Journal of Motor Control and Learning
Volume:3 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

Over the years, the acquisition of motor skills has been considered a necessity in the field of sports science. Studies in the field of motor behavior have been planned and conducted over the years to find appropriate scientific and practical theories. Although in each course theories were presented to properly justify the acquisition of motor skills, the shortcomings of each idea and theory led researchers to provide more comprehensive models that align the principles of exercise science with the actual practice environment to determine how the learner acquires motor skills. What is your current view of motor behavior and how does your inference base your teaching and coaching methods? Therefore, it is necessary to know which model offers more scientific and practical instructions for organizing training fields, providing information for the learner, using visual representation and other important tasks. As a result, many traditional theories have been developed to explain a small group of related actions (Newell, 1989). For example, open-loop theories are adapted for fast throwing motions; Closed-loop theory examines slow and precise movements, and schema theory is proposed to explain the learning of discrete movements. Traditional approaches to skill acquisition have not provided a single theory for learning (Anson, G., Elliott, D., & Davids, K, 2005). In contrast, new theories such as dynamic systems have more stably explained motor acquisition. Dynamic systems theory emphasizes the need to understand natural phenomena as a system with high interaction between components (Clarke, D., & Crossland, J, 1985). The view of dynamic systems provides a very good justification and basis for the study of human behavior. In other words, dynamic systems believe in coordination, complexity, self-organization and information constraints during the acquisition of motor skills (Davids, Button and Bennett, 2008). Over the past century, the issue of how humans learn to control and coordinate their movements has received much attention from scientists and has led to various theories; However, there is still debate as to which theory is more correct (Vickers, 2011). In recent years, much research has been done on the components of controlling visual behavior related to motor tasks. A particular strategy among these studies is the quiet eye, which has been shown to be required for high levels of motor skills and performance (Vickers, 1996); In fact, accuracy and expertise improve with increasing quiet eye duration (Vickers, 2007). In fact, the quiet eye is a perceptual skill that is associated with expertise and optimal performance. The benefits of this phenomenon have been observed in a range of motor tasks. Quiet eye training emphasizes the place and duration of eye stabilization during the skill acquisition process. In many sports, performers have to make quick decisions in an ever-changing and complex environment. For example, players must act on the information provided by the ball, teammates and opponents. These decisions must be made under the pressure of opponents who are trying to limit the space and time available for execution. In such background, in order to function effectively, players must focus only on relevant and relevant sources of information. So, recognizing when and where to look is the most important aspect of skillful performance. Sometimes it has been found that the pattern of skillful vision search is not done randomly, but is based on intentional perceptual strategies (Yoshikawa, N., Nittono, H., & Masaki, H, 2020). Eye movements through the search strategy enable the controller and the performer to use the time available to analyze the display more effectively. Visual stabilization allows the performer to stabilize an important area of the show, such as a ball or player, in central vision, and this allows for more detailed processing. The more information that has to be processed, the longer it takes to establish itself (Just, & Carpenter, 1976). It should be noted that research on the quiet eye in the country is very limited, which requires further investigation in different groups and communities. It should also be noted that it is necessary to study the quiet eye and practice the quiet eye with other movement training in most sports and different ages to finally be a comprehensive program for different groups to increase the duration of the quiet eye and subsequently motor function, design and implementation.

This study investigated the effect of aerobic rhythmic exercises with and without music on emotional intelligence (EI) and motor proficiency (MP).

Participants were 45 boys (Mage = 11.8 ±1.34) who volunteered for the study while attending summer programs. EI was accessed with the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Scale, and MP was evaluated by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test for Motor Proficiency– 2. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: control (G1), aerobic exercise with (G2), and without music (G3). Experimental groups trained completed an eight-week program, three sessions per week, while the control group performed their normal activity. Analysis of covariance was used to compare post-testing outcomes among the groups.

Changes in EI in G2 group were significantly higher compared to the G1 group (P=0.01), but there were no significant differences between G1 and G3 (P=0.19) and between G2 and G3 (P=0.21). In MP G2 was better than G1 (P=0.00), and G3 (P=0.02), and also G3 was better than G1 (P=0.00).

The results of this study show that combining aerobics with music can be effective in improving both EI and MP, which can be used to strengthen motor skills and intelligence in schools and clubs.

