goals, inductive and reproductive strategy are used. Necessary data are collected from social products for secondary analysis. These data are mostly collected through content analysis of various urban plans and historical sources during history. The data were analyzed by historical study. Karaj has some historic buildings dating back to two thousand years ago. This city has been originated just beside Alborz mountain and also the Karaj river. It has been located in a historical way which improves its importance. The transformation of Karaj has happened in some steps. For the first transformation, some channels were branched for irrigating agricultural land. Then these channels have played an infrastructure role in the development of Karaj. The atmosphere of Karaj and its nice weather, its short distance to the capital, and also the national transportation infrastructures make Karaj a focal point for palaces, industrial sites, and also some research institutes. during the 1950s, private investors build some industrial sites in Karaj. These sites have created a part of the Karaj structure. However, after the 1960s decisions of government on a national scale, Karaj has changed into an interesting site for new developments and absorbing rapid immigration. the investigation shows that power is the most important dimension in the transformation of Karaj. Centralization and industrialization policies of government consequent from these policies lead to the rapid transformation of Karaj in the last hundred years. The main dimensions of Karaj urban form are borders, centers, and differences affecting natural and political forces. The rapid development of Karaj produces a sort of social chaos which leads to a new phenomenon compared with the other main cities of Iran. In contrast with the other cities which have horizontal or vertical relations, Karaj experiences neighboring relations. The neighbor relation is the consequence of locating various groups just beside each other. Social division in Karaj does not have a rigid border as the other cities may have. However, the segregation of different groups is widespread in all parts of the city. There are so many neighborhoods that are constructed around different centers such as industrial facilities. Following the development of Karaj, these developments come around each other and many brownfields also remain between these developments. Resulting high amount of immigration, there are so many informal neighborhoods inside and outside of the city. These informal parts lead to dispersing the city and also produces so many social problems for Karaj. These non-harmonization developments, also reflect on the physical form of Karaj.

    Keywords: Influential forces, Urban transformation, Karaj, power, Adjacent relations
  • Ayoob Aliniay Motlagh, Reza Shakouri *, Alireza Aeinifar Pages 31-42

    The creation a place boundary[1] in architecture is likened to the formation of an ‘inside’ within an ‘outside’.  In this paper, the concept of ´boundary´ in architecture refers to ‘being or having inside’. The constituents of place boundary, including borders, centrality, and scope of determined enclosures, seek to preserve this ´inside´; as the connection to the ‘outside’ in a place boundary is an inevitable reality, its neglect in defining the boundaries of places could result in the loss of the ‘inside’ attributes of place boundaries. In formulating the theoretical framework of this research, the following fundamental questions served as a starting point: which factors influence the explanation of boundaries? How can the application of the concept of liminality assist in explaining place boundaries in architecture? Perceiving the notion of liminality as a process in the inside-outside dialectic to define boundaries of places has aided in the discovery of the most important findings in this study. The research approach in this study is qualitative, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on logical reasoning. In this paper, after first defining the concept of boundary and analyzing the inside-outside dialectic, a theoretical model to figure boundaries of places is presented by referring to the emerging concept of liminality in architecture. The outcome demonstrates that liminality, as a consequence of the inside-outside dialectic, is composed of three states; namely “separation, transition and reaggregation". The ‘transition’ state as a liminal period and the most important state in the liminality process by emphasizing "in-being inside" defines a place boundary and by considering the direction and destination in approach to the places determines the quantity and quality of the separation and reaggregation characteristics in this process. Edges of a place which, following the hierarchical structure of this paper, provides three distinct relationships between these boundaries: Oppositional, Interaction and Transcendence. Each of these stages, due to their perspective and outlook to architecture, designate different roles for each of the constituent components of place boundaries, which could construct the experience of being fully ‘inside’ (unity) or fully ‘outside’ (alienation) for the perceiver, and could devise criteria for the development of these boundaries. These stages, which have been outwardly and inwardly arranged in a hierarchical perspective to analyze boundaries in architecture, describe the three different forms of connection of two place boundaries as the following: 1- the Oppositional state in the connection of boundaries due to neglecting the state of transition, in which transition is limited to only one border. 2- In the interaction state, the stage of transition in liminality simultaneously draws attention to the separation and reaggregation of boundaries and furthers their relation from a common boundary to a common separation. 3- Finally, the transcendence state of relation of boundaries leads to emergence on the edges of place boundaries. The expansion and reduction of a boundary is not a mechanically controlled process which could be easily expanded or limited, rather the factors influencing the concept of liminality as well as the comprising components of a place should be examined and researched.

