فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 173 (بهار 1400)

Today, the issue of providing health through environmental regulation has become an urgent need. The main issue of this research is to find the indicators and pattern of the type of housing that provides health through air, ventilation and respiration based on traditional medicine. The research is further aimed at studying successful examples of traditional and contemporary housing in Kashan to discover the quality of indoor air. The practical purpose of the research is helpful in exploring the feasibility of traditional housing. The type of research is interdisciplinary and qualitative with reasoning, analytical and case study methods. Indicators of the study were determined by interviewing medical and architectural researchers, and the results were verified by using Design Builder, a software for energy analysis. The required data was collected by searching library resources and articles published in reputable medical and architectural journals, and in order to deepen the understanding of the subject some exploratory interviews were also conducted. According to the results, the health of housing in Kashan depends on the indicators that have the ability to balance the heat and dry air with humidity and coolness and save the indoor from hot and dry air outside. These indicators include optimal location, climate design based on seasonal or daily migration, priority of open and semi-open spaces over closed spaces, linkage of spaces, enclosure for pollution control, architectural and natural interaction, balance between space and air function and application of indigenous patterns. In contemporary houses of Kashan, the lack of natural air flow due to the location of openings in a single wall, deprivation of open and covered spaces with livelihood function and the priority of sunbathing over wind flow is one of the most important factors of inefficiency.

Evaluating and documenting post-war reconstruction (one of the most complex types of reconstruction processes) is a good way to learn from possible future accidents. The 8-year war between Iran and Iraq ruined the city of Rafi completely. The process of reconstruction began after the liberation with a different approach to other experiences (emphasis on the promotion of the role of survivors and attention to their needs and wants). The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of Rafi reconstruction from the perspective of creating a sense of belonging in residents, as one of the most important determinants of residential satisfaction. The research approach is quantitative and qualitative. The three main hypotheses of the research are based on the effect of satisfaction and sense of belonging in post-war reconstruction on the revival of social and economic traditions, as well as rebuilding in-situ and land ownership preservation. Samples of the study have been collected in a random-cluster method, and the necessary data for testing the research hypotheses was collected through questionnaires, field studies, and interviews. The research hypothesis was then tested using a dependent t-test. The average obtained for the process of reconstruction and creating a sense of belonging through the revival of social and economic traditions of the people (Hypothesis 1) 2.43 out of 5; creating a sense of belonging to the place of residence by in-situ building and maintaining land ownership (Hypothesis 2) 3.45 out of 5; and the degree of desirability of this process for people (Hypothesis 3) is 2.87 out of 5 on the Likert scale. As a result, the first and third hypotheses are rejected and the second one is accepted. At the end, according to the unique features of the high reconstruction process, a set of tips and suggestions for application in future experiences is presented by prioritizing research indicators.

The dominance of vehicles in the urban spaces of Iran has continuously decreased the human scale and degraded social values. Unfortunately, the issue of human-centered designs has been rejected in many cities of Iran. The central square of Bam city is one of these spaces. In this study, with regard to the importance of social life in public urban spaces as one of the main elements of the city and public sphere, the effective factors of improving social life in urban spaces are identified. The focus of this identification is on the element of enclosure and the role and significance of each factor in flourishing social activities. The nature of this study is descriptive-analytical, and it has a practical purpose. The study investigates the views of 83 participants in SPSS software with factor analysis and attractiveness measurement model. The results indicate that from a total of 35 identifiers extracted from the literature and the views of experts, 3 main factors (physical-spatial, activity-performance and preceptive-conceptual) are determined with 29 identifiers, which play a significant role in improving social life in urban spaces with focus on enclosure and sociability. Moreover, it was found out that the revitalization of these factors is important in improving social and optional activities without a ffecting compulsory activities. At the end, the results showed that enclosure is the fundamental principle of urban spaces and architectural design, and that the space is in fact begins with enclosures. The observance of the factors identified in this study may turn urban spaces to spaces that are sociable for people in connection with other principles of architectural design.

