Iranian Journal of War and Public Health
Volume:13 Issue: 50, Winter 2021

 Extramarital affairs are one of the main reasons for diverse and psychological trauma in marital life. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of group imago therapy (Imagery psychotherapy) and group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the attitude toward extramarital relationships in the marital life of veterans in Mashhad.

 This experimental study was carried out on all married veterans in Mashhad city in 2020-2021, of which 1250 of them had referred to this center during the first quarter of 2020-2021, based on the information available in the Shahid Counseling Center. Forty-five couples were assigned to 2 experimental and control groups. The data were collected by the Mark Whatley Attitude to Extramarital Communication Scale. The training sessions were provided to the experimental groups by online mode through the live feature of Instagram during eight sessions of 60 minutes. The research was conducted using the pretest and post-test methods. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using the ANCOVA test.

 There was no significant difference between the attitude scores toward extramarital relationships in the pretest stage (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the scores of the pretest and post-test stages in the subjects of the control group (p>0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed between the mean of imago therapy and mindfulness groups in terms of tendency to extramarital relationships (p=0.911).

 Both imago therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness affect coupleschr('39') attitudes toward extramarital relationships, and the rate of this attitude decreases in the couples; however, there is no significant difference in effectiveness between the two treatments.

When a person is exposed to stress, her/his ability to cope decreases and affects her/his life in both quantitative and qualitative ways. This study was to determine the effectiveness of positive intervention training on the levels of veterans’ happiness, life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions.

This semi-experimental study was carried out on veterans, spouses of veterans and martyrs in Tehran in 2019. 64 veterans (28 veterans and 36 spouses of veterans and martyrs) were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (n=32 for each group). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Life Satisfaction Scale and positive and negative emotions scale were performed in pretest step. Then, the experimental group received 10 sessions (2 hours) of training, but the control group did not receive any training. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with repeated measure and Bonferroni post hoc test, using SPSS 24 software. At the end of the intervention sessions and two months later (follow-up), post-test was performed on the experimental and control groups.

The positive interventions had a significant effect on increasing happiness and positive emotions and reducing negative emotions of the veterans (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the experimental and control group in life satisfaction (p>0.05). This change was maintained in the follow-up phase.

Performing positivist interventions can be considered in increasing happiness and positive emotion and reducing negative emotion in veterans.

Military personnel plays a vital role in the security of the country. One of the basic steps to increase their life satisfaction is to recognize happiness and self-esteem. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between happiness, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among military personnel.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on all military personnel in Tehran in 2020. 317 Military personnel participated through the census method. Data collection instruments included the Persian versions of the 29-item Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, the 5-item Satisfaction with Life Scale, the 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem. Data were explored using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis.

The mean age of participants was 33.4±8.32 years. The mean±SD for Life satisfaction (SWLS), Self-esteem, and happiness were 24.70±7.09, 31.20±5.72, and 75.01±13.20, respectively. The results obtained from the ordinary least-square (OLS) regression indicated that life satisfaction was significantly associated with economic status, happiness, and self-esteem (R2: 0.39). The correlations between happiness, self-esteem and life satisfaction were 0.41 and 0.47, respectively.

Military personnel has moderate life satisfaction, happiness, and self-esteem. In addition, the findings suggest that their life satisfaction is associated with happiness and self-esteem.

Military personnel has high-risk occupations. Virtues and strengths as the values that govern the actions and behavior are suitable predictors for these jobs. We intend to examine the role of virtues and character strengths on psychological distress in military personnel comprehensively.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on military men in Tehran from June 3, 2020, to October 31, 2020. The military personnel of Tehran were selected by available sampling. 410 Iranian military personnel completed the demographic questionnaire and the Virtues Inventory in Action (VIA-120) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, T-test, and ANOVA.

According to the results, the virtues of Justice and humanity had a higher average than other virtues. Among the character strengths, integrity, kindness, gratitude, persistence, open-mindedness, social intelligence, respectively, were six of the most important strengths with which military personnel described themselves. The virtue of temperance and transcendence were related to work experience. Only wisdom differed significantly at the academic level (p<0.05). No significant differences were found between the virtues in military ranks (p>0.05). All dimensions of virtues and character strengths were significantly associated with psychological distress (p<0.05). Nevertheless, only the dimension of transcendence had the power to predict psychological distress.