    Keywords: boundary, Inside, Outside, Liminality, Transition
  • Mozhdeh Jamshidi *, Mitra Habibi Pages 43-56

    A critical look toward spatial issues necessitates criticism and transformation in theoretical and practical approaches toward space in the contemporary era. Spatial critical reading is considered a method to describe, interpret and criticize everyday life and identify spatial issues from the same perspective. Spatial reading first appears in theoretical traditions and components affecting it. Social theories about everyday life have gradually penetrated spatial studies and the recognition methods, in line with spatial turn. Space, in this opinion, shows everyday characters and their dimensions that it shows the current social situation. So, this space is considered to display the characteristics of everyday life and its constructive dimensions and the representative of the economic, political, cultural, and technical conditions. It means that space is based on daily activities in routine life and people's performance in their daily living (lived space) and the representative constructive factors (economic, political, cultural conditions, knowledge, and technology, which is known as perceived space). In this approach, space is known as good that is consumed in a new form. According to these necessitates, the urban space design process must emphasize everyday life's dimensions and components. Rhythmanalysis, as one of the analytical tools, is emphasis reading everyday life in urban space. This tool includes two urban rhythms: everyday and physical rhythms. They show linear and cyclic rhythms orders. This study aims to delve deeper and explain the complexities of multi-layered urban public space; Influenced by each society's social formations and the starting point of the epistemology of space in correlation with social reality, has been done.The research paradigm is critical, and within the framework of Lefebvre's theory of social production, explores everyday life in space through rhythm analysis and the connection of time and place. The research questions included identifying the components affecting the rhythm of the practice and developing a contextual model to read the space of Khajoo Bridge. The research's innovation is the description and explanation of the semi-hidden and hidden part of the urban public space (Isfahan Khajoo Bridge) using rhythm analysis of practice contrary to society's formal discourse. Using contextual theory, a systematic study of the information obtained from the field perception, including in-depth purposeful interviews and observations of the objective aspect of the occurrence of actions (behavioral patterns), has been performed. The results are formulated in a theoretical-contextual model with 12 main categories that show the relationship of practice with contextual conditions, causes of occurrence, interfering factors (aggravating), and consequences: Context of practice include ideological-governmental, natural, and environmental order; Its causes are a function of normative order and supervisory management; intervening factors including planned interactions, cultural exchanges, and interconnectedness of categories; Consequences include predictability of space, awareness of demands, reduction of legitimacy, and appropriation of space from formal discourse. The occurrence of practice has a temporal and spatial selection and is associated with membership in social groups. Their goal is spatial stabilization, gaining autonomy and legitimacy in space, and they have patterns of lawlessness-abnormality, space ownership, psychotherapy, and demands.

    Keywords: everyday life, Contradictory practice, Formal Discourse, Grounded theory, Rhythm, Khajoo Bridge of Isfahan
  • Bojnourd Yarmohammadi, Banafshe Yadegarzade *, Goldis Vahidi Borji Pages 57-68

    Despite a considerable history in the field of urban planning, concern for providing suitable housing is still seen as one of the crucial issues for which there is neither agreed model nor comprehensive consensus on it. Nevertheless, increasing attention to the practice of strategic planning approach has also made an impact on areas like housing planning. Recently, increasing attention to the strategic planning approach result in more attention to alter the conventional approaches in housing planning and overcome their deficiencies and shortcomings. Strategic planning approach, unlike the top-down planning models that offer similar patterns for various conditions, pays special attention to spatial and local requirements. Furthermore, owing to housing planning’s vastness and also limited resources for responding to all problems, the current study’s targeted selectivity is found beneficial. According to the importance of redefining Housing planning based on Strategic approaches, this study aimed at identifying strategic housing issues in Bojnord city based on the perceptions of the beneficiaries. To do so, by means of evaluation method and based on 33 indicators including qualitative and quantitative indicators, housing quality are assessed. AHP method is used to weight the criteria and combine quantitative and qualitative criteria. To determine the weight of criteria and indicators in AHP method, a third level hierarchy is designed. At the first level, indictors of residential units and residential environment are divided as two main categories. At the second level, five main criteria including Population density, Sustainability and strength, building design, settlement welfare, place attachment is defined in housing units’ category. Four main criteria including accessibility, environmental health, social capital, traffic quality, neighborhood quality is considered in in residential environments’ category. At the third level 15 indicators for evaluating quality of residential units and indicators for residential environments are assessed. These indicators asked through a researcher-made questionnaire.For assessing resident’s perception, a questionnaire prepared and distributed evenly throughout the city and the following results spatial recoded. Evaluating housing quality led to a set of homogeneous zones which were different with any existing zoning and formal division systems in the city. The outcomes of the research reveal that the level of housing quality varies in different parts of the city and consequently, different problems can be identified in each zone. Recognizing these differences is an issue that overlooked in conventional housing planning approaches which prescribe solutions for the city or parts of it. Residents’ perception of housing quality seems to be a reliable approach to investigate realistic problems in this field and also it can be used in identifying main problems. Based on the perception of the residents, different parts of the city have various potentials like housing quality and also dealing with different problems. Consequently, each zone is in need of certain approaches and strategies which are neglected in the usual simplistic approaches of housing planning. This contextual approach can provide a basis for adopting effective approaches which are customized with respect to the needs of the community and therefore it is possible to avoid loss of resources.