This paper studies the shear zone of North Qazvin fault and investigates the location of rural settlements in this area. In selected sections, the presence of transverse valleys along the fault made it possible to investigate the evidence of shear zones in which we can see severe crushing in igneous rocks of andesitic and trachyandesitic type, and cataclastic. Moreover, traces of faulted and fractured zones (Damage zone) including fractures and small and minor faults were observed. The study also found Intact green tuffs at the end of the shear zone of the North Qazvin fault, which was considered as the healthy wall next to the shear zone. According to the field studies and observations of the shear zone of the North Qazvin fault in this section, the width of the shear zone was measured at 320 m on the hanging wall of the fault. After that, we used common software to compare the location of villages with the rupture zone of ​​the North Qazvin fault. The results showed that the villages of Barajin, Hesamabad, Kherman-Sokhteh, Dastjerd-e Olia, Ahvarak, Khoran, Tazarkesh, Kikhanan, Najmabad, Razjerd, Qutbi Miyan, Sperno, Ange, Mazraeh Lat and Mazraeh Kharmanlough are located on the rupture zone of the North Qazvin fault. Moreover, 45 villages are located less than 2 km away from the North Qazvin fault. Therefore, it is necessary to relocate the villages that are on the rapture zone or change the direction of future developments of these villages outward, away from the rupture zone. For those villages that are located less than 2 km away from the North Qazvin fault, with regard to the acceleration of earthquakes around the fault and the phenomenon of rock fall in villages, the study proposes retrofitting in future construction.

Given that high energy consumption in residential buildings is one of the main problems in Syria, applying criteria for a climate-responsive building design is one of the most important ways to reduce energy consumption. This article seeks to study and compare the historical and contemporary residential buildings of the city of Homs and extract the positive and negative aspects of each. The main issue of this research is to identify the traditional and contemporary housing in the city of Homs in terms of environmental model and accordingly provide practical solutions for climate-responsive building design. To achieve this goal, we first studied the criteria of comfort and identified the advantages and limitations of various indicators in a number of climate-responsive designs, and then, we analyzed the housing patterns of the city of Homs. The present research was conducted based on desk studies, including documents, maps, and field observations, with a descriptive-analytical method. The study found that in the historical context of Homs in the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, residents built valuable buildings affected by the dominant culture. In fact, these valuable buildings are now in Syria an essential part of the traditional architecture’s identity. French colonization of Syria has changed the form, structure and shape of residential buildings. During the French colonization, in Homs, buildings were influenced by the technology of the industrial age. These buildings are still operating today with high energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to propose some climate-responsive solutions for the new buildings constructed in the hot and humid climate of Homs, with a tinge of traditional architecture. The idea put forward in this paper is to create an urban texture. This texture is largely inspired by the Habitat housing units. It is designed in such a way that is flexible to natural growth and expansion and reflects traditional houses. Eventually, relying on the positive points and merits discussed at the end of the paper, construction of climate-responsive houses is a possibility.

Due to the unexpected nature of natural disasters, any mismanagement in dealing with them may lead to more serious crises. However, providing an effective management of disasters and having an immediate control over the situation need the extensive cooperation of public and private organizations and the participation of people in the form of network governance. This study investigates the views of 140 participants, selected from the statistical population of the research using stratified random sampling. The statistical population includes the managers and the representatives of member organizations of 14 workgroups in the Crisis Management Headquarters of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. The participants were asked about the impact of network governance on the elements of crisis management (prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery). The study has an applied purpose, and the required data were collected through correlational and survey research. With regard to the research background, after drawing the conceptual framework of the research, a questionnaire was designed for the researchers and after obtaining the necessary reliability and validity, data were collected. Then, according to the method of structural equations and factor-analysis using smart pls statistical software, the research hypotheses were tested. After performing the necessary statistical tests, while confirming the research hypotheses, it was found that network governance has a positive relationship with the elements of crisis management. The most effective components of network governance on the elements of crisis management are: prevention (0.78), response (0.75), preparedness (0.74) and recovery (0.62). Therefore, it is necessary to apply the components of network governance as an interactive method of disasters and crises, in the natural disasters of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. The stages of application are respectively as follows: prevention, response, preparedness and recovery. Moreover, it is suggested to establish a network of coordinated, efficient and effective organizations that have transparency and democracy in decision-making and action. This way, we can achieve network governance, and the crisis management of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province may have the most efficiency.