Strengthening the dimension of transcendence can reduce psychological distress in military personnel. Recognizing the most important Virtues and character strengths in Military Personnel and discovering implications additional ways to promote the virtues, military personnel can improve their performance.

This research was intended to provide a structural model of the feeling of shame of amputees due to war injuries, with a mediating role of adult attachment and a statistical population of amputees.

The statistical population was male veterans who underwent one-sided major amputation (above ankle or wrist) in Tehran, Iran, in 2020. A sample of 195 amputees was selected for the analysis, and the data were collected using the Attachment Style Scale, Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire, and Internalized Shame Scale. Analysis was conducted with the Pearson correlation matrix, multiple regression and path analysis data by SPSS 25.

The results showed that a body image of (p<0.05) has a significant effect on amputeeschr('39') safe attachment and explains the 42.7% variance of this variable. As well, a body image of (p<0.05) has a substantial effect on amputeeschr('39') avoidant attachment and explains the 35.5% variance of the variable, and a body image of (p<0.05) has a significant effect on amputeeschr('39') anxiety attachment and explains the 20.1% of the variance of this variable. Furthermore, the results indicated that a safe attachment of p<0.05 substantially affects amputeeschr('39') feelings of shame and explains the 5.7% of the variance of this variable. In addition, avoidant attachment (p<0.05) has a significant effect on amputeeschr('39') feelings of shame and explains the 19.5% variance of this variable. Finally, anxiety attachment (p<0.05) does not have an important effect on amputeeschr('39') feelings of shame.

The findings verify the remarkable fit of the proposed model.

Studies on the impact of war on female war victims are very limited. This population has been neglected for more than three decades, and this study aimed to determine nine domains of mental health using the SCL-90-R questionnaire and quality of life.

In this cross-sectional study, 138 female survivors of the Iran-Iraq (1980-1988) war suffer from disabilities were interviewed for psychological assessment and health-related quality of life in 2018. The "veterans and martyrs affair foundation" database information was used to assess via the SCL-90, health-related quality of life and SF-36 questionnaires.

Quality of life scores in female war survivors were significantly lower than the general female Iranian population (p<0.001). Females who suffered from chemical warfare injuries or being injured at younger ages had significantly lower mean SF-36 scores (p<0.01). Somatization, depression, hostility, and paranoid perceptions significantly affected the physical component scales and mental component scales (p<0.01). The results obtained from logistic regression analysis indicated that the Global Severity Index score was the most important determinant for both poor physical component summary (OR=0.18; 95% CI=0.87 to 0.37; p<0.001) and mental component summary (OR=0.13; 95% CI=0.06 to 0.30; p<0.001).

War-related stressors have strong negative associations with quality of life and psychiatric symptomatology rates.

 Studies examining the long-term effects of war on the psychological condition of veterans revealed that aging in veterans without comprehensive treatment develops their problems. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas with religious orientation and Matrimony conflicts of veterans with disability rate over 25% in Tehran city.

 The descriptive study was carried out on 110 people selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through Youngchr('39')s Early Maladaptive Scheme, Allportchr('39')s Religious Orientation, and Barati and Sanaichr('39')s Marital Conflict Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software through standard multivariate regression tests and Pearson correlation coefficient.

 The average marital conflict increased with the increase of coriander schemas score. (β=0.710, p<0.001). In addition, no significant linear relationship was observed between the maladaptive schemas score and the religious orientation of the subjects (p>0.05).

 Clinical therapists can provide the background for reducing matrimony conflicts by removing barriers such as dysfunctional schemas.

The hospital is the first center to fight the Covid-19. This study aimed to investigate the preparedness and resilience of hospitals in the South of Kerman province, Iran.

This descriptive study was conducted on 77 members of the Crisis Committee in 7 hospitals in the south of Kerman province that was covered by Jiroft University of Medical Sciences from April 2020 to Mar 2021. The data collection tool was standard preparedness and resilience questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square using SPSS 25 software.