 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) refers to a psychological disorder affecting multiple areas of an individual’s life. This disorder is reported to be more prevalent among athletes in comparison with the general population.

 To the best of our knowledge, there has been no information about the distribution of ADHD among Iranian elite athletes. This study was then designed to investigate the distribution of childhood and adulthood ADHD among Iranian elite athletes.

In this cross-sectional survey, a number of 180 elite athletes, over 18 years old, from various national team camps, were selected through random sampling. The short version of the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS-K) and Adult Self-Rating Scale (ASRS) were used for measuring previous childhood and present adulthood ADHD, respectively.

 Findings revealed that approximately a quarter of the Iranian elite athletes used to suffer from ADHD in their childhood, and 36% of them carried symptoms to their adulthood life. In addition, 9.5% of the participants only reported the symptoms in their adulthood.

 Athletes with different levels of previous Childhood and present Adulthood ADHD are able to successfully participate in elite sports. The level of Childhood ADHD can be mostly reduced due to participation in elite sports.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most common disorders affecting movement disorders and impairments of cognition, visual, language and communication. However, there is still a lack of interventional therapy which involves Reciprocal Imitation Training (RIT) intended to improve imitation skills of children with CP.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of reciprocal imitation training on the function of upper limbs and motor skills of children with cerebral palsy.

20 children with cerebral palsy were selected from Tavana Rehabilitation Center of Tabriz city using charter method and were divided into two groups of reciprocal imitation and control randomly. The subjects of reciprocal imitation group were trained with reciprocal imitation training and control group did not receive any training. Lincoln-Osertsky Motor Development scale was used to collect the information from subjects.

The results of covariance test indicated that reciprocal imitation training can improve the function of upper limbs and motor skills of children with cerebral palsy (P < 0.05).

Therefore, it can be concluded that reciprocal imitation training is as an effective strategy for improving the motor skills with cerebral palsy.

This study aimed to predict mental well-being and general health based on perceived stress and body image with mediating the role of self-compassion in women athletes in Tehran.

This descriptive correlational study was performed using structural equations. The statistical population included all female athletes who referred to sports clubs in Tehran. In this study, 250 women were selected by the convenience sampling method. Participants responded to questionnaire forms specified for measuring mental well-being, general health, self-compassion, body image, and perceived stress scale using a website link. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and path analysis using SPSS and PLS software statistical packages.

In general, path analysis showed that self-compassion could not mediate the path between perceived stress and mental well-being. However, it mediated the path of body image to well-being. Besides, self-compassion did not mediate the perceived ester pathway to public health and body image to public health.

According to the results, it is concluded that strategies reducing self-compassion are able to provide a better body image and increase the mental well-being of women athletes.

Identify techniques and tactics and their analysis in training sessions, in addition to providing accurate information to improve the weaknesses of the team, help the coach in the training process and identify physical, behavioural, and technical requirements of players.

This study, through the principles of observational approach, aims to development and validation of an instrument to analyse observable behaviours during a kabaddi match.

For this purpose, four matches of Iranian menchr('39')s kabaddi team and five Iranian womenchr('39')s kabaddi team in the Incheon Asian Games in South Korea in 2014 were selected for this study. At first for higher transparency of the aspects of kabaddi play, describing offensive and defensive behaviours were revise and clarified; The final version was provided to 10 experienced coaches and teachers of kabaddi to determine the content validity and Intra-rater and inter-rater methods used for determining the reliability by two people, including a coach and a referee. To coordinate between the observers in the process of assessing reliability of kabaddi defensive and offensive behaviours, the beginning and end of each raid were coded into a behaviour unit. In each behaviour unit, the raiding playerchr('39')s offensive behaviour and the opponentchr('39')s defensive behaviour were simultaneously coded.

In this instrument, results of means of content validity index for offensive and defensive behaviours at 0.05 significance level were 0.8 and 0.89, respectively. The results for means of intra-observer reliability for both categories of offensive and defensive behaviours k = 0.99 and k = 0.97 were obtained, respectively. The mean of inter-observer reliability for categories of offensive and defensive behaviours were k = 0.89 and k = 0.88, respectively, indicating high agreement between the two raters.

Observational design of the current research had a high power to collect, manage, and analyse data by a precise definition of the skills and kabaddi variables. Then, this instrument can be used as a suitable observational instrument by coaches to identify and analyse kabaddi’s defensive and offensive performances.