Over the past decades, the horizontal growth of cities has led to the integration of rural-garden areas within the parent city. This phenomenon is more serious in the arid areas of Iran because of the limited networks of water supply (Qanat) and the proximity of settlements around this network and has caused the destruction of the gardens of these urban textures that are rural-based. This research seeks to measure the resilience of urban gardens in the arid climate of Iran with a scientific, comprehensive and spatial model and has developed a conceptual model based on the literature of the concepts of resilience, garden and development. Moreover, from the theoretical frameworks, methods and techniques of resilience topics, indicators appropriate to the resilience of gardens are listed and compiled under the Framework of Studies on the Resilience of Gardens. This framework, which has five dimensions, including ecological, social and cultural, economic, physical and institutional, has been used to understand the typology of gardens. Moreover, to calculate the coefficient of the importance of different layers, Super Decision software was used. The results of the primary scoring of Delphi method based on Thomas L. Saaty binary comparison are the input data of the software to determine the weight of layers. The results were analyzed to measure the resilience of gardens using ArcGIS software, for spatial analysis, and SPSS software, to conduct F test on the results. The entire process of identifying the data and finally identifying the resilience and prioritization method of the gardens is presented in a model for measuring the resilience of gardens. The developed model has three important capabilities. In the first place, it has the power to measure the resilience of gardens from all aspects affecting a garden. Secondly, based on this measurement, gardens may be prioritized according to resilience and information may be provided in a spatial manner. This model is implemented on the gardens of Yazd city as a case study, and the resilience of the gardens of Yazd city is determined and prioritized based on it.

Among the issues related to the development of the country, education is one of the basic principles and the tree of development. The educational system of the society is considered as one of the main pillars in realizing this goal and achieving social justice. Rural areas, with a population of 20 million, are considered as one of the main spots of production and human resources in the country. It is important to provide this large group with proper training. Poor accessibility to educational services in the countrychr('39')s villages, especially in the southern, southeastern and border provinces, and the existence of different problems call for special measures and proper management. This can increase the level and quality of education for all villages. The need for local education and its development in rural areas should be considered as one of the main challenges for the advancement of the countrychr('39')s education system. The main purpose of this article is to study the level of literacy and education of rural residents in the provinces of the country and to study and analyze the indicators and indicators affecting the quality of education in rural areas. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in order to study and classify the criteria and indicators affecting the quality of education in rural areas of the country, AHP weighting method and MicMac software have been used. In these studies, there are 29 indicators in the education criteria that are extracted through desk studies. These criteria include educational programs (Ep), teaching and learning environment (Le), research (Re), social services (Ss), teachers (Te). Environmental criteria include social and institutional environment (Se), economic environment (Ec) and natural and physical environment (NE). The model incompatibility is equal to 0.08 and the system stability in MicMac software is equal to 96%, which indicates the appropriateness and reliability of the partnership. The results showed that the environmental causes are more effective than the general criteria of education on the quality of education. Currently, the economic conditions, employment and quality of life of rural residents in the central, southern and border provinces of the country are in poor condition, which is one of the principles affecting the quality of education and literacy of rural residents.