    Keywords: strategic housing planning, strategic housing issues, housing quality, Residents' perceptions, housing satisfaction
  • Khatere Amiri, Mohammad Masud *, Daryoush Moradi Chadegani, Negin Sadeghi, Faramarz Safee Pages 69-81

    The development of cities has caused the expansion of urban areas, especially in metropolitan areas. These areas include a complex mix of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems that intensify: exhaustion, poverty, environmental pollution, and social anomalies, in this situation there is a need for urban management systems and urban planning. Urban Regeneration is one of the recent ways of intervening in these areas, which uses community empowerment in order to improve residents's level of participation, to solved the problems of such araes. The goal of community empowerment process is to increase residents's share of the structure of power sources in society, and improving their ability to participate in guiding and controlling changes in and around living environment, which are formed in the context of communication and cooperation between residents and the decision makers.E- empowerment is used to facilitate the relationship between residents and decision makers in order to improve the level of transparency,accountability and access to good governace.Due to the widespread use of cybernetic space by citizens, the realization of E- empowerment in urban decline areas, can be a good solution to improve resident's participation in order to regeneration of these areas.Based on three concepts of:e-participation, e- empowerment and cybernetic space, the participation level of residents in order to regenerate urban declines was assessed in this study, to achieve e-empowerment process adapted pattern for Isfahan declines. The type of this research is: inductive, practical- benefit, descriptive-analytic, which was done by using below analytic methods A Stakeholders analysis(using power- benefit matrix analysis. b-1) Descriptive- statistic analysis. b-2)Fridman test,b-3) Spearman rank correlation in the SPSS software environment. C) Mind mapping. By measures and indicators valuation of e-empowerment process, the above analysis led to e-participation level evaluation in Isfahan’s urban decline,and it’s adapted pattern in above districts was produced. The most important findings from the analysis, illustrates that e- empowerment in Isfahan urban declines is a five-step cyclic process, consist of e- education, e-learning, awareness, e-consulting and involving, in cybernetic space context. This process provides the ground for the participation promotion of key stakeholders specially: central municipality, the district municipality, Renovation and Restoration Organization of Isfahan, Isfahan Islamic Council, Isfahan Governor's Office and Renovation and Improvement Consulting Engineers (Facilitating Offices) and residents of these districts. In this process, the stages of e-learning, awareness and e-involving, in turn are the most important and the hardest steps of implementing, and it’s realization on one hand depends on the effects of social capital (such as trust, satisfaction, profitability in public participation) and on the other hand depends on formal institutional structures (such as: decentralization and decision-making). The resulted pattern is match to  the cultural, social and political structures of the community  of urban decay in Isfahan. The depth of the research results indicates the feasibility of this pattern in cybernetic space. This pattern will be used in computer science field, and will lead to the production of tools (application)  to extol public participation in cyberspace in the computer software form.

