نشریه انرژی ایران
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 89، زمستان 1399)

Risks in the energy sector are usually very low in frequency but very high in intensity, which has made the energy sector of any country a high-risk sector. Therefore, to cover its risks, appropriate insurance policies must be designed and implemented. The design of such insurance policies requires accurate identification of all risks, determination of their acceptance criteria, and finally doing actuarial calculation for the designed product. This article just focuses on insurance for crude oil and gas refineries in operation. First, based on the literature review, the risks in this field are identified and then, based on the opinions of health and safety experts and risk assessors working in the field of energy, the model for assessing such risks develops in the form of a risk assessment matrix. A Bayesian structural equation modeling using the Amos has been employed to study impact of the presented variables. Then, referring to the information available in the insurance industry, the pricing of this insurance product is presented based on the rate and the sum insured.

Fossil energies is directly and indirectly effective in all activities, and interrupting its supply can cause various problems; This has led countries to diversify their energy resources and reduce their dependence on one carrier. On the other hand, environmental considerations have led to a more serious trend towards alternative energy sources. Therefore, determining the interaction between the price of crude oil (as an indicator of fossil fuels) and the use of alternative energy, given that over time the possibility of changing this relationship under the influence of technological development, economic policies and Relative prices, etc. are very important for energy policy and planning. Therefore, in this study, using state space models and applying Kalman filter, the variability of the interaction of crude oil prices and investment in alternative energy during the period 1995-2017 for the entire energy market, to determine the relationship between these two variables. And the possibility of variability of this relationship over time has been investigated. The results show that the price of crude oil has a significant effect on the investment of most alternative energy sources, but the effect of investing in alternative energy on the price of crude oil is weak or insignificant and no variability was observed in this regard. The effect of investing in solar and wind energy on the price of crude oil is somewhat acceptable that it is predicted that with the growth of these energies and increasing the share of energy market demand, their impact on crude oil prices will be greater than before.

The energy hub is defined as a model for the integrated study of different energy infrastructures connected to electricity and natural gas networks and meet the different demands of consumers through different converters and storage devices. Security of consumer demand during the gas network outage is an important issue that needs to be studied because of the most important components of the hub run on gas fuel. In this paper, a framework for a hub assessment in gas network outage conditions is presented. Also in order to improve the resiliency from renewable sources and electricity to gas (P2G) technology have been used. The effectiveness of the proposed framework has been investigated through the simulation of several case studies. Finally, the effect of the participation of renewable resources and P2G in gas network outage conditions is calculated by a numerical index. The results show that the rate of resiliency improves with only renewable resources and the participation of renewable resources and P2G simultaneously 6.78% and 20.12% respectively.

The Energy Charter has been considered as the first and most important international treaty to regulate international energy laws and regulations. Considering that Iran is one of the most important and influential countries in the world in the field of energy production and transit, the necessity of examining the different aspects of this document is not hidden to anyone. The treaty covers four main issues: the promotion of investment in energy by foreign sources based on the privileges granted to domestic investors or the privileges mentioned in the most favored nation, energy free trade in accordance with WTO rules, freedom of energy transit through pipelines and power transmission networks, and establish a special mechanism for resolving disputes between countries or countries and investors. Regarding the issues raised in the Energy Charter, the issue of energy transit is one of the most important chapters of this Charter. This article, while explaining the legal nature of electricity as one of the pillars of energy, explains the legal, political, technical and economic requirements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the foreign trade sector of electricity in order to annex to the Charter. Considering that Iranchr('39')s neighboring countries have a great need to supply their electricity, we will finally see that paying close attention to the precise policy in the field of electricity transit is essential for Iran.

The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the persuasion of household, agricultural, industrial, general and commercial customers of Khuzestan Power Distribution Company to use non-attendance services. After interviewing experts and studying previous research in this field, a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions with a five-point Likert scale was distributed among 384 customers of Khuzestan Electricity Distribution Company who were selected by relative random sampling method. Friedman test was used to rank the indices of each factor. The result showed that for household, industrial and general customers, the solution of "making mobile card readers available to diagnostics agents" was the first priority. For agricultural and commercial customers, the solutions of "considering the prize for timely payment and inserting the winner’s name in the electricity bills" and "Considering a discount on electricity bills if paid within the payment deadline" were the highest priority respectively.

Recently, energy consumption and environmental controls have become a major issue in national and regional planning and policy making. In this regard, energy modeling is used to evaluate the current trend of energy systems and to investigate the long-term effects of different policies on each system. In this paper, EnergyPLAN model is used to assess the effect of the utilization of renewable resources on the energy system of Ahvaz city. For this purpose, the energy system of Ahvaz has been evaluated from three aspects including carbon emission, share of renewable energy in electricity generation and primary energy consumption. Afterward, the impacts of adding 230 MW of renewable energy to the power generation system is evaluated from three mentioned aspects. The results revealed that the utilization of 230 MW renewable resources, will lead to reduce 260 thousand tons of CO2 emissions and about 500 thousand barrels of oil fossil fuel consumption, annually.

Household electricity consumption accounts for 33% of total consumption in Iran and any amount of savings in this sector has a significant effect on the total electricity consumption. However, despite all the recommendations and requests to comply with consumption and the high potential of savings in the home sector, but the impact on consumer behavior is not significant and we are still facing the growth of household electricity consumption. Therefore, existing policies and methods to change the consumption pattern of household electricity subscribers have not been very successful in practice. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify, explain and analyze the factors influencing the process of formation of electrical energy consumption behaviors and reconsider this issue. The purpose of this article is to "provide a model for influencing the intention and economical behavior of household electricity subscribers" and with the data approach, the foundation seeks to identify the factors that affect the economical behavior of household electricity consumers.