Indigenous architecture is derived from nature, climate and the environment, and due to limited access to modern fossil energy sources, has tried to have the least degree of dependence on them. Imitating the indigenous architecture of a region is the first and most sustainable step in designing climate-friendly architecture. The Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution, as the main organization of housing in rural areas of Iran, has conducted extensive studies to identify and evaluate the features of indigenous architecture in rural housing and has presented a plan to improve rural housing in some climatic regions. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the projects of improving rural houses in mountainous areas of Tehran regarding energy consumption and, if necessary, provide corrective solutions to improve their thermal performance. For this purpose, it is necessary to first evaluate the energy consumption of rural housing in projects prepared by the Housing Foundation and compare them with the standards of energy consumption in Iran. If the level of energy consumption is higher than the standard, it is necessary to use corrective solutions. Corrective solutions are derived from the physical characteristics of the optimal model. Physical characteristics of the optimal pattern represents the optimal state of physical characteristics of a building such as length-width ratio, building orientation, number of floors and building density, surface-volume ratio, opening-wall ratio, the relationship of optimal pattern with adjacent buildings, number and direction of exterior walls in terms of fresh air, the presence of semi-open spaces (porches), the protrusion of the roof, the canopies and the color of the exterior walls in a specific climate that can be achieved with the help of rules, standards and energy simulations. The final goal of this article is to evaluate and modify the physical features of the projects for improvement of rural housing in the mountainous areas of Tehran province. This is achieved by adapting them to the optimal state of the physical features of the building in this climate. The method of this research is descriptive which has been done using simulation tools and Energy Plus 9.3 software. The results indicate that the implementation of remedial strategies will save energy by 29% in these projects.

Utilization of underground spaces is one of the most important methods for human life in all ages. These spaces are seen as architectural units and settlements in harsh climates and unsafe and topographic environments. This paper studied the reasons, necessities and different dimensions of underground spaces and settlements. The method of the research is analytical and descriptive, and it is aimed at studying the necessities, typologies, and qualities of underground spaces and settlements in Iran and the world. The study showed that these spaces were used in a variety of forms with different reasons and necessities including climatic issues, defense and safety, religion, environmental, typographic and economic specifications. Underground spaces have basic potentials such as health and safety, heat preservation and stable climatic conditions. They provide a good environment for the living of humans and answer their needs including livestock spaces and storing food materials. Underground settlements are mostly of two types –those that are built in flat areas and those that are built in sloping areas. In China and the North Africa, especially in Tunisia, these settlements have been built with climatic and safety necessities and environmental limitations. In Iran, settlements of the first type can be found in desert areas such as Noshabad and settlements of the second types can be found in mountainous areas of northwestern Iran such as the village of Kandovan. In general, security, climatic and natural necessities have been the main reasons for the emergence and functioning of these spaces. The excavation of land, hills and mountains and the sheltering of the underground, in addition to the protection of man and his possessions, have created lasting spaces throughout history. These spaces are very attractive and memorable, especially for tourists and non-residents, due to their unique interior and exterior views. Paying attention to the positive features of these spaces, especially in rural areas, can play an effective role in preserving their native identity.

The aim of this study was to explain the role of place representation in shaping the mental image of tourists from traditional residences. Representing the architecture of traditional residences in cyberspace as one of the most important sources of effective information in shaping the image of tourist destinations is of great importance. Today, traditional resorts as one of the most important tourist attractions of historic cities, are of interest to tourists. These tourists make extensive use of the visual and verbal information contained in the online media to identify and select their destinations. Using a qualitative approach, in addition to field observations, research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 domestic and foreign tourists, experienced tour guides, content production experts, and managers of traditional accommodations. To analyze the data and present the final theory, the data theory method of Corbin and Strauss Innovative Foundation was used. Based on this method, through open, central and selective coding, research findings were drawn and presented in the form of a paradigm model consisting of three dimensions of conditions, strategies and consequences. The findings include 9 sub-categories, consisting of cyberspace, location-based representation, cultural tourism, geographical context of the destination, managerial factors, tourism, location-based evaluation, online interaction and exchange, and mental image enhancement. The main category of this research is location-based experience, which includes the sub-categories. Providing a conceptual model to explain the relationships between categories shows that the category of location-based representation, as the most important reason for creating experience through space, allows the development of perceptions of the environment, which is classified into three categories: architectural representation, representation of semantic aspects and representation of activities and events. The role of architectural representation was done by explaining how the mental image of tourists is formed from traditional accommodations in cyberspace. The results of this study can help architects to understand the perceptions and knowledge of tourists of traditional accommodations in cyberspace, as well as how historical monuments are represented in the media.