    Keywords: urban decline, E-participation, E-empowerment, Cybernetic Space, urban regeneration, Esfahan
  • MohammadReza Matini *, Said Khaghani, Amirbahador Baradaran Pages 83-91

    The amazing behaviors observed in nature form attractive sources of inspiration for solving real-world problems. Swarm intelligence computations are very important among nature-inspired computations because they focus on the social behavior of centralized, self-organized systems. Swarm intelligence is inspired by the behavior of some animals or insects, such as ants, termites, birds, fish, and organisms. This is caused by sudden behaviors from local interactions between the particles themselves and forms intelligent behaviors at the group level. Robustness and resilience make swarm intelligence a successful design model for algorithms that deal with growing complex problems. Physarum Polycephalum is one of the organisms who’s intelligent, complex and social behavior of the particles that make up its food resources, and the construction of strong networks to achieve this goal, motivate the use of Physarum Polycephalum to solve challenging optimization problems in architecture and urbanism. The aim of this study is to try to further study and recognize the characteristics and efficiency of swarm intelligence algorithms, and to measure the ability of the Physarum optimization algorithm in dealing with the challenges posed in the problem area. In fact, this study aims to measure the ability and performance of the Physarum optimization algorithm in dealing with four parameters defined in the problem as an example of existing challenges, including faults, historic buildings, underpasses and bridges and intersections, to investigate in shaping the Tehran Urban Railway Network, in order to take an effective step in the field of functional and behavioral growth of the Physarum optimization algorithm. The research method in the present study is analytical-descriptive method and collecting materials based on library method and searching for some principles and rules governing natural phenomena, which have been studied with the help of software modeling, simulation and investigation. In the first part of this research, with the help of library studies, an attempt has been made to obtain a correct analysis and complete knowledge of swarm intelligence algorithms. It then evaluates the Physarum optimization algorithm as one of nature-inspired algorithms and collective intelligence in network formation. After examining the location of the mentioned parameters in relation to the existing network and Tehran metro stations, their boundaries are determined in the problem space to provide the conditions for formulation for the algorithm. In the next step, the Physarum optimization algorithm is introduced to formulate the problem space. As is clear (Map 2), this algorithm avoids obstacles and tries to find the best and most optimal way to reach the stations or defining points in the problem. Searching for problem space (Tehran city) by the algorithm continues to the extent that it makes sure to search the entire problem space and access all points. The findings and exit maps obtained from the Physarum pathfinding in the problem area indicate the correct identification of the defining barriers and the accurate and, of course, innovative formulation of the Tehran Urban Railway Network. Physarum's optimization algorithm has been able to accurately and without error perform network configuration with defined barriers.

    Keywords: Optimization, Urban railway network, Form finding, Swarm Intelligence algorithms, Physarum optimisation algorithm
  • Fouzieh Zeinali *, Nariman Farahza Pages 95-106
    Education of architecture is a combination of acquiring knowledge and ability. The ability to integrate the architectural knowledge, technology, and designing is also one of the topics that exerts an effect on making students professional. Weaknesses in this area cause inefficiency of graduates of architecture. This ratio exists in the educational syllabus of architecture in most universities in the world, including Iran. Architectural design studios play a major role in developing the curriculum, and theoretical courses are considered as supplementary courses that help apply design studios in the designing process. The research conducted so far and the experience of the authors of this article in teaching technical designing and architectural designing at the undergraduate level, raised the question of whether the amount of courses that emphasize the application of architectural technology in architectural designing is sufficient in other universities, it questioned the relation and ratio that exist between integrative courses, architecture technology courses, and architectural designing. This study examined the number of courses related to the integrity between knowledge of architectural technology and architectural designing in the educational curriculum of undergraduate level of architecture in Iran and selected universities in the world, and compared and contrasted the number of technical courses, integrative courses, and architectural design studios. The results are displayed in the form of graphs with statistical indices and showed that in top universities of the world, a greater weight is given to the number of integrative courses compared to technical courses and architectural designing courses. The results further showed that in most prestigious universities of the world, some courses have been planned to create integration between technical courses and architectural design under the title of "design with integrated discipline. Also, based on articles published by the faculty members of these universities, this study provided a description of integrated designing and explained its necessity. The training of architectural engineering in the undergraduate level in Iran was carried out according to the syllabus approved by the Ministry of Science in 1998. Recently, this syllabus has been reviewed by some universities and changes have been made in it. In the syllabus approved in 1998, the domain of construction technology education received about one third of the total number of credit hours; But a few number of courses create integrity between this field and architectural designing. The result of this process is a reduction in the quality of design, wastage of cost, energy and materials in the accomplishment of construction projects and a lower presence of young architects in the labor market. This ratio has improved in the approved syllabi of Shahid Beheshti University (2005) and Yazd University (2017). The present study is an applied research based on the mixed research method and descriptive- analytical approach. In the section dealing with selecting universities and statistical analysis of the data obtained, the quantitative research method was used with a content analysis qualitative research was also used via library data and descriptive- analytical approach and inductive reasoning.
    Keywords: integrated design, building technical knowledge, integrity in education, Curriculum, Architectural Education