The most and lowest frequency of preparedness related to identifying and managing patients and facility communications by 54.9% and 1.2%. Overall, 43% of the preparedness was complete, 52% progressed, and 3% were not yet started. Also, the mean scores of resilience were 194.37±41.40, which was higher than average. The rate of the "Key vulnerabilities" component (70.47±16.68) in the resilience was higher than the other components. Finally, the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated no relation between preparedness and resilience (p>0.05).

Although hospital resilience was moderate, the hospital readiness was at a low level; thus, we should improve the health system to help to improve the continuing education program, psychological support, and planning and decision making to control the crisis of the covid-19 epidemic.

The use of chemical weapons by Iraq against Iran leads to the death of thousands of civilians, and it left hundreds of thousands of wounded and chemical injured that most of them still suffer from its side effects and to show themselves a strong man, they suppress their physical and mental symptoms. This study aimed to explore the experiences of the silent suffering on the chemical injured of the Iran-Iraq war.

This qualitative research was conducted in 2019 on 16 chemical casualties in Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. 16 chemical injured that had the login characteristics of the study were selected by purposeful sampling method and for data collection of deep unstructured interviews. The interviews were analyzed by the Colaizzi method.

Generally from 16 interviews, 345 primary codes, 28 primary concepts, one sub-themes of 5 main themes of ideals, gradual disintegration, and blame were extracted.

Conclusions:

 Experiences of participants show the experience of silent suffering of war. Physical, psychological, and spiritual support in these victims is one of the important factors reducing their silent suffering.

 Spouse death is problematic for women, especially for women who lack economic independence and have no shelter, and it causes confusion for them. This study aimed to identify the barriers of adaptability with spouse death in wives of martyrs who defended the holy shrine.

This qualitative study aimed to identify the barriers of adaptability with spouse death in wives of martyrs of holy shrine defenders from December 2019 to June 2020. The statistical sample of 12 women aged 20-40 years was selected through purposive sampling. The subjects had lost their spouses between 2-4 years. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using open-ended questions and analyzed by Granheim and Landman method.

 Barriers of adaptability in martyrschr('39') wives included psychological instability, upsetting with the spousechr('39')s family, emotional emptiness of losing a spouse, problems of children, feeling lonely, incorrect beliefs and behavior, the weak performance of related organizations, and emotional inhibition.

 The families of the martyrs, who defended the holy shrine, especially their young wives, face individual and social problems, which sometimes are impossible to solve alone, and therefore it is necessary to take the strategies to solve them.

Due to the widespread prevalence of COVID-19, clinicians should be aware of even the rare symptoms of the disease to help the patients with the proper clinical procedure. In this study, a new case related to COVID-19 induced tinnitus was reported.

The patient was 27 years old with a chief complaint of a sudden transient change in her chronic vascular tinnitus (loud pulsatile tinnitus) repeated several times a day during the illness period. Because the other symptoms were similar to those of COVID-19, she was referred for a PCR test.

The PCR test for Covid19 was positive. Audiology examinations revealed intact tympanic membrane and normal hearing levels. Impedance audiometry and acoustic reflexes were standard. Tinnitus evaluations confirmed a change of tinnitus quality to higher pitch tinnitus with a louder loudness. HRCT scan did not show lung involvement. 

In our case, tinnitus change is possibly due to a change in the blood flow caused by vasculitis, a confirmed manifestation of viral infectious including Coronavirus. Patients with sudden audio-vestibular symptoms should be further evaluated for the COVID-19 rule out. More detailed investigations are required to determine the involved mechanisms.

At this critical situation of the present pandemic, there is an immense need to know the peoplechr('39')s awareness and behavior regarding COVID-19 to ease the outbreak management of COVID-19. This study aimed to assess Khyber Pakhtunkhwachr('39')s residents, Pakistanchr('39')s knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding recently found COVID-19.

This descriptive study was carried out from March 15, 2020, to April 15, 2020, on people who lived in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A questionnaire comprised of four sections (Demographics, knowledge, attitude, and practice) was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 by Student t-test, one-way ANOVA, and the Chi-square test.

The mean±SD score of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of participants was 7.51±1.8, 5.17±0.89, and 7.75±1.47, respectively. The level of KAP was high, positive, and good. There were significant associations between education and study field were with knowledge (p<0.05), and gender with attitude and practice (p<0.05).

The level of knowledge and attitude of the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, towards COVID-19 is satisfactory during the outbreak.